“If you think Maxwell Johnson has already written the definitive book on the history of Christian initiation rites, you are right. But now he has made it bet- ter. A revised and expanded edition is only necessary because scholars have new insights into the history of these rites, and because their contemporary celebration continues to develop. “Johnson has written a textbook case of writing good textbooks: clear in organization, generous in quoting sources, precise in analysis, and provocative in exposing contemporary theological issues. Maxwell Johnson is a mystagogi- cal Titan at the top of his form.” Paul Turner, S.T.D. Author of When Other Christians Become Catholic (Liturgical Press) “The revised and expanded edition of Maxwell Johnson’s The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation further enhances the reputation of the Liturgical Press for publishing first-rate liturgical studies that both keep abreast of the field and ahead of it. The first edition clearly established itself as the best overall treatment of the subject and the most widely used textbook available. This new edition captures the fast-moving developments in scholar- ship on the rites of both eastern and western Christianity. Particularly instruc- tive is Professor Johnson’s discussion of the most recent fruitful engagement of Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches on initiation, including directions to be taken in the future. Most arresting, however, is his penetrating theology and spirituality of the rites of initiation. For everyone interested in the rites of Christian initiation, no matter from what faith tradition, this revised and ex- panded edition is must reading and study.” T. M. Finn Chancellor Professor of Religion Emeritus College of William and Mary “The first edition has already established itself as the standard history of the rites of initiation, and the updating in this second edition will further enhance its reputation.” Rev. Paul Bradshaw, Ph.D. Professor of Liturgy University of Notre Dame “By adopting Maxwell Johnson’s The Rites of Christian Initiation as the stan- dard text for courses liturgy professors across the English-speaking world have recognized the author as among the premier liturgical scholars. Johnson is especially competent in the early period. The revised version has substantial additions: chapters for both East and West in the ante-Nicene period, includ- ing new material on the Odes of Solomon; new material on the Cappadocians; a new chapter on all of the seven living Eastern Christian traditions (available nowhere else); the chapter on the modern period now includes the new rites of the Evangelical Lutheran Worship (ELCA) and Lutheran Service Book (Missouri Synod) together with more recent scholarship on the RCIA. This makes it the most up to date and comprehensive book on the rites of initiation.” Kilian McDonnell, O.S.B. Saint John’s Abbey Collegeville, Minnesota Maxwell E. Johnson The Rites of Christian Initiation Their Evolution and Interpretation Revised and Expanded Edition A PUEBLO BOOK Liturgical Press Collegeville, Minnesota www.litpress.org A Pueblo Book published by Liturgical Press The Scripture quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, Catholic edition, © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. Used with permission. All rights reserved. Cover design by David Manahan, O.S.B. Illustration of mosaic detail from the Arian Baptistry, Ravenna, Italy. The Art Archive, Dagli Orti. First edition published under the title The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation. © 1999 by Order of Saint Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. © 2007 by Order of Saint Benedict, Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights re- served. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, micro- film, microfiche, mechanical recording, photocopying, translation, or by any other means, known or yet unknown, for any purpose except brief quotations in reviews, without the previous written permission of Liturgical Press, Saint John’s Abbey, P.O. Box 7500, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321-7500. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johnson, Maxwell E., 1952– The rites of Christian initiation : their evolution and interpretation / Maxwell E. Johnson. — 2nd, rev. and expanded ed. p. cm. “A Pueblo book.” Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8146-6215-1 1. Initiation rites—Religious aspects—Christianity—history of doctrines. I. Title. BV873.I54 J64 2007 265'.109—dc22 2007016434 IN MEMORIAM To the Memory of Aelred Tegels, OSB (d. March 17, 2003), Monk, Scholar, Teacher, and Friend, who, with wit and wisdom, was one of the first to introduce me to liturgical study, this book is gratefully dedicated THE BAPTISTERY OF THE LATERAN BASILICA Here a people of godly race are born for heaven; the Spirit gives them life in the fertile waters. The Church-Mother, in these waves, bears her children like virginal fruit she has conceived by the Holy Spirit. Hope for the kingdom of heaven, you who are reborn in this spring, for those who are born but once have no share in the life of blessedness. Here is to be found the source of life, which washes the whole universe, which gushed from the wound of Christ. Sinner, plunge into the sacred fountain to wash away your sin. The water receives the old man, and in his place makes the new man to rise. You wish to become innocent; cleanse yourself in this bath, whatever your burden may be, Adam’s sin or your own. There is no difference between those who are reborn; they are one, in a single baptism, a single Spirit, a single faith. Let none be afraid of the number of the weight of their sins: those who are born of this stream will be made holy. (Inscription of Sixtus III, 432–440)1  Translation is adapted from Lucien Deiss, Springtime of the Liturgy (College- ville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1979), 264. Contents Acknowledgments x Abbreviations xii Preface to the Second Edition xiii Introduction xvii Chapter 1: The Origins of the Rites of Christian Initiation 1 Chapter 2: Christian Initiation in the Pre-nicene East 41 Chapter 3: Christian Initiation in the Pre-nicene West 83 Chapter 4: Initiation in the Christian East During the Fourth and Fifth Centuries 115 Chapter 5: Initiation in the Christian West During the Fourth and Fifth Centuries 159 Excursus: Baptismal Preparation and the Origins of Lent 201 Chapter 6: Christian Initiation in the Middle Ages 219 Chapter 7: The Rites of Initiation in the Christian East 269 Chapter 8: Christian Initiation in the Protestant and Catholic Reforms of the Sixteenth Century 309 Chapter 9: Christian Initiation in the Churches Today 375 Chapter 10: Back Home to the Font: The Place of a Baptismal Spirituality and Its Implications in a Displaced World 451 Index 479 Acknowledgments Excerpts from the English translation of Rite of Baptism for Children © 1969, International Committee on English in the Liturgy, Inc. (ICEL); excerpts from the English translation of Rite of Confirmation (Second Edition) © 1975, ICEL; excerpts from the English translation of Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults © 1985, ICEL. All rights reserved. Excerpts from documents of the Second Vatican Council are from Vatican Council II: The Basic Sixteen Documents, edited by Austin Flannery, O.P., © 1996 Costello Publishing Company, Inc. Used with permission. Excerpts from Nathan Mitchell, Eucharist as Sacrament of Initiation, Forum Essays, 2 (Chicago: Liturgy Training Publications, © 1994) Archdiocese of Chi- cago, Liturgy Training Publications, 1800 N. Hermitage Avenue, Chicago, IL 60622. 1-800-933-1800. All rights reserved. Used with permission. Extracts from John Wilkinson, Egeria’s Travels (London; SPCK, 1971). By per- mission of John Wilkinson. Excerpts from Gabriele Winkler, “Baptism 2. Eastern Churches,” in Paul F. Bradshaw (ed.), The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy & Worship (Louis- ville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 2002) and “The Blessing of Water in the Oriental Liturgies,” Concilium 21 (1985): 53–61. Gabriele Winkler, “The Origi- nal Meaning of the Prebaptismal Anointing and Its Implications,” Worship 52 (1978) in LWSS. By permission of Gabriele Winkler. Excerpts from Paul Bradshaw, “The Homogenization of Christian Lit- urgy—Ancient and Modern: Presidential Address,” Studia Liturgica 26 (1996). Bradshaw, “Baptismal Practice in the Alexandrian Tradition,” in Essays in Early Christian Initiation, ed. P. Bradshaw (Grove Books, Ltd., 1989) in LWSS. By permission of Paul Bradshaw. Excerpts from Bryan Spinks, “Luther’s Timely Theology of Unilateral Bap- tism,” Lutheran Quarterly 9 (1995). By permission of Bryan Spinks. Excerpts from “Lutheran, Anglican, and Reformed Rites” by J.D.C. Fisher, pp. 155–56, 158, 162, from Study of Liturgy edited by Jones, Wainwright, Yarnold, Bradshaw (London: SPCK; New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). English x