“I Feel Like I’m Beating the System” – Ideology, Institutions and Individual Agency in Lee Child’s Jack Reacher Novels. Iris Määttä University of Tampere School of Modern Languages and Translation Studies English Philology Pro Gradu Thesis May 2010 Tampereen yliopisto Englantilainen filologia Kieli- ja käännöstieteiden laitos Määttä, Iris: “I Feel Like I’m Beating the System” – Ideology, Institutions and Individual Agency in Lee Child’s Jack Reacher Novels. Pro gradu -tutkielma, 131 sivua + lähdeluettelo --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kovaksikeitetty dekkari on etsiväkirjallisuuden alalaji, joka sai alkunsa 1920- ja 1930-lukujen Yhdysvalloissa. Kovaksikeitetyn dekkarin perinne nojaa vahvasti yksilön, ja etenkin maskuliinisen yksilön, toimijuuden merkityksellisyyteen, ja tämä näkyy esimerkiksi selkeänä rajanvetona, joka tehdään etsivän ja yhteiskunnallisten instituutioiden välille. Instituutiot kuvataan alalajin perinteessä usein korruptoituneina ja toimimattomina rakennelmina, jotka rajaavat ja estävät yksilön henkilökohtaista toimijuutta. Kuitenkin etsivän autonomia on näennäistä, sillä hänen nähdään edelleen toimivan osana yhteiskunnallisia instituutioita ja näin uusintavan yhteiskunnan hegemonista ideologiaa. Pro gradu -tutkielmani tarkoitus on tutkia instituutioita ja yksilön toimijuutta ja varsinkin näiden välistä jännitettä, ideologisesta näkökulmasta Lee Childin modernia kovaksikeitettyä dekkaria edustavassa Jack Reacher -kirjasarjassa. Pääasiallisena tutkimusmateriaalinani on kolme sarjan teosta: Killing Floor (1997), Echo Burning (2001) ja The Enemy (2004). Vertailen kirjojen ideologisia rakenteita perinteeseen, kartoittaessani niitä Louis Althusserin uusmarxilaisen teorian pohjalta. Tutkielmani teoreettinen kehys nojaa ranskalaisen uusmarxilaisen teoreetikon, Louis Althusserin (1918-1990), teoriaan ideologian tuottamisesta ja uusintamisesta instituutioiden kautta. Althusser jakaa instituutiot kahteen eri ryhmään, joiden yhteiskunnalliset toimintatavat ja suhde ideologiaan eriävät toisistaan. Hänen mukaansa kunkin yhteiskunnan hegemoninen ideologia tuotetaan interpellaation kautta; instituutiot interpelloivat kansan uskomaan omaan yksilöllisyyteensä ja yksilönvapauteensa. Interpellaatio on tärkeä käsite tutkimuksessani, kun tutkin Childin kovaksikeitetyn etsivän yksilöllisen toimijuuden rakentumista ja sen suhdetta instituutioihin. Interpellaation tarkoituksena on tehdä yksilöä yhteiskuntaan sitovat ideologiset rakenteet näkymättömiksi ja luonnollisiksi. Althusserin teorian ohella esittelen kovaksikeitetyn dekkarin perinteen ideologisia rakenteita, joihin sitten analyysissäni vertaan Childin teoksia. Tutkielmani analyysiosiossa käsittelen kolmen eri instituution (laki, perhe ja armeija) suhdetta yksilön toimijuuteen. Lähestyn kutakin instituutiota vuorollaan analysoiden sekä yksilön toimijuutta korostavaa individualistista näkemystä sekä sitä, miten yksilö onkin selkeästi osa kyseisiä instituutioita, ja näin ollen myös osa hegemonista ideologiaa. Näen, että Childin kirjasarja toisintaa suurelta osin perinteisiä konventioita ja alalajin individualistista ideologiaa. Kirjoissa etsivän maskuliinista yksilön toimijuutta korostetaan ja hänen nähdään erottautuvan yhteiskunnasta ja sen instituutioista. Totean etsivän ohittavan amerikkalaista individualistista ideologiaa mukailevan toimintansa vaikutteet ja niiden kytkeytymisen tiiviisti instituutioihin. Näen althusserilaisen interpellaation esiintyvän sekä päähenkilön toiminnassa että itse teosten rakenteessa – tarkoituksena on erottaa yksilön toimijuus sen mahdollistavista yhteiskunnallisista rakenteista ja ideologiasta. Avainsanat: kovaksikeitetty dekkari, toimijuus, instituutiot, ideologia, Lee Child Contents: 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................1 2. Theoretical Framework.................................................................................................................8 2.1 Marxist Literary Theory and Louis Althusser’s Approach...........................................................9 2.2 Genre Issues and Hard-Boiled Ideology.................................................................................... 22 3. The Law and the Individual Moral Code....................................................................................38 3.1 The Detective as a Vigilante.....................................................................................................39 3.2 The Detective as a Lawman of Society.....................................................................................54 4. The Family and the Eternal Bachelor.........................................................................................67 4.1 The Male Detective – No Strings Attached...............................................................................68 4.2 Domesticity and the Sentimental Detective...............................................................................84 5. The Army and the Lone Wolf......................................................................................................97 5.1 The Lone Warrior.....................................................................................................................99 5.2 The Detective as a Soldier.......................................................................................................112 6. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................126 Bibliography....................................................................................................................................132 1 1. Introduction To this day, the investigation of the role of individual agency and especially masculine individualism has been present in the analysis of hard-boiled detective fiction. The hard-boiled subgenre rose to the fore as an American subgenre of detective fiction in the 1920s, and its narratives emphasized the agency and autonomy of the individual in a sociopolitical context in which people were forced to question their influence on their own lives as they lost their faith in societal power structures. In America, the First World War and the Great Depression were part of creating surroundings for existential anguish at the beginning of the twentieth century, giving rise to literary movements such as modernism. Hard-boiled detective fiction brought up similar themes to modernism, but in a more popular forum; the anxiety over societal events and the position of the individual are central in both. Some critics consider hard-boiled detective fiction, among other hard-boiled fiction, part of the modernists literary movement. Through magazines called the ‘pulps’, the hard-boiled tough guy narratives reached a wide audience in American society. Pricilla L. Walton and Manina Jones see that hard-boiled detective fiction, among other popular formula fiction, created “a ‘common space’ in which concerns and social issues can be addressed and negotiated by readers who would not necessarily read about them elsewhere”.1 The aim of this study is to examine individual agency and institutions in hard-boiled detective fiction from an ideological point of view. The traditional hard-boiled detective fiction of the beginning of the twentieth century promoted the importance of masculine individualism and individual agency by depicting the detective’s separation from societal institutions and adoption of a marginal position in society. Institutions such as the law, the family and the political institution are objected to as they are experienced to represent an ideology that aims to diminish the agency of the individual. However, as 1 Priscilla L. Walton and Manina Jones,Detective Agency: Women Rewriting the Hard-Boiled Tradition (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1999) 63. 2 Peter Messent points out, the detective is, in fact, inevitably a crucial part of the institutions he is seen to abhor.2 Maureen T. Reddy also points out that even if this separation gives the hard-boiled detective a seemingly marginal status as a critic of the hegemonic ideology, “the detective is not in fact set apart from society but instead embodies its most deeply held but often inchoate beliefs”.3 The main purpose of my thesis is to analyze this significant tension between the representations of individual agency and institutions in Lee Child’s modern hard-boiled detective fiction. I intend to find out the ways in which Child’s Jack Reacher series approaches this ideological tension by analyzing the position of the detective protagonist and three institutions central in the series. I aim to discover in what way Reacher perceives the ideology behind the institutions and what his position towards them is, and whether this hard-boiled protagonist is separated from these institutions typically seen to represent the dominant ideology or whether he is a significant part of them. In the theoretical framework of this thesis, I discuss the ideological background of the tradition of hard-boiled detective fiction, and in my analysis, I will compare the series to the traditional conventions of the hard-boiled detective fiction subgenre. In my study, I have chosen to approach the institutions of law, family and the army, since they are central to society in general and to the creation and reproduction of ideology. These institutions, especially the law and the family, are also visible in the tradition of hard-boiled detective fiction. In approaching the army, I will link Child’s fiction to the rise of militaristic masculinity in the popular culture of the 1980s and 1990s, which can be connected to the masculinity represented in the hard- boiled fiction of the early twentieth century. The British-born American author Jim Grant appeared in the densely habited crime fiction scene in 1997 with the first novel of his Jack Reacher series under the pen name Lee Child. The 2 Peter Messent, “Introduction: From Private Eye to Police Procedural – the Logic of Contemporary Crime Fiction,” Criminal Proceedings: The Contemporary American Crime Novel, ed. Peter Messent (London: Pluto, 1997) 2. 3 Maureen T. Reddy,Traces, Codes, and Clues: Reading Race in Crime Fiction(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2003) 10. 3 primary research material of this thesis consists of three novels of the series. The series, thus far consisting of fourteen novels, combines conventions from several different yet interrelated literary genres and modes such as thriller, mystery, action and detective fiction. In this thesis, I will link the Jack Reacher series to the continuum of hard-boiled detective fiction, since it employs several conventions central to the hard-boiled subgenre – not least the strong individual agency of the protagonist, Jack Reacher, follows the traditional conventions with his heightened autonomy and individualism. The emphasis on autonomous action and the need for freedom connected to the detective protagonist and his complicated and ambiguous relationships with significant social institutions on the surface level of the series enables me to approach the series as modern hard-boiled detective fiction, making it a suitable object of analysis for this study. All of the fourteen novels of Lee Child’s Jack Reacher series focus on the protagonist and his life as a wanderer in the United States. The series tells a story of a white, heterosexual male, an American with a French mother, who in his thirties explores aimlessly the America he has never been acquainted with, as he has lived in America only few years of his life. Reacher is a former military police officer, who in the first novel of the series has just left the army after thirteen years of service. Differing from the traditional conventions of hard-boiled detective fiction, all of the novels take place in different parts of the United States – Reacher travels across the country ending up investigating crimes in big cities as well as in small-town America. In Reacher’s character, the ideas of the rules of the military and law enforcement create ambiguities with the freedom of civilian life. After leaving the army, Reacher refuses to join society as a working and law-abiding citizen; he works only to sustain his wandering lifestyle and does not have a family or a place to live. Reacher celebrates his new identity and position outside societal institutions, and he enjoys the feeling of “beating the system” (Killing Floor, 88) with his lifestyle, yet he continues to live according to the rules and morality he attained in the service. His internal morality and his 4 commitment to the concept of justice obligate him to investigate crimes he feels society is not able to solve. In his investigations he does not follow the official law or rules of society. Reacher’s relentlessly moral approach to life and his need of being separated from society in all ways possible reproduce central conventions of hard-boiled detective fiction. The novels I chose for this study are the first, Killing Floor (1997), the fifth, Echo Burning (2001), and the eighth novel, The Enemy (2004), of the series.4 My primary material consists of these three novels, but I will refer to other novels of the series if necessary for my analysis and to further illustrate my conclusions. In Killing Floor, Reacher is introduced for the first time and it is a portrayal of the beginning of his new life outside military service and the ‘official’ structures of society. The novel is situated in the small town of Margrave, Georgia, where Reacher is searching for the grave of a blues guitarist who was rumoured to have died in Margrave sixty years previously. Reacher is wrongfully arrested of murder the moment he arrives in the town, and in the end is involved in the investigation of a money laundering and counterfeiting scam run from Margrave. In Echo Burning, Reacher is in the heartland of Texas, in the small town of Echo. Reacher is again just passing through when he is picked up by a woman who is in need of help and protection. Behind a case of domestic violence there are a corrupted politician and police force and a dark history concerning brutal treatment of illegal immigrants. The Enemy returns to Reacher’s past as it depicts the beginning of the year 1990, when Reacher was still in the army. The novel offers some explanation to why Reacher leaves the service later on. The novel is situated in a critical period for the U.S. military, since the army faced a reduction of forces as the Cold War was over. In the novel, repositioned Major Jack Reacher is in the middle of a murder investigation which reveals a considerable conspiracy inside the army. 4 In the course of the study, I will refer to these novels with the abbreviationsKF,EB andTE. 5 I chose these three particular novels because they illustrate the contradictory relation between societal institutions and individual agency in the series; the protagonist’s strong relations with the law, the army and the family are visible in these novels. The thematics around these institutions are not visible only in these three novels – the institutions are central in the whole series. Killing Floor, as the first novel of the series, is a logical choice for the study, as Reacher and his longing for autonomy and individual agency are thoroughly introduced. Echo Burning discusses themes such as the family institution and the justification of vigilantism. The Enemy is a revealing novel especially concerning the army institution, as it focuses on the strong connection Reacher has with it. However, all of the three novels describe the relationship between Reacher and the three institutions representing the ideological power structures of society. My research is related to the field Cultural Studies. In particular, I will employ Marxist literary theory, and especially the Neo-Marxist theoretician Louis Althusser’s (1918-1990) theory on ideology in order to come to examine the ideological position of individual agency and institutions in Child’s fiction. In his theory, presented in the essay “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses” (1970), Althusser approaches the relationship between institutions, individuals and ideology, and the way ideology is reproduced through individuals and institutions. Althusser sees the autonomy of individuals as a fantasy, created in order to able the dominant ideology to reproduce itself unnoticeably and undisturbed.5 In my analysis, I will concentrate on the wider context of ideological structures in Lee Child’s Jack Reacher novels. I aim to form a broader view of the series through theoretical and conceptual analysis, instead of decoding every sentence of the novels with in-depth analysis. With the fact that my primary research material consists of three novels instead of one, I intend to achieve a fuller conception of the ideological structures in the series. In introducing the theoretical framework of this thesis, I will 5 Louis Althusser, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses: Notes Toward an Investigation,” 1970. trans. Ben Brewster.The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism,ed. Vincent B. Leitch (New York: WW. Norton, 2001) 1507. 6 also explore the generic traditions of hard-boiled detective fiction, and its multidimensional ideological basis. As previously mentioned, even if the main focus of my study is not on comparative analysis since the emphasis is on Child’s novels, it is important to contrast it to the tradition of the subgenre. Reddy sees that hard-boiled detective narratives participate in teaching and reinforcing race, sexuality and gender hierarchies, as they portray truth from a white, heterosexual male perspective according to an individualistic ideology typical to American individualistic tradition.6 There have been changes inside the subgenre since the early twentieth century, and the focus of analysis has moved from the fiction of Raymond Chandler and Dashiell Hammet, the forefathers of hard-boiled detective fiction, to the wave of female and ethnic hard-boiled authors rewriting the conventions of the traditional hard-boiled in the 1980s and 1990s. In connection to this shift inside the subgenre, the degree of individual agency of the hard-boiled detective has been analyzed in terms of his/her gender, sexuality and ethnicity. Child’s Jack Reacher series is an interesting object of analysis, since it represents recent hard-boiled detective fiction with a white heterosexual male protagonist, thus seemingly relying on the traditional conventions of the subgenre. The fact that Child’s fiction received success with the first novel of the series in 1997, as it won both the Anthony and the Barry Award for best first novel, yet has not received similar interest among literary critics, motivated me to choose his fiction as primary material for my study. I have not found any research on Child, even if he seems to have created a widely popular series and has been called “the best thriller writer of the moment” by the New York Timeswith the publication of the fifth novel of the series, Echo Burning, in 2001. Child’s fiction seems to exist in the inconsistent and undefined middle ground between low- brow fiction and ‘serious’ literature. Even if Child has sold over thirty million novels around the world and the novels appear recurrently on the New York Times bestseller list, he is inevitably seen as a writer 6 Reddy, 2, 9. 7 of popular formula fiction, which even today is taken to be inferior to some other types of literature.7 It is reported in an interview that Stephen King, the popular horror fiction author, called Child’s Jack Reacher “the coolest continuing series character” simultaneously situating his fiction in the category of “manfiction”.8 This description is suitable for Child’ fiction, as he has created a protagonist seeping with masculinity and adventure that resemble the iconic popular action heroes of the 1980s and 1990s, such as Rambo, created by David Morrell, and John McClane of the Die Hard movies. I find analyzing the ideology behind these popular fictions interesting and important. Popular culture and especially generic writing, such as hard-boiled detective fiction, is recognized to function as a forum for societal discussions, assertive as well as critical. All in all, I am interested in Child’s series because it offers a recent approach to the ideological basis of the hard-boiled subgenre. In the next chapter of this thesis, which will present the theoretical and conceptual background of my study, I will firstly approach Marxist literary theory and concentrate on Louis Althusser’s approach on ideology, and secondly, the ideology of hard-boiled detective fiction. In my analysis, I will approach each of the three institutions in relation to individual agency in three separate chapters. My analysis begins with the law, and the tension between institutionalized law and the concept of the hard- boiled detective’s own individual moral code. Then I focus on the family institution, which represents a different type of institution in Althusser’s theory, and which is a central institution in the subgenre. The hard-boiled protagonist’s separation from the family, deemed a harmful institution for his individual agency, is a conventional staple of the subgenre. In the third and final chapter of my analysis, I will consider the army an ideological institution that promotes masculine individualism through the notion that heroic masculinity is created in the army. This ideological imagery and the values incorporated in it tie the soldiers to the institution and push aside the ideological motivations behind this extremely repressive and hierarchical institution. 7 David Duff, Modern Genre Theory, ed. David Duff (Harlow: Pearson, 2000) xiii. 8 Jeff Ayers, “Lee Child Crafts a Rootless Hero Who Resonates,”Writer Vol. 123, Issue 1 (Jan 2010) 18.