ILLUSTRATIONS This book is dedicated to: - My Father, who once asked his son to draw a picture for him - The people who once asked all the questions for which there was no book to turn to - You readers who will use this book as the source of the answers you require ILLUSTRATIONS by GrahaDl T. Richardson Humana Press • Clifton, New Jersey Illustration Acknowledgments Much effort has gone into the assembly and preparation of the figures and tables in this book. Companies that provided pfiotographs and drawings are credited in the figure cap tions. Companies whose products or services are graphics related are also listed in the Appendix. Some photographs were made by Barbara Dickie of Insights, Alexandria, Virginia, and are credited accordingly. The airbrush work in Fig. 8-72 was performed by the Tag Art Group of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. All other tables, drawings, and photographs were planned and made by the author. A Pentax ME-Super 35mm camera was used for all photographs taken by author. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Richardson, Graham T. Illustrations. Includes index. I. Technical illustration. I. Title. Tl1.8.R53 1985 604.2 85-735 ISBN -13 :978-0-89603-096-1 e-ISBN-13 :978-1-4612-4992-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4992-4 © 1985 The Humana Press Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 Crescent Manor PO Box 2148 Clifton, NJ 07015 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ot<>transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher. Pre/ace Illustrations is meant to be a guide to virtually all types of in formational illustrations used anywhere in education, busi ness, science, and government. It was developed in re sponse to questions from technical and professional people who had sought my help in preparing illustrations for publi cations, presentations, and reports. These people simply did not know where to begin in order to translate their data and other information into a suitably formatted illustration. In addition to answering their questions directly, I searched for a textbook or reference book to which they might turn when seeking such information on their own. Unfortunately, even the vast collections of the Library of Congress did not contain an appropriate volume; hence I be gan what has now become this book. The very few high school and college courses devoted to the art (and science) of illustrations are usually intended only for people who plan to become professional illustrators and graphics artists. Other students-those who later become professional workers in all phases of education, business, science, and government-receive very little, if any, such in struction despite their evident need for it in each of these fields. Naturally, one cannot be expected to know what one has not been taught personally or had the chance to read in a published work. This book is, therefore, an attempt to fill what I perceive as an enormous, quite unaccountable gap with a comprehensive, up-to-date discussion of the various types of illustrations, the equipment and materials used to prepare them, and the methods available for their duplication. The information within these chapters is intended primarily for the reader with little or no previous knowledge of how to create illustrations. With that in mind, I have treated all topics in such a way as to provide sufficient mastery for a v Preface person to prepare illustration copy at a pre-professional level-copy that is, however, often usable for routine purposes-and/or to communicate better with graphics spe cialists who will prepare the final illustrations. The skills necessary to take the final step of producing finished camera-ready illustrations are, unfortunately, based very much on actual hands-on experience and are thus beyond the ability of this or any other book to instill satisfactory competence in. Illustrations should also prove to be a highly useful reference work for professional illustrators. The wide variety of train ing and work experiences by which they have acquired their skills may not have provided full acquaintance with all of the exceptionally diverse kinds of information to be found here. There are, moreover, few disciplines whose practition ers cannot profit from an invigorating refresher course. After nearly seven years of work, then, I am pleased to put forward a book with many answers pertaining to the proper selection and preparation of informational illustrations. All such questions and their actual solutions, however, must re main up to you, the inquiring and attentive reader. Graham T. Richardson vi Contents How to Use This Book ................. l Chapter 1 ............................ 15 Tables Introduction .......................... 15 Basic Elements of a Table .............. 15 Heading ............................ 15 Boxhead ............................ 16 Panels .............................. 17 Stub ............................... 17 Field ............................... 17 Footnotes ........................... 17 Style of the Table ...................... 17 Form of the Information ............... 19 General Comments About Tables ....... 21 Rapid Summation of Facts or Exact Data ........................ 21 Clarity of Presentation ............... 21 Ease of Construction ................. 21 Length of Time for Data Presentation ...................... 21 Apparent Complexity of Large Tables ............................ 21 Possible Need for Interpolation ....... 21 Reference Use ....................... 21 Tables Versus Graphs .................. 22 Artistic Effects ........................ 23 vii viii Contents Chapter 2 .............................2 7 Graphs Introduction .......................... 27 Parts of a Graph ...................... 28 Title or Caption ..................... 28 Background Information ............. 28 Axes ............................... 28 Field of the Graph ................... 30 Data Points and Lines ............... 30 Brief Survey of Graph Types ........... 32 Line Graphs .......................... 33 Line Graphs Based on the Appearance of the Lines ........... 33 Line Graphs Named from the Overall Appearance of the Graph ............................ 36 Line Graphs Named for the Types of Scales .......................... 40 Bar Graphs ........................... 42 Parts of a Bar Graph ................. 43 Vertical and Horizontal Bar Graphs ........................... 43 Absolute Bar Graphs ................. 43 Percent Bar Graphs ................... 44 Compound Bar Graphs ............... 45 Floating Bar Graphs .................. 46 Histograms ......................... 46 Bar Diagram ......................... 46 Block Diagrams ...................... 46 Pictographs and Pictorial Diagrams .... 46 Circular Graphs ....................... 48 Pie Graphs ......................... 48 Polar Graphs ........................ 49 Rose Diagrams ...................... 50 Combination Circular Graphs ......... 50 Scale Graphs .......................... 51 Stationary Scale Graphs .............. 51 Sliding or Movable-Scale Graphs ...... 52 Nomographs ........................ 53 Three-Dimensional Graphs and Diagrams ........................... 53 Artistic Graphs ........................ 55 Contents ix General Comments About Graphs ...... 57 Compact Presentation, Ease of Understanding .................... 57 Ease of Construction ................. 58 Recognitio-n of Anomalous Data ...... 58 Easy Reference for Data Values ....... 58 Design Factors for a Graph .............. 58 Framing ............................ 58 Axis Scales ......................... 58 Axis Division Marks ................. 59 Grid Lines .......................... 60 Explanatory Titles ................... 60 Data Points ......................... 61 Data Lines .......................... 61 Emphasis with Colors or Area Patterns .......................... 61 Emphasis with Changed Axis Scales ............................ 63 Chapter 3 ............................ .6 5 Maps Introduction .......................... 65 Map Projections ....................... 65 Properties of a Globe and Problems Encountered in Their Projection ........................ 66 Classifying Projections ............... 69 Titles and Border Information ........ 80 Title ................................ 81 Scale ............................... 82 Representative Fraction .............. 82 North Arrow ........................ 82 Projection Information ............... 83 Data Source ......................... 83 Latitude, Longitude, and Survey Grids ............................. 83 Legend ............................. 83 Preparer ............................ 83 Methods of Presenting Mapped Information ......................... 84 Lines ........................ '" .... 84 Tones and Patterns .................. 84 Symbols ............................ 85 x Contents Map Types Based on How the Information is Presented ............. 86 Point Data Maps .................... 86 Choropleth Maps .................... 89 Dasymetric Maps .................... 90 Isoline Maps ........................ 91 Flow Maps ......................... 94 Map Types Based on What Information Is Presented ............. 95 Three-Dimensional Maps ............... 98 Models ............................. 99 Drawings .......................... 102 Map-Derived Profiles ................. 104 Remote Sensing as an Aid To Mapping .......................... 106 Aerial Photography ................. 107 Electronic Systems .................. 111 Preparing a Map ..................... 114 Recording the Information to be Mapped ......................... 114 The Base Map ...................... 114 Chapter 4 ...... ..................... 115 Three-Dimensional Presentations Introduction ......................... 115 Mechanical Drawings ................. 115 Working Drawings ................. 115 Technical Illustrations ............... 117 Special Views ...................... 119 Perspective Drawings ................. 123 Block Diagrams ...................... 126 Panoramic Sections ................. 127 Isometric Views .................... 127 Oblique and Perspective Views ...... 128 Stacked Profiles .................... 129 Fence Diagrams ...................... 130 Chemical Models ..................... 131 Stereo Views ......................... 133 Stereonet Presentations ............... 137 Uses in Mineralogy ................. 137 Uses in Structural Geology .......... 138