I 1 11 Number: 3050461 Copyright 2002 by Morrison, Elizabeth All rights reserved. ___ UMI<§> UMI Microform 3050461 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 [ ILLUMINATIONS OF THE ROMAN DE TROIE AND FRENCH ROYAL DYNASTIC AMBITION (1260-1340) A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Elizabeth Morrison May 2002 0 2002 Elizabeth Morrison BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Elizabeth Morrison first discovered her love of medieval art at the age of 16 when her high school offered a unique two-year course in music and art history taught by two remarkable instructors. At Northwestern University as an undergraduate she majored in art history with a focus on illuminated manuscripts, and her graduate studies at Cornell University offered her further opportunities to immerse herself in the Middle Ages. A move to Los Angeles followed in 1996 where she was fortunate enough to join the Department of Manuscripts at the J. Paul Getty Museum. She is currently Assistant Curator there and is working on the upcoming catalogue and exhibition “Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe 1467-1561.” ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It was only with the support and encouragement of a variety of individuals and institutions that this dissertation came to fruition. First and foremost I must recognize the members of my committee. During my time at Cornell, my committee chair Robert Calkins provided the intellectual basis for my understanding of the art of illumination, and since then, his unequaled enthusiasm for the study of manuscripts has continued to inspire my own research. James John of Cornell’s History Department is a true scholar and gentleman, whose many classes taught me the importance of the historical context for works of art. Laura Meixner was more than generous with her time in helping me to explore the theoretical basis for my ideas. For the past six years my colleagues at the J. Paul Getty Museum have been unflagging in their support for this project. I wish to recognize the tremendous contribution of Thomas Kren, Curator of Manuscripts. His wide-ranging knowledge of medieval manuscripts continues to astound me, and his generosity in sharing that knowledge has made my time at the Getty an unparalleled learning experience. His support of me personally, moreover, has been deeply felt. The other members of the department, Liz Teviotdale, Kurt Barstow, and the many interns who have been a part of the “Manuscripts Institute” ail deserve recognition for their role in stimulating me intellectually and keeping me motivated. I must especially thank my Getty colleague and fellow Cornell student Richard Gay, whose unwavering confidence that I would finish was as important to me as our many discussions on subject matter. Over the years, a number of scholars have been generous with their time and effort. This whole project began at Northwestern University where Sandra Hindman supervised my senior thesis on one of the manuscripts of the Roman de Troie. Invaluable assistance in the process of writing this dissertation came from Richard and iv Mary Rouse, Anne D. Hedeman, Scot McKendrick, Gabrielle Spiegel, and Harvey Stahl, all of whom kindly read and commented upon various versions of my ideas. I would also like to thank those institutions whose contributions made this dissertation possible. Cornell University provided me with a Sage Fellowship for the first year of my studies; the Samuel H. Kress Foundation funded a summer of intense primary research in Europe; and the J. Paul Getty Trust enabled me to complete my research overseas. Lastly, this dissertation never would have been started, let alone finished, were it not for the steadfast support of friends and family. My four college roommates, Denise Gilman, Marya Howell, Beth Duerlinger, and Meredith Kolsky, are the most remarkable set of women I know, and never gave up hope that someday I would get my degree. The time I spent in Ithaca was enriched tremendously by the presence of my fellow graduate students Andy Weislogel, Tom Giordano, and Sandy Weddle, and in the years since, their friendship has continued to enrich my life both personally and professionally. In Los Angeles, I have been lucky enough to be supported by an incredibly diverse group of friends who make life in LA better than I ever could have thought possible. I especially wish to thank Annie Lyden and Mark Podhajsky whose influence on my life has been profound and without whose encouragement I would not have had the courage to undertake the work of the past year. Trevor Law is someone who will truly understand what this dissertation means to me. I also want to acknowledge Ingrid, Greta, Collette, and Amsel, who will never know how much they contributed to the completion of this dissertation (they are too busy wagging their tails and purring). Lastly and most importantly, I thank all my family from the bottom of my heart and dedicate this dissertation to them. v TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF FIGURES viii INTRODUCTION: Illuminating the Past 1 CHAPTER 1 The Historical Background: Trojan Origins and the 7 Early Capetians I. Origins of the Trojan Myth 7 II. The Early Capetians and the Foundations of Power 10 III. Louis VI and the Abbey of Saint-Denis 16 IV. Philip Augustus and Royal Historiography 22 CHAPTER 2 Capetian Kings, Trojan Blood: Vernacular Literature 35 under Louis IX and the Roman de Troie I. Power and Propaganda during the Reign of Louis IX 36 II. National Consciousness and the Trojan Myth 46 III. The Grandes Chroniques and Hector’s Legacy 57 IV. The Roman de Troie as a Mediator of History 64 CHAPTER 3 Beginning to Imagine Troy: The Earliest Fully Illuminated 82 French Copy of the Roman de Troie I. Placing BN Ms. fr. 1610 in Context 83 II. Visualizing the Text in the Manuscript 106 CHAPTER 4 Continuity in Politics and Pictures: The Illuminated 134 Roman de Troie at the End of the 13th Century I. Building the Power of the Monarchy 135 II. Illuminated Manuscripts of the Roman de Troie to c. 1300 143 III. Narrative Illuminations of the Roman de Troie 163 IV. Roman de Troie Illuminations Outside the 176 French Royal Sphere CHAPTER 5 Images in a Time of Crisis: Illuminations of the 182 Roman de Troie and the End of the Capetians I. The Last Capetians and the First Valois 183 II. Placing BN Ms. fr. 60 in Context 190 III. The Miniatures of BN Ms, fr. 60 199 CONCLUSION: Reliving the Past 221 APPENDIX 1: Genealogy of the Capetians 226 APPENDIX 2: List of the Mss. and Fragments of the Roman de Troie 228 APPENDIX 3: Prologue of the Grandes Chroniques 233 APPENDIX 4: Prologue of the Roman de Troie 236 APPENDIX 5: Catalogue of French Illuminated Roman de Troie Mss. 240 APPENDIX 6: Concordance of Illuminations of the Roman de Troie 272 APPENDIX 7: Figures 276 BIBLIOGRAPHY 372 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Trojan horse episode. Roman de Troie. 276 Paris, BN Ms. fr. 1610, fol. 156. Figure 2 Trojan battles: 277 register 1: A Greek drags a Trojan body behind him. register 2: Ajax strikes Paris in the head with his sword, register 3: Pirrus kills Penthesilea. Roman de Troie. Paris, BN Ms. fr. 1610, fol. 154v. Figure 3 Eurialus and Nisus. Eneide. 278 Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Ms. fol. germ. 282, fol. XLIV. Figure 4 Abduction of Helen: 279 register 1: Priam with assembly. register 2: Paris and his men set sail for Greece. register 3: first half: Paris grasps Helen in the foreground; second half: Paris leads Helen away to the far right. Roman de Troie. Stichtung Huis Bergh, s’Heerenberg, Holland. Figure 5 Abduction of Helen. Roman de la Poire. 280 Paris, BN Ms. fr. 2186, fol. 9v. Figure 6 Death of Hector: 281 register 1: Achilles kills Hector. register 2: Soldiers bring back the body of Hector to Troy. Roman de Troie. Stichtung Huis Bergh, s’Heerenberg, Holland. Figure 7 Battle scene. Bible. 282 Assisi, Biblioteca Comunale Ms. B.C.l 1, fol. 2. Figure 8 Jesse (Book of Matthew). Bible. 283 Assisi Biblioteca Comunale Ms. B.C.l 1, fol. lv. Figure 9 First anniversary of Hector’s death. Roman de Troie. 284 Paris, BN Ms. fr. 1610, fol. 102v. Figure 10 Siege of a castle. Histoire d 'Outremer, 285 Paris, BN Ms. fr. 2827, fol. 33. Figure 11 Achilles goes to the oracle at Delphos. Roman de Troie. 286 Paris, BN Ms. fr. 1610, fol. 35. viii