SAYURI’S STRUGGLES IN CONFRONTING GEISHA’S EXPLOITATION IN ARTHUR GOLDEN’S MEMOIRS OF A GEISHA: A FEMINIST CRITICISM A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Attainment of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature by Ninda Arum Rizky Ratnasari 10211141018 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2014 i MOTTOS  When you try your best, but you don't succeed When you get what you want, but not what you need When you feel so tired, but you can't sleep Stuck in reverse When the tears come streaming down your face When you lose something you can't replace When you love someone, but it goes to waste Could it be worse? Lights will guide you home And ignite your bones fix you And...I will try to (Coldplay, Fix You)  Sometimes I wanna give up I wanna give in, I wanna quit the fight And then I see You, dear Allah And everything’s alright, everything’s alright (Ninda, inspired by Bad English’s When I See You Smile)  Close your eyes you're never gonna to Let me tell you all the reasons why have to cry Because you're one of a kind Yeah, here's to you, the one that always pulls us through You always do what you gotta do baby Because you're one of a kind ... (Michael Buble, Close Your Eyes. For those who want to surrender, when you read this please feel this song) v DEDICATIONS This bitter sweet work of love is dedicated to: couple of wingless angels sent by God for caring, saving, and loving me. Bapak and Ibuk, All of you who support me to reach my dreams. I love you more than you know. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS After accomplishing this research, I would like to express my deepest praises for the Most Merciful Allah SWT who guides me in finishing this research and in my personal life and Rasulullah Muhammad SAW upon whom my shalawat and salam always be him. For my first and second advisors namely Dr. Widyastuti Purbani, M.A. and Niken Anggraeni, M.A., I would like to present my billion thanks for their unlimited patience, motivation, enthusiam, detailed correction, enormous knowledge and soothing smile. All they have given to me in the time of writing this research enlightened me so much. My honor is going to Bu Wid and Bu Niken and I hope they always be happy and healthy. Furthermore, I also thank to all lecturers in English Language and Literature Study Program who have taught and guided me to be what I want to be. I dedicate this full of struggle work for those who have supported and helped me in completing this research and in my personal life. First, to my wingless angels: Bapak Waluyo and Ibuk Eko Maranti Ningsih who always be my shoulder to cry on and number one heroes. Second, to my little brother Nugraha Wisnu Murti who always be my greatest admirer and my inspiration to be the best in doing everything. Third, to my dearest Mbah Uti and Mbah Kakung who have rested in peace in paradise. I thank them for being the greatest and the most magnificent people I have had. vii I also want to express my love expression to Mas Muhamad Ridwan, who always be the sugar to my lemon life, the gravity which sustains me when I am unsteady, the greatest business partner, and inshaa Allah the greatest life partner soon and for my brothers 5 CM team: Ikhsan, Bang Riki and Kakek Imam for their unlimited kindness and supports. I thank them for always making me smile when I believe there is no chance for me to be happy. I also thank to Laskar di Atas Awan: Ningrum Perwitasari, Wahyu Prabawati, Tri Puspitasari, and Arisa Visti for being such wonderful friends whenever I need them; my big family in UKM Penelitian UNY especially Mba Zamzam and Mba Laila who are being my second family and home; and my classmates in English Literature A for giving such unforgettable moments during these 4 years. I could not have imagined having better awesome best friends for my life. Finally, I realize that this research is far from perfection. Any suggestions, comments or even criticisms are welcome in order to make this research better and profitable. In the end, the researcher also hopes that this thesis can become a good contribution for literature learning. Yogyakarta, 23 October 2014 Ninda Arum Rizky Ratnasari viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE............................................................................................................. i APPROVAL................................................................................................... Ii RATIFICATION............................................................................................. iii PERNYATAAN................................................................................................ iv MOTTO.......................................................................................................... v DEDICATION................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................ xiv LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................. xiii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………. xiv ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background of the Study............................................................................ 1 B. The Research Focus................................................................................... 10 C. The Formulation of the Problem................................................................ 12 D. Objectives of the Research........................................................................ 12 E. The Significance of the Research............................................................... 13 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 14 A. Feminism Theory 14 1. History of Feminism………………………………………………. 19 2. Radical Feminism…………………………………………………. 22 B. Women’s Exploitation in Feminism Reviews……………………. 22 1. The Definitions and Causes of Exploitation………………………. 24 a. Patriarchy System……………………………………………… 25 b. Capitalism System……………………………………………... 26 c. Gender Stereotypes…………………………………………….. 28 2. Forms of Women’s Exploitation 28 a. Prostitution…………………………………………………….. 29 ix b. Mass Media Stereotype………………………………………… 30 c. Female Labour…………………………………………………. 32 3. Women’s Struggle to Fight Against Exploitation…………………...... 34 4. Feminist Literary Criticism……………………………………………. 36 5. Literary Elements………………………………………………………. 36 1. Theme………………………………………………………………. 37 2. Plot…………………………………………………………………. 37 3. Setting……………………………………………………………… 38 4. Characterization……………………………………………………. 38 5. Figurative Language……………………………………………….. 38 6. Point of View………………………………………………………. 39 7. Imagery…………………………………………………………….. 39 8. Tone………………………………………………………………… 39 6. The Previous Study…………………………………………………….. 42 7. Conceptual Framework………………………………………………… 44 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 46 A. The Research Design……………………………………………………. 46 B. The Sources of the Data………………………………………………… 47 C. The Instrument of the Research………………………………………… 48 D. The Data Collecting Technique…………………………………………. 48 E. The Data Analysis………………………………………………………. 50 F. The Data Trustworthiness………………………………………………. 51 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 53 A. Kinds of Exploitation Experienced bu Sayuri as Represented in 53 Memoirs of a Geisha…………………………………………………….. 1. Slavery 54 a. Being sold to the Okiya by her Father…………………….. 55 b. Being Given Overload Work in the Okiya…………………… 57 c. Being Forced as a Money Machine in the Okiya……………. 59 2. Sexual Harassment 60 a. Being Suffered from Mizuage Auction…………………… 62 ix x