| Imagined Societies In many countries in Western Europe, the demand for immigrant integration has inevitably raised questions about the “societies” into which immigrants are asked to integrate. Imagined Societies critically intervenesindebatesonimmigrantintegrationandmulticulturalismin Western Europe. Schinkel argues that the term “multiculturalism” is not used primarily to describe a type of policy or political philosophy in countries such as the Netherlands, France, Germany, or Belgium, but rather is used as a rhetorical device that promotes demands for “integration”.Heanalyzestheways inwhichsuchdemands areways ofimaginingtheveryideaofa“hostsociety”as“modern”,“secular”, and enlightened. Starting from debates in social theory on social ima- ginaries,anddrawingonpublicdebatesoncitizenship,secularism,and sexualityandonthesocialscienceofmeasuringimmigrantintegration, thisbookpresentsahighlyoriginalstudyofimmigrantintegrationthat challengesourunderstandingoftheconceptofsociety. willem schinkel is Professor of Social Theory at Erasmus Univer- sity Rotterdam. He isa member ofThe Young Academy ofthe Royal NetherlandsAcademyofArtsandSciencesandawell-knownintellec- tual in the Dutch public sphere. Imagined Societies A Critique of Immigrant Integration in Western Europe willem schinkel ErasmusUniversityRotterdam UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 4843/24,2ndFloor,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,Delhi–110002,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107129733 10.1017/9781316424230 ©WillemSchinkel2017 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2017 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Schinkel,Willem,1976–author. Title:Imaginedsocieties:acritiqueofimmigrantintegrationin WesternEurope/WillemSchinkel,ErasmusUniversity,Rotterdam. Description:NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2017.| Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016040373|ISBN9781107129733(hardback) Subjects:LCSH:Socialintegration–Europe,Western.|Europe, Western–Emigrationandimmigration.|Immigrants–Culturalassimilation.| Multiculturalism–Religiousaspects. Classification:LCCHN373.5.S3352017|DDC305.8–dc23LCrecord availableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016040373 ISBN978-1-107-12973-3Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents Acknowledgments page vi 1 Immigrant Integration Imaginaries inWestern Europe 1 2 Imagining Society: Social Theory and/as Social Imagination 35 3 Measuring Society:Moral Monitoringand the Social Science of “Immigrant Integration” 68 4 Transformations of Racism and the Riseof Culturism 112 5 Traditionally Modern: ContemporaryFrameworks of Sexuality and Religion 156 6 The Uses of Citizenship 192 7 Social Science: Between Moral Monitoringand PublicSociology 218 Bibliography 236 Index 260 v Acknowledgments This book has grown out of several years of giving academic and public lectures on immigrant integration and social theory. It has benefited from the many audiences at those occasions. Parts of this book have been presented in lectures and seminars at New York University, Cambridge University, Oslo University, the University of Amsterdam, and the Université Libre de Bruxelles and at several conferences of, among others, the International Sociological Associ- ation and the European Sociological Association. I have benefited greatly from discussions there. Important parts of the work for this bookhavebeenpartoftheEuropeanResearchCouncil–fundedproject “Monitoring Modernity: A Comparative Analysis of Practices of Social Imagination in the Monitoring of Global Flows of Goods, CapitalandPersons”(ERCStartingResearcherGrant,projectnumber 283679). I have had the opportunity to work on this book in several stints abroad,twiceasvisitingscholaratNewYorkUniversity,inparticular at the Institute for Public Knowledge (IPK). Special thanks are due to IPK’s former director, Craig Calhoun, who generously provided the opportunityandwhoalsocriticallycommentedonpartsofthemanu- script.Hisexceptionalbreadthofscholarshipandhisgeneroussharing ofhisexpertisehavebeeninspirational.AstayatHumboldtUniversity Berlin, made possible by Rahel Jaeggi, has likewise been beneficial to writing this book. Thereviewers forCambridge UniversityPress were generous in their comments, and they have helped make this a better book. John Haslam provided professional guidance throughout for which Iam grateful. PartsoftheresearchinthisbookhavebeenmadepossiblebyanERC Starting Researcher Grant by the European Research Council, for the project “Monitoring Modernity” (grant number 283679). At Erasmus UniversityRotterdam,Ihavebeengreatlyinspiredbythemembersofthe Monitoring Seminar. Jess Bier, Sanne Boersma, Eva van Gemert, Maja vi Acknowledgments vii Hertoghs, Friso van Houdt, Irene van Oorschot, Rogier van Reekum, and Anne Slootwegcontinue toform ahighlyintelligent,interdisciplin- arygroupofthinkersthatconstantlyallowsmetolearnandtodevelop myownthoughts. Parts of Chapter 3 have previously been published as “The Imagin- ation of ‘Society’ in Measurements of Immigrant Integration,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 36(7): 1142–1161 (2013). They are reprinted here with kind permission of Routledge, Taylor& FrancisGroup. Parts ofChapter5have previouslybeen publishedas“TheNation- alization of Desire: Transnational Marriage in Dutch Culturist Integration Discourse,” Focaal – Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology 59: 99–106 (2011) (doi:10.3167/fcl.2011.590108). They arereprinted here with kind permission of BerghahnBooks. Parts of Chapter 6 have previously been published as “The Virtua- lization of Citizenship,” Critical Sociology 36(2): 265–283 (2010) (doi:10.1177/0896920509357506).Theyarereprintedherewithkind permission of Sage Publications. At home, Marguerite van den Berg has been a source of love and inspiration. I’m so glad our son, Daniel, and our daughter, Ella, are part of our life to share in that love. I dedicate this book to the three of them.