IgnoredRacism AlthoughLatinosarenowthelargestnonmajoritygroupintheUnited States,existingresearchonWhiteattitudestowardLatinoshasfocused almostexclusivelyonattitudestowardimmigration.Thisbookchanges that. It argues that such accounts fundamentally underestimate the political power of Whites’ animus toward Latinos and thus miss how conflict extends well beyond immigration to issues such as voting rights,criminalpunishment,policing,andwhichcandidatestosupport. Providing historical and cultural context and drawing on rich survey and experimental evidence, the authors show that Latino racism- ethnicismisacoherentbeliefsystemaboutLatinosthatisconceptually and empirically distinct from other forms of out-group hostility and from partisanship and ideology. Moreover, animus toward Latinos has become a powerful force in contemporary American politics, shaping White public opinion in elections and across a number of important issue areas – and resulting in policies that harm Latinos disproportionately. mark d. ramirez is Associate Professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at Arizona State University.His research has been fundedbytheFordFoundation.Heistherecipientofthe2018Adaljiza Sosa-RiddellAwardfromtheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation. david a. m. peterson is Professor and Whitaker-Lindgren Faculty FellowinPoliticalScienceatIowaStateUniversity.Hehascoauthored two books: Mandate Politics (2007) and Religious Institutions and Minor Parties in the United States (1999). He served as the editor of Political Behavior from 2015 to 2018. His work has been supported multiple times by the National Science Foundation and the Social SciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncil. Ignored Racism White Animus toward Latinos MARK D. RAMIREZ ArizonaStateUniversity DAVID A. M. PETERSON IowaStateUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,usa 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108495325 doi:10.1017/9781108861915 ©MarkD.RamirezandDavidA.M.Peterson2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall. AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData names:Ramirez,MarkD.,1977–author.|Peterson,DavidA.M.,1973–author. title:IgnoredRacism:WhiteAnimusTowardLatinos/MarkD.Ramirezand DavidA.M.Peterson. description:NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,2020.|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. identifiers:lccn2019053040(print)|lccn2019053041(ebook)| isbn9781108495325(hardback)|isbn9781108817943(paperback)| isbn9781108861915(epub) subjects:lcsh:HispanicAmericans–Socialconditions.|Hispanic Americans–Publicopinion.|Whites–UnitedStates–Attitudes.| Racism–UnitedStates.|UnitedStates–Racerelations. classification:lcce184.S75r342020(print)|lccE184.S75(ebook)| ddc305.800973–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019053040 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019053041 isbn978-1-108-49532-5Hardback isbn978-1-108-81794-3Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Mark would like to dedicate this book to his family: Kim, Scarlet B.,and Albie.They have made sacrifices to support all of his endeavors,but especially this one. Dave dedicates this book to his mother. Contents ListofFigures pagexi ListofTables xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xix 1 RacismIgnored 1 1.1 IsItRacism? 2 1.2 TheArgumentofThisBook 5 1.3 ALookAhead 6 2 TheRacializationofLatinos 9 2.1 TheHistoricalRootsofLatina/oRacism-Ethnicism 12 2.1.1 The Racialization of the Mestizo People in the ColonialPeriod 12 2.1.2 Institutional Discrimination and the Racialization ofLatinoIdentity 14 2.1.3 TheContinuedPushtoMarginalizeLatinos 16 2.1.4 HistoricalSegregation,ModernHate 19 2.1.5 TheDepictionofLatinosasCriminals 20 2.1.6 TheStigmaofBeingLatina/o 22 2.2 TheImportanceofUnderstandingLatina/oRacism-Ethnicism 23 2.2.1 ArePeopleStillHidingTheirRacialBeliefs? 23 2.2.2 LREandWhites’PolicyPreferences 25 2.3 Conclusion 25 3 TheMeasurementofLatina/oRacism-Ethnicism 27 3.1 ConceptualizingLRE 27 3.1.1 FocusGroupsasaValidationofLRE 28 3.1.2 HowPeopleExpressLRE 31 vii viii Contents 3.2 TheMeasurementofLRE 36 3.2.1 IsLREaCoherentBelief? 41 3.2.2 IsItaUniqueFormofRacism-Ethnicism? 42 3.2.3 IsLREaMeasureofPartisanPrinciplesorCultural Preferences? 45 3.2.4 IsLREaboutRace-Ethnicity? 47 3.3 Conclusion 51 4 WhyWhiteAmericaOpposesImmigration 56 4.1 AmericanPublicOpiniontowardImmigrationPolicy 59 4.1.1 CurrentExplanationsofPublicOpiniontoward ImmigrationPolicy 65 4.2 TheRoleofLRE 68 4.2.1 LREorImmigrantResentment 76 4.2.2 Context and Contiguity in Immigration Policy Preferences 79 4.3 Conclusion 82 5 AttitudesaboutPunishmentandPolicing 86 5.1 LatinosandtheRace-CodingofCrime 88 5.1.1 The“Browning”ofCrimeNews 89 5.1.2 HowWeExamineCrimeNews? 91 5.1.3 DoesCrimeNewsActivateLRE? 95 5.2 UnderstandingPublicSupportforPunishment 100 5.3 WhiteOppositiontoPoliceBodyCameras 103 5.3.1 ThePoliceBodyCameraExperiment 105 5.4 Conclusion 108 6 WhyWhitesFavorRestrictiveVotingLaws 111 6.1 TheControversyoverVoterIdentificationLaws 113 6.2 MassPolarizationorRace? 118 6.3 LREandVoterIdentificationLaws 121 6.3.1 TheVoterIdentificationExperiment 123 6.3.2 EstimatingConcernaboutFraudulentVoting 129 6.4 VoterRegistrationPurges 134 6.4.1 TheConjointExperiment 135 6.5 Conclusion 142 7 TheElectoralImplicationsofLatina/oRacism-Ethnicism 144 7.1 RacialandEthnicConflictinUSElections 144 7.2 SupportforLatina/oCandidatesinUSElections 146 7.2.1 The2014and2016USHouseElections 148 7.3 VotingforCandidatesWhoSupportImmigrationRestrictions 152 7.3.1 The2014and2016USSenateElections 153 7.3.2 GubernatorialElectionsin2014 157 Contents ix 7.4 ThePoliticsofRacism-Ethnicisminthe2016 PresidentialElection 159 7.4.1 HowWhitesVotedinthe2016PresidentialElection 161 7.5 LREandtheStrategicChoicesofCandidates 166 7.6 Conclusion 170 8 Conclusion 173 8.1 WhatHaveWeLearned? 173 8.2 LimitsontheRoleofLRE 176 8.3 TheBrowningofWhites’Attitudes 177 8.4 TheNatureofPublicPolicyOpinions 181 8.5 TheRealImplications 184 8.6 FinalThoughts 185 AppendixA SampleDetails 187 AppendixB Measurement 189 Bibliography 195 Index 215