UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Imaging‐based patient selection for intra‐arterial stroke therapy Yoo, A.J. Publication date 2016 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Yoo, A. J. (2016). Imaging‐based patient selection for intra‐arterial stroke therapy. [Thesis, fully internal, Universiteit van Amsterdam]. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:29 Jan 2023 3 Chapter Infarct volume Is a Pivotal Biomarker Following Intra‐arterial Stroke Therapy Albert J. Yoo*, Zeshan A. Chaudhry*, Raul G. Nogueira, Michael H. Lev, Pamela W. Schaefer, Lee H. Schwamm, Joshua A. Hirsch, R. Gilberto González Stroke 2012;43:1323‐1330 57 Chapter 3 Abstract Background and purpose Pre‐treatment infarct volume appears to predict clinical outcome following intra‐arterial therapy (IAT). In order to confirm the importance of infarct size in IAT patients, we sought to characterize the relationship between final infarct volume (FIV) and long‐term functional outcome in a prospective cohort of endovascularly‐treated patients. Methods From our prospective IAT database, we identified 107 acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with anterior circulation proximal artery occlusions who underwent final infarct imaging and had 3‐month modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores. Clinical, imaging, treatment and outcome data were analyzed. Results Mean age was 66.6 years. Median admission NIHSS score was 17. Reperfusion (TICI 2A‐3) was achieved in 78 (72.9%) patients. Twenty‐seven (25.2%) patients achieved a 3‐month good outcome (mRS 0‐2), and 30 (28.0%) died. Median FIV was 71.4 cm3. FIV independently correlated with functional outcome across the entire mRS. In ROC analysis, it was the best discriminator of both good outcome (AUC=0.857) and mortality (AUC=0.772). A FIV of ~50 cm3 demonstrated the greatest accuracy for distinguishing good versus poor outcome, and a FIV of ~90 cm3 was highly specific for a poor outcome. The interaction term between FIV and age was the only independent predictor of good outcome (P<0.0001). The impact of FIV was accentuated in patients younger than 80 years. Conclusions Among anterior circulation AIS patients who undergo IAT, final infarct volume is a critical determinant of 3‐month functional outcome, and appears suitable as a surrogate biomarker in proof‐of‐concept IAT trials. 58 Infarct volume is pivotal biomarker for IAT Introduction Proximal cerebral artery occlusions (PAO) represent 30‐40% of acute ischemic strokes (AIS), but account for the majority of poor outcomes.1 Intra‐arterial therapy (IAT) has emerged as an effective means of revascularization2 and is increasingly used to treat this devastating disease. Currently, IAT is guided primarily by the time from symptom onset or last seen well (LSW).3‐5 However, data is lacking regarding whether this approach improves clinical outcomes. Based on recent prospective open‐label studies it is clear that outcomes are highly variable.4‐5 Some of the poor outcomes are certainly related to delayed or incomplete reperfusion, which may reflect the presence of recalcitrant clots (e.g., fibrous clot or excessive clot burden).6‐7 However, poor patient selection is likely responsible for many of the dismal outcomes.8 For this reason, STAIR committee recommendations have advocated the use of advanced neuroimaging for patient selection in randomized controlled trials to test the efficacy of IAT.9 Unfortunately, it remains unclear which neuroimaging findings identify PAO patients who are good treatment candidates. Among patients with anterior circulation PAO, recent studies suggest that pre‐treatment infarct size influences outcome following IAT.10‐11 Specifically, small baseline infarct size predicts improved outcome. In order to confirm the importance of infarct volume in this population, we sought to characterize the relationship between final (post‐treatment) infarct volume (FIV) and long‐term functional outcome in a prospective database of endovascularly‐treated patients. Methods We identified all anterior circulation AIS patients treated between January 2005 and December 2009 (n=144) in our prospective observational IAT database. Study criteria included 1)evaluable follow‐up neuroimaging (CT or MRI) between 24 hours and two weeks following stroke; and 2)available 3‐month modified Rankin scale (mRS) score. Thirty‐seven (25.7%) patients were excluded. Seventeen patients lacked follow‐up imaging beyond 24 hours; one lacked clinical follow‐up; and two lacked both. Seven patients were excluded for baseline functional dependence (pre‐morbid mRS ≥3). Additional patients were excluded due to bihemispheric strokes (n=1), hemicraniectomy (n=2), parenchymal hematoma type 2 (PH2; n=3) and poor image quality (n=4), findings which were felt to confound infarct size determination or the relationship between infarct size and clinical outcome. Clinical, imaging, treatment and outcome data were retrospectively analyzed. This study was conducted with 59 Chapter 3 institutional review board approval, and was compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. Treatment and outcome evaluation At our institution, IAT is performed in patients who are ineligible for or refractory to intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA). IV tPA is administered within the 0‐4.5 hour window per guideline recommendations.3,12 As long as there is no clinical improvement during infusion, patients who are potentially eligible for IAT will undergo further imaging and evaluation including CT angiography to identify a proximal cerebral artery occlusion. No repeat vessel imaging is performed after completion of IV tPA and prior to IAT. Indications for IAT include (1)proximal occlusion (ICA, MCA M1/M2 branches); (2)noncontrast CT (NCCT) without hemorrhage or large (>1/3rd MCA territory) parenchymal hypodensity; (3)significant neurologic deficit (NIHSS score [NIHSSS] ≥8); and (4)treatment <8 hours from onset/LSW. Informed consent is obtained prior to IAT from the patient or health care proxy. IAT is performed under general anesthesia using thrombolytic and/or mechanical devices. While there is no standardized protocol for performing intra‐arterial treatment at our institution, we typically use mechanical devices first, as we believe that they can achieve reperfusion more quickly. We always employ FDA‐approved devices (Merci retriever or Penumbra system) first unless they cannot be delivered to the occlusion site (e.g., due to vessel tortuosity). If the patient is treated within six hours from onset, then thrombolytic agent (urokinase or rtPA) may be used as an adjunct with or without microwire maceration. For clots that are refractory to these methods, we may attempt off‐label angioplasty and/or stent placement. These rescue methods are discussed with the stroke neurologist, and decisions are individualized depending on the patient’s circumstances. Reperfusion was assessed using the Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scale.13 Good clinical outcome was defined as 3‐month mRS score=0‐2 (functional independence).14 Imaging protocols NCCT was performed on helical scanners (LightSpeed 16 or 64; GE Medical, Milwaukee, WI) using helical mode (1.25‐mm thickness, kV 120, mA 250) and reconstructed as 5‐mm thick axial sections. MRI was performed on a 1.5‐Tesla Signa whole‐body scanner (GE Medical, Milwaukee, WI). Diffusion imaging was performed using a single‐shot echo‐planar spin‐echo sequence with two 180‐degree radiofrequency pulses to minimize eddy current 60 Infarct volume is pivotal biomarker for IAT warping. Five images/slice were acquired at b=0 s/mm2, followed by five at b=1000 s/mm2 in six directions (TR/TE 5000/80‐110 ms, FOV 22 cm, matrix 128×128 zero‐filled to 256×256, 5‐mm slice thickness, 1‐mm gap). FLAIR imaging was performed using TR/TE 9000/120‐140 ms, FOV 22 cm, matrix size 224x256, 5‐mm thickness, 1‐mm gap. Imaging analysis Final infarcts were outlined on NCCT or MRI diffusion/FLAIR scans by an experienced neuroradiologist (A.J.Y.) using Analyze 10.0 (AnalyzeDirect, Overland Park, KS). Infarcts were outlined on MRI whenever available. For NCCT, window/level settings were adjusted to maximize contrast between normal and infarcted brain. In cases with significant cerebral edema, volume increases from swelling were accounted for by excluding infarcted tissue that extended across midline or produced ventricular effacement (compared to pre‐treatment ventricular configuration). Edema producing sulcal effacement was not excluded. Given the early subacute imaging, there were no cases with tissue loss. Imaging evaluation was blinded to all information except stroke side. FIV in cubic centimetres (cm3) was calculated. Statistical analysis Variables were tested for Spearman correlation with mRS score. Variables with significant correlation were tested in multiple regression. Univariate analysis of dichotomized outcomes employed the Student’s t‐test (normally‐distributed data reported as mean ± standard deviation), Mann‐Whitney test (ordinal data reported as median and interquartile range [IQR]), and chi‐square test (categorical data reported as proportions). Variables with univariate P<0.20 were tested in multiple logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to characterize the test performance of univariate predictors. Areas under the ROC curves (AUC) were compared using the nonparametric approach of DeLong et al.15 Continuous variables were tested for normality (Kolmogorov‐Smirnov test). Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc 11.2.1 (Mariakerke, Belgium). P‐value <0.05 was considered significant. Results Baseline variables, treatment data and outcomes (Table 3.1) Among the 107 study patients, mean age was 66.6 years; 50.5% were female; and 56.1% were left‐sided strokes. Median admission NIHSSS was 17. Vessel occlusion sites included tandem cervical/intracranial (n=8), ICA terminus +/‐ MCA (n=29), MCA M1 segment (n=61) and M2 segment (n=9). 61 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Baseline variables, reperfusion, and clinical/imaging outcomes. Age(years) 66.6 ± 17.0 Female(%) 54 (50.5%) Admission NIHSS score 17 (IQR 14‐20) Admission DWI lesion volume(cm3, n=75) 15.5 (IQR 9.8‐28.8) Left hemisphere(%) 60 (56.1%) Level of occlusion(%): Tandem cervical ICA/intracranial occlusion 8 (7.5%) Intracranial ICA 29 (27.1%) MCA M1 segment 61 (57.0%) MCA M2 segment 9 (8.4%) Hypertension(%) 73 (68.2%) Diabetes(%) 24 (22.4%) Hyperlipidemia(%) 49 (45.8%) Atrial fibrillation(%) 40 (37.4%) Coronary artery disease(%) 36 (33.6%) Congestive heart failure(%, n=105) 16 (15.2%) History of stroke/TIA(%, n=106) 10 (9.4%) IV tPA administration(%) 45 (42.1%) IA thrombolytic administration(%) 28 (26.2%) IA mechanical(%, Merci and/or Penumbra) 84 (78.5%) Time from last seen well to groin puncture(minutes) 323.2 ± 140.9 Reperfusion(TICI score 0‐3) 2A (IQR 1‐2B) Time to final imaging(hours) 41.8 (IQR 28.3‐75.0) CT scan (vs. MRI) as final imaging modality(%) 63 (58.9%) Final infarct volume(cm3) 71.4 (IQR 33.2‐175.1) 3‐month clinical outcome(mRS) 4 (IQR 2‐6) Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation, median (IQR) or percentage. Forty‐five (42.1%) patients received full‐dose IV tPA. Mean time from stroke onset/LSW to groin puncture was 323.2 minutes. Endovascular treatments included thrombolysis (26.2%) and/or mechanical devices (78.5%). TICI 2A‐3 reperfusion was achieved in 78 (72.9%) patients. At 3 months, twenty‐seven (25.2%) patients achieved a good outcome (mRS 0‐2), and 30 (28.0%) died. Median FIV was 71.4 cm3. Median time from ictus to final infarct imaging was 41.8 hours, and the modality was CT in 58.9%. Correlation between FIV and mRS score There was a significant correlation between FIV and 3‐month mRS (rho=0.592; P<0.0001). TICI score, age, NIHSSS and hypertension (HTN) also correlated with mRS (Table 3.2), but demonstrated weaker correlation than FIV. In multiple regression, only FIV, age and TICI score were independent predictors of 3‐month mRS. 62 Infarct volume is pivotal biomarker for IAT Table 3.2 Variables with significant correlation to 3‐month mRS (0‐6). Rho 95%CI Univariate Multivariate P‐value P‐value Final infarct volume (cm3) 0.592 0.453 to 0.703 <0.0001 <0.0001 Age(years) 0.399 0.226 to 0.547 <0.0001 <0.0001 TICI score(0‐3) ‐0.512 ‐0.640 to ‐0.357 <0.0001 0.0006 Admission NIHSSS 0.284 0.100 to 0.450 0.004 NS HTN 0.200 0.011 to 0.376 0.04 NS Predictors of 3‐month good outcome (mRS 0‐2;Table 3.3) In univariate analysis, smaller FIV, higher TICI score (greater reperfusion), lower admission NIHSSS, and younger age were associated with functional independence. Only FIV (OR 0.968, 95%CI:0.951 to 0.985; P=0.0002) and age (OR 0.934, 95%CI:0.897 to 0.972; P=0.0007) were independent predictors. Figure 1 illustrates the proportion of 3‐ month good outcomes versus FIV strata. Table 3.3 Predictors of good (mRS=0‐2) vs. poor (mRS=3‐6) outcome. Good outcome (N=27) Poor outcome (N=80) Univariate Multivariate P‐value P‐value Age 59.4 ± 17.1 69.1 ± 16.4 0.01 0.0007 Female(%) 13 (48.1%) 41 (51.3%) 0.96 ‐‐‐ Admission NIHSS score 15 (IQR 11.5‐18) 18 (IQR 15‐21) 0.001 NS Left hemisphere(%) 15 (55.6%) 45 (56.3%) 0.87 ‐‐‐ Level of occlusion(%) 0.74 ‐‐‐ Tandem cervical /intracranial 2 (7.4%) 6 (7.0%) occlusion Intracranial ICA 7 (25.9%) 22 (27.5%) MCA M1 segment 15 (55.6%) 46 (57.5%) MCA M2 segment 3 (11.1%) 6 (7.5%) Hypertension(%) 16 (59.3%) 57 (71.3%) 0.36 ‐‐‐ Diabetes(%) 6 (22.2%) 18 (22.5%) 0.81 ‐‐‐ Hyperlipidemia(%) 9 (33.3%) 40 (50.0%) 0.20 ‐‐‐ Atrial fibrillation(%) 10 (37.0%) 30 (37.5%) 0.85 ‐‐‐ Coronary artery disease(%) 9 (33.3%) 27 (33.8%) 0.84 ‐‐‐ Congestive heart failure(%, n=105) 7/27 (25.9%) 9/78 (11.5%) 0.14 NS History of stroke/TIA (%, n=106) 2/27 (7.4%) 8/79 (10.1%) 0.97 ‐‐‐ IV tPA administration (%) 11 (40.7%) 34 (42.5%) 0.95 ‐‐‐ IA thrombolytic administration(%) 10 (37.0%) 18 (22.5%) 0.22 ‐‐‐ IA mechanical(%, Merci and/or 20 (74.1%) 64 (80.0%) 0.71 ‐‐‐ Penumbra) Time from last seen well to groin 312.4 ± 121.5 326.9± 147.8 0.69 ‐‐‐ puncture (minutes) Reperfusion(TICI) 2B (IQR 2A‐2B) 2A (IQR 1‐2A) <0.0001 NS Time to final imaging (hours) 34.2 (IQR 27.3‐58.4) 42.7 (IQR 28.7‐76.7) 0.24 ‐‐‐ CT as final imaging modality(%) 15 (55.6%) 48 (60.0%) 0.86 ‐‐‐ Final infarct volume (cm3) 26.0 (IQR 12.3‐44.4) 116.8 (IQR 51.7‐201.2) <0.0001 0.0002 Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation, median (IQR) or percentage. 63 Chapter 3 A B Figure 3.1 Bat graphs depict the proportion of good outcomes (mRS 0‐2) by final infarct volume strata for (A) the entire population and (B) patients <80 years. In ROC analysis, FIV was the best single discriminator of good outcome (AUC=0.857; P=0.0001). In pairwise comparison, the AUC for FIV was significantly greater than for age (AUC=0.676) and NIHSSS (AUC=0.706). It was also greater than for TICI score (AUC=0.753) although this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.10). FIV in the range of 40‐50 cm3 demonstrated the greatest accuracy for identifying a good outcome (sensitivity:74.1‐81.5%; specificity:77.5‐85.0%). Figure 3.2 illustrates the marked improvement in mRS scores with FIV <50 cm3. FIV >80‐90 cm3 demonstrated high (~85‐90%) specificity for poor outcome (Table 3.4). Only 2/45 (4.4%) patients with infarct sizes >100 cm3 had good outcomes (108.9 and 116.1cm3). 64 Infarct volume is pivotal biomarker for IAT Figure 3.2 The distribution of modified Rankin scale scores demonstrates a shift toward better outcomes in patients with final infarct volume <50 cm3 (P<0.0001). Table 3.4 Final infarct volume thresholds with high specificity for poor outcome (mRS >2). Volume threshold (cm3) Specificity (95% CI) for Odds ratio (95% CI) for P‐value poor outcome poor outcome >80 85.2% (66.3‐95.8%) 8.63 (2.73‐27.3) <0.0001 >90 88.9% (70.8‐97.5%) 10.3 (2.86‐37.0) <0.0001 >100 92.6% (75.7‐98.9%) 14.5 (3.22‐65.5) <0.0001 >110 96.3% (81.0‐99.4%) 27.3 (3.54‐211.2) <0.0001 >120 100% (87.1‐100%) ‐‐‐ ‐‐‐ Predictors of mortality Univariate predictors of mortality were larger FIV (p<0.0001), lower TICI score (P=0.0004), older age (P=0.01), and higher NIHSSS (P=0.03). There was a trend for increased prevalence of HTN in those that died (P=0.06). FIV (P=4.1x10‐6) and age (P=0.0002) were independent predictors. FIV was the best single discriminator of mortality (AUC=0.772; P=0.0001). Interaction of FIV and age When the interaction term between FIV and age was included in regression analysis of good versus poor outcome, it was the only independent predictor (P<0.0001). There was a stronger relationship between FIV and outcome for patients <80 years (Figure 3.1). When patients ≥80 years were excluded from ROC analysis, outcome prediction using FIV demonstrated a numerically higher AUC versus the entire population (AUC=0.874 vs. 0.857), although this was not statistically significant (P=0.75). Similarly, the correlation coefficient between FIV and 3‐month mRS score was numerically higher among patients <80 years (rho=0.667 vs. 0.592; P=0.41). There was no significant difference in median FIV in patients <80 vs. ≥80 years (68.4 cm3 vs. 82.7 cm3, respectively; P=1.00). 65
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