Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla iberian world empires and the globalization of europe 1415–1668 Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History Series Editors Manuel Perez Garcia Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China Lucio De Sousa Tokyo University of Foreign Studies Tokyo, Japan This series proposes a new geography of Global History research using Asian and Western sources, welcoming quality research and engaging outstanding scholarship from China, Europe and the Americas. Promoting academic excellence and critical intellectual analysis, it offers a rich source of global history research in sub-continental areas of Europe, Asia ( notably China, Japan and the Philippines) and the Americas and aims to help understand the divergences and convergences between East and West. Advisory Board: Patrick O’Brien (London School of Economics) Anne McCants (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Joe McDermott (University of Cambridge) Pat Manning (Pittsburgh University) Mihoko Oka (University of Tokyo) Richard Von Glahn (University of California, Los Angeles) Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla (Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla) Shigeru Akita (Osaka University) François Gipouloux (CNRS/FMSH) Carlos Marichal (Colegio de Mexico) Leonard Blusse (Leiden University) Antonio Ibarra Romero (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, UNAM) Giorgio Riello (University of Warwick) Nakajima Gakusho (Kyushu University) Liu Beicheng (Tsinghua University) Li Qingxin (Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences) Dennis O. Flynn (University of the Pacific) J. B. Owens (Idaho State University) More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15711 Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla Iberian World Empires and the Globalization of Europe 1415–1668 Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla Pablo de Olavide University Sevilla, Spain Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History ISBN 978-981-13-0832-1 ISBN 978-981-13-0833-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0833-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953325 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21- 01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore The Open Access publication of this book has been financially supported by GECEM (‘Global Encounters between China and Europe: Trade Networks, Consumption and Cultural Exchanges in Macau and Marseille, 1680–1840’ http://www.gecem.eu), a project funded by the European Research Council-Starting Grant, ref. 679371 (under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme) and of which the Principal Investigator is Professor Manuel Perez-Garcia. Praise for Iberian World Empires and the Globalization of Europe 1415–1668 “In this important and ambitious book, based on the command of a massive literature and illuminated by shafts of insight, Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla challenges the stereotype of early modern Spain as a society incapable of responding to the demands of an increasingly globalized world. Using a comparative approach that embraces other European states of the period, he explores to striking effect what the joint Spanish-Portuguese possession of Europe’s first global empire meant to the peoples of the Iberian peninsula.” —Sir John Elliott, Regius Professor Emeritus, Oxford University, UK “This book is seminal. It provides the facts and the history required to rescue the histories of state formation, institutional development and imperial expansion in Iberia from the condescension displayed by neo-liberal economists and historians to the contributions of Southern Europe to the early modern preparations and pre- conditions for early breakthrough in the North to industrial market economies.” —Patrick Karl O’Brien, FBA Emeritus of Oxford and London Universities, UK “A comparison that seemed obvious but that only now begins to be seriously made. Beyond similarities that seemed probable and imaginaries about mythic differences, the first two great European political spaces (the Iberian empires) of the early mod- ern era are here studied in their complexity and multileveled interconnections.” —António Manuel Hespanha, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal “While the early modern history globalization has substantially progressed in recent years, there has been a surprising tendency to keep the Iberian Empires on the periphery. This new work by Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla corrects this view and puts them back in the center. His thesis is that both Spain and Portugal con- structed the first world-wide empires and hence were fundamental actors in the political, military and economic foundations of early globalization.” —Carlos Marichal, El Colegio de México, Mexico vii A cknowledgements This book is a result of several years of work into and reflection upon Iberian societies in general and Castilian society in particular.1 It began as an English translation of a study published in Spanish (Yun 2004) and took on a life of its own, expanding to offer new perspectives and to engage in debates with a broader literature, in particular in regard to the phenomenon of globalization. It is aimed at both specialists in the Iberian worlds and the general reading public and offers a general discussion and a critical perspective on these fields of study. It attempts to provide a basic narrative account of background events. A long list of thanks is required for those with whom I have worked and collaborated, but here I can only mention Sir John Elliott, A. M. Hespanha, Carlos Marichal, P. O’Brien, H. Van der Wee, B. Aram, O. Svriz Wuchener, I. Pérez Tostado, L. M. Córdoba Ochoa, S. Serrano, M. Fabián Figueroa, A. Romano, L. Molá, J. Flores (who also read some parts of this work), I. A. A. Thompson, M. Soares Da Cunha, N. Monteiro, 1 This work has been financed by the project ‘Nuevos productos atlánticos, ciencia, guerra, economía y consumo en el Antiguo Régimen’ (P09-HUM 5330) and by ‘Globalización Ibérica: redes entre Asia y Europa y los cambios en las pautas de consumo en Latinoamérica’ (HAR2014-53797-P), which is included in the activities of the PAIDI research group HUM 1000 “Historia de la Globalización: violencia, negociación e interculturalidad” of which the PI is Igor Pérez Tostado. I have also received the financial support of the ERC Starting Grant GECEM (‘Global Encounters between China and Europe: Trade Networks, Consumption and Cultural Exchanges in Macau and Marseille, 1680–1840’). Principal investigator Manuel Pérez García. ix x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS P. Cardim, L. Ribot, R. Grafe, J. P. Dedieu, and J. Owens (these last four made some excellent criticisms of my book Marte contra Minerva), and F. Ramos and M. Diaz Ordóñez and M. J. Milán (to whom I am grateful for their help with the maps and graphs). I must thank my magnificent doctoral and post-doctoral students at the European University Institute in Florence (and the institution itself), among whom I should mention J.  L. Gasch, A.  García Montón, B.  Lindorfer, I.  Sosa, I.  Pugliese, I. Fattacciu, M. Pérez García, B. Fernández de Castro, H. Silva, J. Gouveia, G. Almeida Borges, J. M. Escribano (who helped with the bibliography and footnotes), and I. López Martín (who helped with the maps on urban Europe). Mention should also be made of Phillip Williams, patient trans- lator, with whom I have discussed some of the themes mentioned close to his field of study. And very special thanks is deserved again by B. Aram, who made a revision of the style of this book, helped with its editing, and advised on particular aspects of its content. This book is dedicated to Angeles. Thanks a lot for the happy decades together. c ontents Part I The Iberian Grounds of the Early Modern Globalization of Europe 1 1 Global Context and the Rise of Europe: Iberia and the Atlantic 5 Global Links and International Exchanges in Europe and the Iberian Peninsula 5 The Global Forces and the Portuguese Atlantic Expansion 5 Towards a European Poly-nuclear Recovery 10 European Recovery and Property Rights 10 The Iberian Peninsula 13 Institutions, Political Economies, and Regional Forces 15 Social Conflicts and Political Regimes 22 Aristocratic Lineages, Local Oligarchies, and Conflict 22 Isabella and Fernando: From Crisis to War and Expansion 27 Bargaining Power 27 Foreign Wars for Domestic Peace 31 Portugal: The Bases for a Precocious and Enduring Political Stability 35 Iberian State Formation in European Perspective 37 Comunidades and Germanías 37 Western Monarchies. The Iberian Kingdoms in Comparative European Perspective 42 xi