Ian Harris   Humboldt State University   MUNFW 65th Session   General Assembly   Abduction and Forced Sale of Persons   Introduction   Human trafficking is one of the most prevalent infringements on basic individual rights plaguing the 21st century world. While not all people are directly affected by these crimes, every single person has the potential to be targeted and be a victim, and constitutes a modern form of slavery. Human trafficking can victimize nearly anyone regardless of age, gender, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Because of the severity of human trafficking, these crimes are committed against all of the core values that the member states of the United Nations strives to protect and uphold year after year. Human trafficking also directly funds other forms of criminal activities at both the state and international levels. Aside from trafficking in general, the UN system has a specific concern regarding trafficking related to child soldiers. Not only are these young children being used by others for selfish purposes, but these purposes expose children to extreme conditions and violence. Member states and policymakers must remain cognizant of the severity of the issue of trafficking, and make use of existing legal frameworks to combat trafficking in all its forms.   Prevalence of Human Trafficking   The United Nations, according to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, defines human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, or harboring of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, or abduction, for the purpose of exploitation. This exploitation can include but is not limited to prostitution, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.1 Interpol breaks human trafficking into three main categories: trafficking for sexual exploitation, trafficking for forced labor, and the trafficking of organs.2 The forced labor category, while including many forms of de facto slavery, also includes the phenomenon of child soldiers. The first two types of common trafficking as stated by Interpol, trafficking of women for sexual exploitation and trafficking for forced labor, occur in nearly every state in the world.3 This means that almost every state is affected in one or more ways by being a source, transit or destination country.4   With an estimated industry worth of $32 billion USD and 2.4 million people in trafficked servitude, human trafficking is one of the biggest social problems facing international peace today.5 Along with the steady growth of sex trafficking, the last decade has additionally shown a sharp spike in sex tourism activities. Sex trafficking and sex tourism differ in that in sex trafficking, the victim is brought to the customer, whereas with sex tourism the customer comes to the victim in a foreign destination.6 Victims of sex tourism are still being trafficked even if they are not actually being transported to different geographic locations; they are being harbored against their will and unable to escape their situation. The extent to which sex trafficking and sex                                                                                                                           1  “United Nations Convention Against Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto”, UNODC, 2000, http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf Accessed July 12, 2014.   2  “Types of Human Trafficking”,  Interpol, http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Trafficking-in-human- beings/Types-of-human-trafficking. Accessed July 14, 2014.   3  Ibid.   4  Ibid.   5  “United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for the Victims of Human Trafficking”, UNODC, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking-fund.html. Accessed July 15, 2014.   6  Princeton. “Sex Tourism.” https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Sex_tourism.html. Accessed July 15, 2014. tourism occur is difficult to pinpoint because of how secretive the operations are, and how the spread of information is disseminated throughout the criminal organizations responsible.   There are three main conditions that help criminals in committing acts of human trafficking. The first, which plays a role in almost every single issue or conflict that faces the world today, is state sovereignty. The question of who does what and for/to whom is always a difficult question to answer. No matter which country, big or small, developed or less developed, they have a right to their own national sovereignty.7 Any action taken against a certain state, even if it is “in their best interest,” can very quickly be seen as hostile by the affected country. The sheer number of victims and criminals involved makes it very hard not only to find those affected by the practice but also to decide the right course of action that would best protect the victims, and to then cooperate with local and national authorities to implement such measures. The next difficulty that anti-trafficking efforts face is organized crime. A large portion of the human trafficking occurrences are involved with one or more organized crime groups.8 The sophistication of these organizations and the money they also provide from other illegal activities allow them to hide the trafficking to a greater extent.   Finally, similar to issues with organized crime, political instability causes large problems for anti-trafficking efforts throughout the world.9 Having an unstable government in a state can create openings for human trafficking groups. Persons may come into power that have their own agenda and therefore do not care about trying to prevent trafficking within their jurisdiction; or, in some cases, may be involved in trafficking somehow and are making profits. Secondly,                                                                                                                           7  “Charter of the United Nations,” United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter1.shtml. Accessed July 15, 2014.   8  “United Nations Convention Against Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto”, UNODC, 2000, http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf Accessed July 12, 2014.   9  Ibid. instability can leave large areas of various states without any functioning institutions at all, allowing criminal organizations to operate more freely. Indeed, there is a correlation between regions with a number of states facing political instability, and the effectiveness of anti- trafficking efforts. According to the US Department of State, as of their 2014 Trafficking in Persons report, states in the regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia are the regions that have had the most difficulty in combating human trafficking.10   Trafficking of Child Soldiers   A child soldier is anyone who is participating in any facet of military life whether it is a frontline soldier or the camp cook.11 It is estimated that about 300,000 child soldiers are fighting in armed conflicts around the world.12 Non-state actors such as rebel groups and militias, as well as state entities, are all involved in the use of child soldiers in many regions. Some of the children enlist willingly in hopes of having protection or a steady source of food, but most are coerced into service with these armed forces.13   As of today there are many existing documents by the United Nations in various different committees, including the Security Council, that condemn the recruitment and targeting of child soldiers. However, the areas in which groups that exploit child soldiers operate makes it difficult for national and international, state and non-state, actors to step into the conflict and provide aid. Entities involved in the use of child soldiers are often found in areas experiencing political instability within various states, often far from major population centers or other infrastructure                                                                                                                           10  Kate Hodal, “US penalizes Malaysia for shameful human trafficking record.” The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jun/20/malaysia-us-human-trafficking-persons-report. Accessed July 15, 2014.   11  “United Nations Convention Against Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto”, UNODC, 2000, http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf Accessed July 12, 2014.   12  “Child Soldiers.” United Nations, http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/briefing/soldiers/soldiers.pdf. Accessed July 12, 2014.   13  Ibid. that might otherwise support an organized governmental response against such entities. Among the states most affected by this phenomenon are of the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Nigeria, Uganda, Thailand, Burma, Sri Lanka and Colombia, inter alia.14   Merely rescuing child soldiers from their enslavement is only the first step in combating the use of child soldiers, however. Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programs are vitally necessary in order to repair the psychological damage caused by the crimes committed against child soldiers. Reintegration is not easy, however. In 2005 it was reported that 800 child soldiers, who had escaped from a Ugandan anti-state militant group, joined the Ugandan national army.15 Due to a lack of proper rehabilitation, child soldiers such as these - who often lack basic education or skills in other areas due to their captors’ negligence - may rejoin the fight rather than attempt to navigate what is an unfamiliar world outside of combat. Without proper readjustment to civilian life, many former child combatants, who may now be young adults, cause stress on themselves and their communities. A large number of them who are not properly reintegrated join criminal enterprises, or continue to exhibit desensitized and aggressive behavior that creates insecurity and a fragile peace.16   The issue of child soldiers is not solely limited to males, as might be assumed. In fact, as many as 40% of child soldiers involved in armed conflicts around the world are girls.17 Girls in these situations face even more hardships than their male counterparts. Female victims of the                                                                                                                           14  “Child Soldiers.” United Nations, http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/briefing/soldiers/soldiers.pdf. Accessed July 12, 2014.   15  “Ugandan Army Recruiting Children.” BBC, Last modified 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4266789.stm (Accessed July 12, 2014).   16  Siddarth Chatterjee, “For Child Soldiers, Every Day is a Living Nightmare”, Forbes, December 9 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/12/09/for-child-soldiers-every-day-is-a-living-nightmare/. Accessed July 11, 2014.   17“Analysis: Girl Child Soldiers Face New Battles in Civilian Life.” IRIN, http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/97463/analysis-girl-child-soldiers-face-new-battles-in-civilian-life. (Accessed July 12, 2014). child soldier trade are witness to and party to all of the same sorts of violence and isolation as male victims are, and are at significantly increased risk of sexual assault. On top of all this, girl soldiers essentially become separated from the boys and adult combatants. This isolation unfortunately also extends to the rehabilitation process as well. Despite comprising approximately 40% of the child soldiers fighting in conflicts throughout the world, only about 7% of the children assisted by DDR programs are girls.18   Existing Legal Framework for Combating Human Trafficking   The General Assembly adopted Resolution 44/25 in 1989, and with it, the Convention on the Rights of the Child.19 Article 35 of the Convention applies to trafficking of children for any reason, whether as child soldiers, labor, or any other purpose; the clause calls upon States to take appropriate action to prevent such trafficking at the national level.20In 2000, the international community adopted the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime via Resolution 55/25, which aimed to set guidelines for, and establish an international law framework for, combating organized crime in all its forms.21 Subsequent to this, the General Assembly devised the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, which entered force in 2003.22 The Protocol constitutes the first binding instrument on the issue of trafficking, and establishes a legally binding definition of trafficking for the first time as well.                                                                                                                             18  Ibid.   19  “Convention on the Rights of the Child”, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1989, http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx.   20  Ibid.   21  “Convention on Transnational Organized Crime”, UNODC, 2000, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/.   22  Ibid. In July of 2005 the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1612.23 This specific resolution outlines an assessment and monitoring system for high risk areas for child soldiers. This was a large step forward in terms of providing assistance tovictims of trafficking that have been, or are being, used as child soldiers. The resolution also recognizes that the issue of combating the use of child soldiers requires a collaborative effort across various entities, and calls for cooperation amongst the Security Council, UNICEF, various peacekeeping missions, and others. Following this, in 2009, the Human Rights Council adopted Resolution 11/3, which further expanded the framework against trafficking, and also addressed issues such as revictimization of victims, and acknowledged the role of emerging technologies such as the internet in trafficking.24   The General Assembly additionally launched the Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in 2010, which expanded on the Convention and Protocol, and also established a volunteer trust fund to assist trafficking victims.25 This fund is administered by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which handles the United Nations oversight and legal framework towards combating human trafficking.26 This trust fund is earmarked to assist in DDR efforts for the estimated 2.4 million current victims of human trafficking.27 Though the trust fund is not sufficient to provide services to all current victims of trafficking, it is an important tool in assisting with the DDR process.                                                                                                                             23 “Resolution 1612”, United Nations Security Council, 2005, http://daccess-dds- ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/439/59/PDF/N0543959.pdf?OpenElement.   24  “Resolution 11/3”, UN IANWGE, 2011, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/humanrights/A_HRC_RES_11_3.pdf.   25  “General Assembly Launches Global Plan of Action Against Trafficking in Persons”, United Nations General Assembly, 31 August 2010, http://www.un.org/press/en/2010/ga10974.doc.htm.   26  “Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling.” UNODC, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/human-trafficking/. Accessed July 14, 2014.   27  “United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for the Victims of Human Trafficking”, UNODC, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking-fund.html. Accessed July 15, 2014. In addition to the UN system itself, Interpol also plays a significant role in combating trafficking of persons. One of the greatest tools they have at their disposal is the I-24/7 network.28 I-24/7 is a data and communications-sharing network between law enforcement agencies in Interpol-affiliates states, that allows Interpol to share data with member states securely and on a standardized system known as the Human Smuggling and Trafficking message system.29 This allows all types of organizations throughout the world who are a part of the Interpol and other authorized users - 190 National Central Bureaus and dozens more partner users - to report cases and share sensitive information on a standardized format with one another.30   First and foremost there is need for affirmative political action. For instance, the United States has laws (the Child Soldier Prevention Act) that prevent military aid to countries and groups that employ child soldiers. However, parties have been exempt from these laws at the discretion of the American government.31 It is counterproductive to the global good as a whole when certain parties become exempt. A strict and across the board stand against aid to countries and groups that employ child combatants, not only by the United States government but all states, is necessary. Similar to those who are not directly involved in conflict it is imperative that those who are start addressing the needs of children and engage in warfare in a different manner                                                                                                                           28 “Interpol Tools”, Interpol, 2014, http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Trafficking-in-human-beings/INTERPOL- tools. Accessed July 15, 2014.   29 Ibid.   30 “Data Exchange”, Interpol, 2014, http://www.interpol.int/INTERPOL-expertise/Data-exchange/I-24-7. Accessed July 15, 2014.   31  Siddarth Chatterjee, “For Child Soldiers, Every Day is a Living Nightmare”, Forbes, December 9 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/12/09/for-child-soldiers-every-day-is-a-living-nightmare/. Accessed July 11, 2014. with matters involving them. This could include not targeting for recruitment or violence places where there are a large amount of children such as hospitals and schools or refugee camps.32 33   Conclusion   For those stuck in any kind of trafficking situation, every day is a nightmare. Whether it is being a young sex slave at a tourist destination or a trafficked laborer taken to work in a sweatshop, there is never safety or solace. It is even worse for children, especially those that are child soldiers, because they may not even know what is happening or have not known anything different with their lives. Human trafficking is one of the great problems facing our world today with an estimated 2.4 million people being trafficked at any given time. So far there have been great leaps in the rights of children and human rights as a whole in the past few decades and while many states are doing their part to curb trafficking within their own borders not enough is being done on an international level. This is the time for the UN to make a decision as to its stance on human trafficking starting now, looking forward towards the future.     Questions to Consider:   1. Is your state a party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime? Why or why not? 2. How does trafficking affect your state? Is your state a source of, or destination of, trafficked persons? 3. What steps has your state taken to prevent trafficking in persons within its borders or internationally? Have these measures been successful?                                                                                                                           32  “Child Soldiers.” United Nations, http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/briefing/soldiers/soldiers.pdf. Accessed July 12, 2014.   33  Ibid. 4. Is the current anti-trafficking framework sufficient? Why or why not? If not, what additional measures would your state argue for? 5. On the issue of child soldiers specifically, what is the relationship between the use of child soldiers, and the political stability of the areas in which child soldiers are used? What solutions does your state propose?