Images of Eternal Beauty in Funerary Verse Inscriptions of the Hellenistic and Greco-Roman Periods Mnemosyne Supplements Monographs on Greek and Latin Language and Literature EditorialBoard G.J.Boter A.Chaniotis K.M.Coleman I.J.F.deJong T.Reinhardt VOLUME352 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/mns Images of Eternal Beauty in Funerary Verse Inscriptions of the Hellenistic and Greco-Roman Periods By AndrzejWypustek LEIDEN•BOSTON 2013 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Wypustek,Andrzej. ImagesofeternalbeautyinfuneraryverseinscriptionsoftheHellenisticandGreco-Roman periods/byAndrzejWypustek. p.cm.–(Mnemosyne.Supplements,monographsonGreekandLatinlanguageandliterature; v.352) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-90-04-23318-8(hardback:alk.paper)–ISBN978-90-04-23320-1(e-book) 1.Eschatology,Greco-Roman.2.Inscriptions,Greek.3.Sepulchralmonuments–Greece.4. Epitaphs–Greece.I.Title. CN373.W972013 929'.509495–dc23 2012035044 Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual“Brill”typeface.Withover5,100characters coveringLatin,IPA,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitableforuseinthehumanities. Formoreinformation,pleaseseewww.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN0169-8958 ISBN978-90-04-23318-8(hardback) ISBN978-90-04-23320-1(e-book) Copyright2013byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,GlobalOriental,HoteiPublishing, IDCPublishersandMartinusNijhoffPublishers. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillNV providedthattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter, 222RosewoodDrive,Suite910,Danvers,MA01923,USA. Feesaresubjecttochange. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. CONTENTS Acknowledgments...................................................... vii ListofAbbreviations.................................................... ix IllustrationsandCredits ................................................ xi Introduction............................................................ 1 I. EschatologicalThemesinEpigrams................................ 5 AlternativePossibilitiesabouttheStatusofDead.................. 5 ScholarlyDebate ................................................... 7 ModesandMeansofProduction................................... 10 VarietiesofExperience,PluralitiesofPerspectives ................. 14 IndividualismandPolemic......................................... 17 BetweenUniformityandDiversity,towardsInterpretation ........ 23 II. TheDeadAsGods.................................................. 29 ApotheosisoftheDeadinVerse-Inscriptions ...................... 29 Gods,Heroes,andHumans......................................... 36 PrivateDeifications?................................................ 37 ApotheosisintheEther ............................................ 39 EpigraphicTestimonies ............................................ 42 UnderstandingtheBroadCirculation .............................. 44 AstralImmortality.................................................. 48 ApotheosisamongtheStarsinVerse-Inscriptions ................. 50 TheImpactofImperialIdeology ................................... 53 EliteandPopularAppeal........................................... 58 III. TheDeadAsHeroes................................................ 65 HeroicIconography:LimitsofTestimony .......................... 65 ῞ΗρωςonTombsandinFuneraryFoundations..................... 68 HeroisationinFuneraryEpigrams.................................. 71 TheMeaningofἥρως ............................................... 74 ImmortalGratitude,withStyle..................................... 78 Heroes,Daemons,andtheDead ................................... 81 EpigramsandConsolations ........................................ 83 TheDivergingSemanticDimensions............................... 86 TheDeceasedPrivilegedAsHeroes ................................ 90 vi contents IV. MarriageswiththeGods ........................................... 97 GodsAbductingMortals ........................................... 97 PersephoneandHadesinFuneraryEpigrams...................... 99 MysticWedding? ................................................... 102 OrphicHypothesis:EpigramforTheophile......................... 104 Persephone,Eleusinia,andtheUnderworld........................ 112 BridesandBridegroomsinTheirPrime ............................ 118 AbductionofYoung,HandsomeAdonis............................ 121 V. TheDeceasedAstheChosenOnesandtheLoversofDeities ...... 125 ‘ThoseChosenbyDeitiesDieYoung’............................... 125 EpigraphicTestimonies ............................................ 127 PeculiarDevelopment:GanymedeinVerse-Inscriptions........... 130 GanymedeinFuneraryArt ......................................... 134 SpiritualityorCarnalityoftheMyth,orBoth....................... 137 Zeus,HisThunderbolt,andtheDead .............................. 144 DeathCausedbyLightning......................................... 149 BetweenMiracles,Allegories,andFables........................... 152 VI. TheDeceasedAstheChargesofDeities............................ 157 Isidora,HylasandtheNymphs..................................... 157 TheDeceasedandNymphsinEpigrams ........................... 162 Meaning:Eschatological,notSoteriological........................ 166 ΚουροτρόφοιintheAfterlife......................................... 171 VII.OverviewandConclusions ......................................... 177 MythologicalFrameofReference .................................. 177 TheLessonsofSarcophagi.......................................... 178 EschatologyandMythopoeia....................................... 182 TheBeautyandYouthoftheDeadinVerse-Inscriptions........... 185 PolyfunctionalandPolysemanticBeauty........................... 190 TheMeaningofTrueBeauty,theSenseofDivineAbduction ...... 191 Celebrationof(After)Life .......................................... 196 Bibliography ............................................................ 201 IndexofAncientNames ................................................ 237 IndexofSubjects ....................................................... 243 IndexofNotableGreekTerms .......................................... 246 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Itismyhonourandpleasure,aswellasduty,toexpressmygratitudeand thankthepersonswhohavehelpedmeinnumerouswaysinpreparingthis study.Withoutthem,mygoodfriendsalloverthisworldandinthebetter world,thisbookwouldneverseethelightofday:FrederickE.Brenk,Alain Bresson, Charles S.F. Burnett, Christopher A. Faraone, Markham J. Geller, David R. Jordan, Tadeusz Kotula, Stanisław Longosz, Adam Łukaszewicz, AriadnaMasłowska-Nowak,TomaszMojsik,CharlotteScheffer,EwaSkwara, MarekStarowieyski,FrankTrombley,EwaWipszycka,MateuszZ˙mudzin´ski. I owe much to several institutions and to their leaders: the directors of my home institute, the Institute of History of the University of Wrocław, Ros´cisław Z˙erelik and Przemysław Wiszewski; the former chair of the Ancient History Section, Wiesław Suder, and its current chair, Krzysztof Nawotka,towhomIamindebtedforthesupportandadviceIhavereceived from the outset of this project. Also, sincere gratitude is extended to the anonymous Brill’s reviewer for his insightful comments. I am immensely grateful to Angelos Chaniotis for his invaluable corrections and vital im- provementsfollowinghisreadingofthemanuscriptofthepresentvolume, and for the generously and copiously given outstanding translations that I have incorporated into this work. Marek Winiarczyk provided me with insightfulcommentsandsuggestionsthatprovedvitallyhelpfulinimprov- ingthisbook.IwouldliketothankWitoldZbirohowski-Kos´ciafortransla- tion from Polish, Caroline van Erp and Laurie Meijers for their assistance andeditorialcontribution,andReedFaganforhishelpwithproofreading. Iwishfurthertoexpressmyappreciationtotheinstitutionswhichgen- erously funded my project and provided me with the facilities to under- take it: Fundacja Janineum, Fundacja im. Stefana Batorego, Fundacja im. Lanckoron´skich z Brzezia, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Ministerstwo NaukiiSzkolnictwaWyz˙szegoRP,Polsko-Amerykan´skaKomisjaFulbrighta andStiftelsenförinternationaliseringavhögreutbildningochforskning. And finally, my deepest appreciation goes to my life-partner and love, AniaKoryciak,whohasalwaysbeenthereforme.Thisbookonbeautyis dedicatedtoher. LISTOFABBREVIATIONS AE L’AnnéeÉpigraphique,Paris1888–. AP W.R.Paton,GreekAnthology1–5,Cambridge,Mass.1916. BE BulletinÉpigraphique. CEG 1:P.A.Hansen,CarminaepigraphicaGraecasaeculorumVIII–Va. Chr.n.(CEG1),BerlinandNewYork1983(TexteundKommentare. EinealtertumswissenschaftlicheReihe,12);2:P.A.Hansen,Car- minaepigraphicaGraecasaeculiIVa.Chr.n.(CEG2).Accedunt addendaetcorrigendaadCEG1,BerlinandNewYork1989(Texte undKommentare.EinealtertumswissenschaftlicheReihe,15). CGF G. Kaibel, 1899. Comicorum Graecorum fragmenta. Voluminis I fasciculusprior.Doriensiumcomoediamimiphlyaces,Berlin(2nd editionwithaddendabyK.LatteBerlin1958,reprinted1975). CIG CorpusinscriptionumGraecarum,Berolini1828–1877. CIL CorpusInscriptionumLatinarum,Berlin1863–1959. CIRB V.V.Struve,CorpusInscriptionumRegniBosporani,Moskwaand Leningrad1965. CLE F.Bücheler,CarminaLatinaEpigraphica1–2,Leipzig1895–1897; E.Lommatzsch,CarminaLatinaEpigraphica3(Supplementumto CLE),Leipzig1926(reprintedAmsterdam1972). EBGR A.Chaniotis,EpigraphicBulletinforGreekReligion,Kernos1991–. FGH F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker 1–3, Berlin 1923–1958. IG InscriptionesGraecae,Berlin1873–. IGLS InscriptionsgrecquesetlatinesdelaSyrie,Beirut1929–. IGRR R.Cagnat,V.Henry,G.LafayeandJ.Toutain,Inscriptionesgrae- cae ad res romanas pertinentes 1–4, Paris 1901–1927 (reprinted Chicago1975). IGUR L. Moretti, InscriptionesGraecaeUrbisRomae 1–4, Rome 1968– 1990(Studipubblicatidall’IstitutoItalianoperlaStoriaAntica, 17,22,28,47). IK InschriftengriechischerStädteausKleinasien,Bonn1972–. ILS H. Dessau, Inscriptioneslatinaeselectae 1–3 (in 5 parts), Berlin 1892–1916. KaibelEG G.Kaibel,EpigrammataGraecaexlapidibusconlecta,Berlin1878 (reprintedHildesheim1965,withthesupplement,G.Kaibel,‘Sup- plementum epigrammatum Graecorum ex lapidibus conlecto- rum’,RhM34[1879],181–213). LSJ H.G.Liddell,R.Scott,H.S.Jones,AGreek-EnglishLexicon.Ninth EditionwithRevisedSupplement,Oxford1996. MAMA W.M.Calder,etal.,MonumentaAsiaeMinorisAntiqua1–8,Man- chester 1928–1962 (Publications of the American Society for