AMPHIBIA: ANURA: HYLIDAE HYLAC INEREA Redmer, M. and R.A. Brandon. 2003. Hyla cinerea. Hyla cinerea (Schneider) Green Treefrog I Calarnita cinerus Schneider 1799: 174.Type locality, "Carolina," restricted to "Charleston,South Carolina" by Schmidt (1953). Type@),u nknown. Calarnita Carolinensis: Schneider 1799: 174. Substitute name for C. cinerea, attributed erroneously to Pennant (1792). Hvla lateralis Daudin 1800:21. Type locality, "environs de Charlestown I=C harleston]", South Carolina. Type(s), un- known. Rana bilineuta Shaw 1802:1 36.Type locality,". .. warm and tem- I perate parts of North America," restricted to "Charleston. South Carolina" by Schmidt 1953. Holotype, Catesby ( 1754'1 plate 7 I, one of the earliest available color illustrations (ex- amined by authors). Calurnita lateralis: Merrem 1820: 17 1 . "Habitat in America septentrionalis." Hylu viridis Holbrook 1840:4. Preoccupied by Hyla viridi.\ Laurenti 1768 (= H. arborea). Hyla semifnsciata Hallowell 1857 (" 1856"):307. Type locality, "Texas,"restricted toUvicinityo f Houston,Texas" by Schmidt (1953). Syntypes, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- phia (ANSP) 2024-2025 (Malnate 1971), adults, sexes un- determined, date of collection unknown, donated by "Dr. Heermann" (not examined by authors). Hyla carolinensis: Giinther 1859 (" 1858"): 105. I Hyla carolinensis sernifasciata: Cope 1875:31 . "...Texan dis- trict." FIGURE 1.Adult male Hylo cinerea from Union County. Illinois (top) Hyla cinerea: Garman 1890: 189. and calling male H. cinerea from Pulaski County. Illinois (photographs Hyla cinerea Var. cinerea: Garman 1892:346. by M. Redmer). Hyla cinerea Var. sernifasciata: Garman 1892:346-347. "An example from Bluff Lake, Union county [Illinois], conforms DEFINITION. Hyla cinerea is a wide-ranging, moderately more closely with Hallowell's variety sernifasciata than with large North American hylid frog. Adults range from 32-64 mm type forms of the species." SVL (Conant and Collins 1998).w ith females averaging slightly Hyla cinerea sernifnsciata: Rhoads 1895:397. larger than males. In life, the back and side skin is smooth, light H)~lae vittata Miller 1899:75. Type locality, "Four Mile Run, todarkgreen.usually with a whiteor yellow (often bordered by Alexandria [Fairfax] County, Virginia." Holotype, National black) lateral stripe extending along each side from the angles Museum of Natural History (USNM) 26291, adult male (47 of the jaw to the thigh, and the back often has scattered white or mm),collected 15 July 1899 by G.S. Miller and E.A. Preble yellow spots. In some populations, occasional individuals lack (not examined by authors). lateral stripes (see Pertinent Literature and Nomenclatural Hylu cinerea evittata: Dunn 191 8:21. History).The granular ventral skin is white. Males have a single, external, subgular vocal sac, which when not inflated is mostly CONTENT. No subspecies currently are recognized, but see white or yellow in color, though its sides may be green during Nomenclatural History. the breeding season. In preservative, adults quickly fade from FIGURE 2. Hvfa cinereo tadpole from Pope County, Illinois (photograph by M. Redmer). MAP. Distribution of Hyln cinerea: the circle indicates the type locality, dots mark other localities.The star in Florida indicates a fossil record. Stars and question marks in Kansas and Nebraska indicate fossil records of "Hyla cf. cineren."The introduced population in Puerto Rico is not illustrated. green to ashen gray and light dorsolateral stripes (not visible in strongly bordered lateral stripes that the other species lack. Adult life) often appear over the subcutaneous insertions of lymph- H. squirella are smaller (<41 mm TL), usually browner, but sac septa. Several months after preservation, specimens usually occasionally have light lateral stripes that are proportionally appear mostly dark green or brownish in color. Folds of skin narrower than those of H. cinerea, and lack distinct lower bor- occur between the axillae and from above the tympana to the ders. Adult H. gratiosa are larger (to 70 mm),of stouter propor- shoulders. The head is flat and the snout is pointed. Two trans- tions, and usually have dark-spotted and more granular dorsal verse rows of vomerine teeth are present. Toe pads are large. skin. Adult H. andersonii are smaller (to 51 mm), have yellow One large palmar tubercle occurs at the base of the inner finger to orange spots on the concealed surfaces of the thighs, and dis- and numerous smaller ones on the hand. Tarsal folds, two meta- tinct brownish stripes that originate on the sides and run through tarsal tubercles, and extensive webbing between the toes are the eyes. Individual H. avivoca, H. chrysoscelis, and H. versi- present on the hind limbs. The diploid karyotype (2n = 24) in- color often are green (although usually grading into gray on the cludes three metacentric,seven submetacentric,one telocentric, sides), but usually have dark dorsal smudges and white or light and one subtelocentric chromosome pairs (Wiley 1982). gray squares below each eye. See also Comments. Tadpoles are 4.5-5.5 mm TL at hatching and grow to ap- proximately 60 mm before metamorphosis, 2844 days later. DESCRIPTIONS. Good descriptions of postmetamorphic Ontogenetic color change is continuous until tadpoles reach individuals were provided in classic texts on North American Gosner (1960) stages 25 or 26, by which time light blotches anurans by Catesby (1754), Cope (1889), Dickerson (1906). fuse to form interorbital and transverse body bands. After this, LeConte (1825, 1855), Wright (1932). and Wright and Wright the body is green, with a yellow to buff venter, a yellow tail (1949). as well as in field guides,regional herpetofaunal guides, with dark mottling or reticulations, and distinct yellow and keys by Ashton and Ashton (1988), Barbour (I97 I), Bartlett orbitonasal stripes. The yellow interorbital stripe sometimes is and Bartlett (1999), Behler and King (1979), Black and Sievert retained in large tadpoles, thus forming a triangle on the head. ( 1989). Brimley (1926, 1944), Cagle (1941, 1952), Chermock The tail is long. The dorsal tail fin originates on the back of the (1952). Conant and Collins (1998), Dixon (2000). Dundee and body, is arched, and its width is roughly equal to that of the Rossman ( 1989), Dunn (1 9 18), Forey and Fitzsimmons ( l987), ventral fin. Other external morphological characteristics include Garman (1892), Garrett and Barker (1987), Gibbons and laterally bulging eyes, dextral anus, sinistral spiracle, and gap Semlitsch (1991), Johnson (2000), Keiser and Wilson (1969). ratio between sections of the second anterior tooth row is three Lohoefener and Altig (1993), Martof et al. (1980). Mount (1975), or greater. Phillips et al. (1999), Powell et al. (1998), H.M. Smith (1978), and P.W. Smith (1961). DIAGNOSIS. Several sympatric species of Hyla usually or Descriptions of tadpole morphology or keys including tad- occasionally are green and superficially resemble H. cinerea. poles were provided by Altig(l970),Ashton and Ashton (1988), Adult H. cinererr usually can be distinguished by the bold and Brimley (1 944), Cochran and Goin (1970), Dickerson (1906), P Morris (1944). Redmer et al. ( 1999),Travis (1981), and Wright Catesby ( 1754). Conant and Collins (1998), Dundee and Ross- ( 1029.1932). The eggs were described by Caglc ( l942), Gaston man (1989), and Smith (1978). Black and white photographs of and Brandon (1975). and Livezey and Wright (1947). adults are in Barbour ( I97 I), Carr and Goin ( 1959, Dickerson Breeding vocalizations, which consist of a series of nasal barks (1906), Johnson (1977), Morris (1944). Mount (1975). Nietzke have been described variously as sounding like "frank frank (1977).Smith (1961). Wright (1932). Wright and Wright (1949). frank ..." or "quonk quonk quonk ..." A number of quantified and Yang et al. (1992). Black and white illustrations of tad- descriptions. sonograms, or audiospectrograms of the breeding poles are available in Altig (1972). and Orton (1947). A color vocalizations have been published (Allison 1992; Asquith et al. photograph of a tadpole is in Redmer et al. (1999). Black and 1988; Blair 1958a,b; Bogert 1960; Ehret and Gerhardt 1980; white photographs of laboratory and natural hybrids between Gal-ton and Brandon 1975; Gerhardt 1974a,b,c, 1978a.b. 1981b , H. cineren and other Hyla are in Anderson and Moler (1986). 1983, 1986; Gerhardt et al. 1980; Mudry and Capranica 1987; Kennedy ( 1964). and Mechani ( 1965). and color photographs Oldham and Gerhardt 1975; Rigley and Hays 1976). Non-mat- by Fortman and Altig ( 1974). Black and white photographs of ing vocalizations have been described as well (Garton and Bran- habitats are in Cagle (1942), Evers and Page (1977). Redmer don 1975, Gerhardt 1978b. Rigley and Hays 1976). et al. (1999). Smith (1961). Miscellaneous illustrations include black and white photo- ILLUSTRATIONS. Color photographs are numerous in pri- graphs of dermal chromatophores (Bagnara et al. 1968; repro- mary herpetological literature and in popular books and maga- duced in Stebbins and Cohen 19951, marks caused by applica- zines. Some examples of color photographs of adults are in tion of silver nitrate (Thomas 1975). skin sections of adults and Ashton and Ashton ( 1988). Barbour ( I97 I), Bartlett and Bastlett tadpoles (Wygoda and Garman 1993). toe pads (Emst 1973a. (1999). Behler and King (1979),Black and Sievert (1989), Brach Linnenbach 1985).d igital mucous glands (Emst 1973b),t ongue (1998). Carniichael and Williams (1991). Conant and Collins protraction (Deban and Nishikawa 1992), drawings of the egg ( 1998), Garrett and Barker ( 1987). Johnson (2000). Martof et (Livezey and Wright 1947), ilial ontogenetic variation (Lynch al. (1980). Mattison (1993). Mitchell and Anderson (1994). 1966), karyotype (Wiley 1982),skin sections from adults (Elias Phillips et al. (1999). Redmer et al. (1999). and Rivero ( 1998). and Shapiro 1957).skull (Gaudin 1974, Lamband Avise 1987). A color photograph or an amplexed pair is provided by Johnson spermatozoa (Delahoussaye 1966), and electromyograms of (2000). Cain and Ustech (1976) show a color photograph of an mating calls and laryngeal movements (Schmidt 1965). Good aberrantly colored adult. Color illustrations of adults are in examples of commercially available audio recordings include Bogert ( 1958),C ornell Laboratory of Ornithology ( 1982).E lliot ( 1994). and Missouri Department of Conservation ( 1985). DISTRIBUTION. Hyla cit~ercao ccurs primarily in swamps. sloughs.and weedy margins of lakes and ponds along the lower Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, and the lower Mississippi River drainage of the southeastern United States (Conant and Collins 1998).T he Ixnge extends southward from the Chesapeake Bay region of Delaware,Maryland,and Virginia through the Caroli- nas. Georgia, and Florida. then west through most of Alabama and Mississippi, all of Louisiana. the eastern half of Texas, and the Red River drainage of southeastern Oklahoma. In the Mis- sissippi River drainage the range extends northward from Loui- siana and Mississippi through the floodplains of southern and eastern Arkansas, western Tennessee and Kentucky. extreme 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois. Introduced popu- Time (s) lations are reported from Puerto Rico (Hedges 1996, 1999: Powell et al. 1996; Rivero 1998: Schwartz and Thomas 1975; Schwartz and Henderson 1985, 1991), Brownsville. Texas (Conant 1977. Smith and Kohler 1977). central Missouri (Johnson 2000). and. perhaps, a coastal island in Florida (Smith et al. 1993). A population introduced to a fish farm in east cen- tral Kansas is probably extirpated (Collins 1993). Recent evi- dence of peripheral range expansion has been documented by Platt et al. (1999). Powell et al. (1995. 3996). Redmer et al. (1999). and Snyder and Platt (1997). Maps of state-level or range-wide distributions were provided by Ashton and Asliton (1988), Barbour (1956), Bartlett and Bartlett ( l999),Conant and Collins (1998). Dixon (2000),Garrett and Barker ( 1987). Dundee and Rossman ( 1989).J ohnson ( 1977, 2000), Martof et al. (1980). Mitchell and Reay (1999), Mount - (1975), Phillips et al. (1999). Redmer et al. (1999). Redmond 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 and Scott (1996). Smith ( 1961). Tobey (1985). and Williams Time (s) and Moulis (1 994). Specific county or locality records and dis- r' cussions of geographic distributions (by state) are as follows: FIGURE 3. Ocillogram (top) and audiospectrogram (produced with Alabama: Petzing and Phillips (1998), Soehrn et al. (1994); SoundRulem software. Marcos Gridi-Papp. University of Texas at Arkansas: Black and Dellinger (1938). Dowling (1957). Irwin Austin)of two c:~llingm ale Hdrr cinerm in chorus, Leon County. Floridi~. and Irwin (2002), Killebrew (1983). Parker (1947); Delaware: Recorded 4 May 1988 by Lang Elliot. Digital calls (from CDt rack 15. I Elliot 1994) used with permission or Lang Elliot. Nature Sound Srudio Conant ( 1958). Hardy ( 1972a), Reed ( 1956, 1960); Florida: (http:llwww.naturesound.com). Brimley (1910). Carr (1940). Carr and Goin (1955). Deckert I ( 19 14). Duellman and Schwartz (I 958). Iverson ( 1973).P eterson (Cocroft 1994). fitness and genetic heterozygosity (McAlpine et al. (1952). Smith et al. (1993). Telford (1953). Van Hyning 1993, McAlpine and Smith I995), hybridization (Anderson and (1933): Georgia: Brandt (1953), Burt (1938). L;~crme t al. Moler 1986: Blair 1958a; Fortman and Altig 1974: Gerhardt ( 1999). Martof ( 1956,1963). Neil1 (1949). Wharton and Howard 1974b: Kennedy 1964: Lamb 1987; Lamb and Avise 1986.1987; (1971). Willia~nsa nd Moulis (1994): Illinois: Cagle (1942), Lamb et al. 1990: Lee 1968: Littlejohn 1961 ; Mable and Rye Davis and Rice (1883a.b). Evers and Page (1977), Garman 1992: Maxon et al. 1987; Mecham 1960. 196 1 , 1965: Pierce (1890.1892). Hurter (1893 [record discounted by Redrneret al. 1975: Pybum and Kennedy 1961: Ralin 1977: Schlefer et al. 19991). Klimstra and Hutchinson (1965). Redmer and Ballard 1986), immunodistance (Maxon 1978, Maxon and Wilson ( 1995). Redmer et al. ( 1999). Rossman ( 1960). Smith ( 196 1 ): 1975. Maxon et al. 1987). karyotype (Anderson 1991 .Ander- Kentucky: Barbour (1956, 197 I), Dru~ya nd Gessing ( 1940). son and Moler 1986. Bachrnann et al. 1966. Becak et al. 1973. Lodato and Grannan ( 1990). Scott and Koons (1 993a): Louisi- Bushnell et al. 1939, Wiley 1982).l ateral stripe polymorphism ana: Anderson et al. (1952). Boundy (1998). Burt and Burt (Aresco 1996: Conant 1958: Dunn 1918, 1937: Smith 1961; (1929). Greenbaum (l998), Hardy (1995), Liner (1954. 1955. Reed 1956: Wright and Wright 1949: see also Nomenclatural 1997),W alker (1963): Maryland: Conant (1958).Cooper(l950. History).m orphology (Aresco 1996,G lass 1946. Jameson and 1956). Hardy ( 1972a), Noble and Hassler ( 1936). Reed ( 1956. Richmond 197 I, Mount 1975. Smith 1961). mtDNA polymor- 1957b, 1960); Mississippi: Allen (1932). Brimley (1910). Burt phism (Bermingham et al. 1986). osteology (Gaudin 1974), ( 1938): Missouri: Hurter (191 I ), Lowery (I95 I), Powell et al. osteology of recent compared with fossil hylids (Chantell 1964. ( 1995. 1996); North Carolina: Beane (1989. 1990). Brimley 1971: Holman 1961,1962,1963.1967,1968.1969,1975,l976. ( 1944). Burt (1938), Funderburg (1955). Gosner and Black I98 1 ). and protein comparisons (Dessauer et al. 1957. Gutt- ( 1956). Myers (1924); Oklahoma: Bragg (1952). Taylor and man 1973, Hedges 1986. Highton 1991, Karlin et al. 1982). Laughlin (1964). South Carolina: Burt (1938), Gibbons and Papers on gross anatomy and morphology are: biomechan- Harrison (l98I),Gibbons and Scmlitsch (l991),Jobson (1940). ics (Deban and Nishikawa 1992, Martin 1972, Zug 1985),on- Obrecht (1946), Phelps and Lancia (1995). Snyder and Platt togenetic change (Blouin 1991, 1992a,b; Blouin and Loeb (1997): Tennessee: Blanchard (1922), Burt ( 1938). Gentry 199 1). optic nerve (Maturana 1959, 1960). pectoral girdle (1 955). Peterson and Wirwa ( 1997). Rhoads ( 1895), Scott and (Martin 1972). pigmentation (Bagnara and Obika 1965, Bag- Koons (1993b), Scott and Snyder (1967), Scott et al. (2000). nara et al. 1968. Nielsen 1978, Nielsen and Dyck 1978,Taylor Smith and Therrell (1999); Texas: Blair et al. (1995). Brown 1969). skin histology (Elias and Shapiro 1957). spermatozoa (1950). Burger et al. (1949). Cobb and Cobb (1991). Hallowell (Delahoussaye 1966),t oe pads and their mucous glands (Ernst (1856). Hardy (1995). Hibbitts and Malone (1999). Irwin and 1973a,b), and tooth development (Goin and Hester 1961). Collins (1996), Karges (1979). McCoid (1998). McCord (1993), Ecological papers have addressed anuran associates (Brown Merkord (1975). Olson (1967). Peterson (l950), Pope (1919), and Pierce 1965. Cagle 1942, Garton and Brandon 1975. Eason Rakowicz et al. (19831, Raun (1959). Raun and Gehlbach (1972). and Fauth 2001, Given 1999, GrirnkC and Jaeger 1998. Hardy ? Roberts and Shilling (l991),Smith and Sanders (1952).Strecker 1972a,L ivezey and Johnson 1948, Merovich and Howard 2000. (1902, 1908a. b, c, 1909,1926a, b, 1930, 1935), Strecker and Moore 1976, Peterson et al. 1952, Redmer et al. 1999, Trauth Johnson (1935). Strecker and Williams (1927). Tanzer et al. 1992, Wright 1932, Wright and Wright 1949), occurrence in (1966). Vance (1980), Whiting and Price (1994). Wright and brackish water or coastal waterways (Allen 1932, Conant Wright (1938); Virginia: Conant (1958). Hardy (1972a). 1958, Diener 1965, Dunn 1937, Martof 1963, Mitchell and Mitchell and Anderson (1994), Reed (1956, 1957a, c, 1960), Anderson 1994, Moore 1976, Mueller 1985. Neill 1958, Oliver Richmond and Goin (1938). Tobey (1985). Werler and 1955, Smith et al. 1993), chorus size (Bancroft et al. 1983), McCallion (1951). Occurrence in southeastern United States climbing and perch height (Cloudsley-Thompson 1999): com- National Forests was listed by Seehorn ( 1982). Biogeography mensallsymbiotic organisms (Harman and Lawler 1975, Par- was discussed by Blair ( 1949). Brodman ( 1998). Duellman and ish 1998, Yang and TeBeest 1992, Yang et al. 1992). defense Sweet (1999), Dowling (1956). Goin (1958), Lohoefener and mechanisms (Blouin 1990. Marchison and Anderson 1978, Altig (1993), Lowery (195 I), Owen (1989), Owen and Dixon Richardson 2002b), demography (O.B. Goin 1958), density (1989).Redmeret al. (1999),Smith and Buechner (1 947), Smith and age of a tadpole corhort (Turnipseed and Altig 1975). and Minton (1957), and Smith (1961). development and ontogeny (Altig 1972: Bagnara and Obika 1965; Bagnaraet al. 1968; Ballinger and McKinney 1966; Blouin FOSSIL RECORD. Recent material has been used for com- 199 l a,b; Blouin and Loeb 199 1 ; Cagle 1942; Garton and Bran- parative purposes in studies of fossil hylid frogs (see Pertinent don 1975; Guttman 1973; Orton 1947; Taylor 1969: Turnipseed Literature), but only one fossil of H. cineren is reported, from and Altig 1975: Will 1988; Wright and Wright 1949). diet the Pleistocene (Kansan or Illinoisan) of Alachua County, Florida (Brown 1974, Freed 1982a. Haber 1926, Kilby 1945, Oliver (Lynch 1966).S everal fossils identified as Hyla cf. cinereti have 1955, Ritchie 1982), dispersal of juveniles (Bartsch 1944, been reported from the Pliocence of Trego County, Kansas Garton and Brandon 1975, Redmer et al. 1999), fecundity (Holman 1975,198 I) and Brown and Keya Paha counties, Ne- (Garton and Brandon 1975, Perril and Daniel 1983, Trauth et braska (Chantell 1964, 197 1 ; Estes and Tihen 1964; Holman al. 1990), growth (Blouin 199 1. 1992a,b; Garton and Brandon 1976). 1975). habitat (Anderson et al. 1952: Andrews 1928; Bartsch 1944; Brown 1974; Burbrink et al. 1998; Cagle 1942;Carr 1940: PERTINENT LITERATURE. Probably because Hjla ci- Carr and Goin 1955: Dundee and Rossman 1989: Eason and nerecl is widely distributed, generally abundant, and attractive, Fauth 200 I ; Funderbug 1955; Garton and Brandon 1975; Goin it is popular both as a terrarium pet and as a research organism. 1943; Hurter 19 1 1 ; Lee 1969: Jobson 1940; LeConte 1825; The literature on this species is extensive. Many popular refer- Merovich and Howard 2000: Metts et al. 200 I ; Mierzwa 1998; ences were very general and are not included. Mitchell and Miller 1991 : Mount 1975; Neill 195 1 ; Redmer et m Studies of geographic variation and/or relationships with other al. 1999: Rossman 1960; Scott and Koons 1993a,b;S mith 1961; Holarctic hylids have addressed breeding calls and other iso- Tinkle 1959: Turnipseed and Altig 1975: Werler and McCallion lating mechanisms (Asquith et al. 1988: Blair 1941; Blair 195 1 : Wright 1932), interspecific interactions of tadpoles 1958a,b,c, 1959: Gerhardt 1974b. 198 l b; Lamb 1987; Oldham (GrimkC and Jaeger 1998), mortality (Tinkle 1959). mortality and Gerhardt 1975: Rigley and Hays 1976). cladistic analysis and recruitment of tadpoles (Roth and Jackson 1987), ovipo- sition sites (Garton and Bmndon 1975. Mount 1975.Turnipseed bons and Semlitsch (1991). O.B. Goin (1958). Hanlin et al. and Altig 1975). parasites (Brooks 1979. Creel et al. 2000. (2000), Johnson (2000), Lannoo (l998), LeConte ( l825), Liner Harwood 1933. Johnson et al. 1993, McKeever 1977. Nelson et (1954. 1955b). Mount (1975), Platt et al. (1999), Phillips et al. al. 2002, Okafor ct al. 1984. Steiner 1924). predators (Bishop (1999),Redmer et al. (1999).and Smith (196I).Two reports of and Falrell 1994, Bowers 1966,Garton and Brandon 1975.J enni, apparent localized population decline are Delis et al. (1996) 1969.Lockley 1990,Mitchell 1994,Palmerand Braswell 1995, and Dodd and Griffey (2002). Schardien and Jackson 1982, Wright 1932. Wright and Wright Human activities that may effect habitat. individuals. and 1949). pre-hibernation weight (McCallum and Trauth 2001). populations inclucle range expansion mediated by creation of and refugia or hibernacula (Andrews 1928, Boughton ct al. artificial lakes and ponds (Platt et al. 1999, Redmeret al. 1999). 2000, Delnicki and Bolen 1977,Garton and Brandon 1975.0.B. environnlental toxicity (Dapson and Kaplan 1975, Jung and Goin 1958, McAllister et al. 1995. McComb and Noble 1981. Jagoe 1995. Mahaney 1994, Webber and Cochran 1984). fish Tinklc 1959). introductions (Bancroft et al. 1983. McDiarmid et al. 1983. Warm air temperatures (>20°C) may be more important in Redmer et al. 1999), fire (Babbitt and Babbitt 195 I, Komarek initiating chorusing than is precipitation (Dundee and Rossman 1969). hybridization following habitat disturbance (Mecham 1989. Garton and Brandon 1975. Mount 1975. Wright 1932). 1960, Schlefer et al. 1986). snggestions for habitat manage- The chorusing and breeding season is longest in the south (March ment (Wilson, 1995). effects of highway traffic noise on re- to October). and much shorter (May to August) in the extreme productive behavior (Barrass 19x6). introduction/transloca- northern pall of the range. Specific chorus dates or breeding tions (Meshaka 1996. Redmer et al. 1999). silver nitrate used seasons have been reported for Alabama (Mount 1975). Florida to mark individuals (Thomas 1975). timber harvest (Hanlin (Ashton and Ashton 1988. Bancroft et al. 1983, Einer and Ober et al. 2000, Phelps and Lancia 1995), and trapping success 1956, Moulton 1954. Wright and Wright 1949). Georgia (Boughton et a1.2000, Campbell and Christman 1982,Gibbons (Wharton and Howard 197 1, Wright 1932), Illinois (Brown and and Semlitsch 198 I, Moulton et al. 1997).The introduction and Pierce 1965, Garton and Brandon 1975, Redmer' et t11. 1999, spread of the Cuban Treefrog (Osreopilus septenrrionnlis) in Smith 196 1 ), Kentucky (Scott and Koons 1993). Louisiana southern Florida may negatively impact the smaller species of (Dundee and Rossnian 1989), Missouri (Johnson 2000). North Hvln (including H.cinerra) upon which it preys and with which Carolina (Beane 1990),South Carolina (Gibbons and Harrison it may compete. although no empirical data support this belief 198 I, Jobson 1940, Mohr and Dorcas 1999). Tennessee (Gen- (Wilson and Porras 1983). try 1955). Texas (Garrett and Barker 1987, Pope 1919). and Articles addressing captive husbandry are abundant in the Virginia (Werler and McCallion 195 1). popular literature and a few journals. Some of these are Brach Literature on other aspects of reproductive behavior and ecol- ( 1998). Edmonds ( 1992). Fredricksen (1 977). Greckhamer ogy includes chorus tenure of males (Gerhardt et al. 1987). ( 1992a.b). Heselhaus ( 1987). Mattison ( 1993). and Nietzke mate choice (Asquith atid Altig 1990; Gerhardt 1978b. 1982. (1977). Specialized topics include captive longevity (Slavens 1986, 1991: Gerhardt and Klump 1988, 1991: Klump and and Slavens 1993), captive reproduction (Vleminckz 1988), Gerhardt 1986, Wells 1977). male combat (Garton and Bran- and veterinary treatment (Brown 1995. limb amputation and don 1975), mating strategies (Garton and Brandon 1975; Goin rehabilitation). and Goin 1953: Mitchell and Miller 1991: Perril 1984; Perril et Studies of endocrinology include effects of corticosterone al. 1978. 1982: Wells 1977: Wright 1932), and mating success on behavior (Burmeister et al. 2001), effects of vasotocin on (Gerhardt et al. 1987). behavior (Burmeister et al. 2001). effects of melatonin on Papcrs on non-reproductive behaviors have addressed activ- gonosomatic index (DeVlaming et al. 1974). melanophoro- ity and predator avoidance (Richardson 200 1.2002h). ecdysis trophic potency of ACTH (Edgren 1954)- factors affecting (Oliver 1955). feeding behaviorlstrategy (Deban and Nishi- color change (Ferguson 1948. Nielson 1978. Nielsen and Dyck kuwa 1992: Freed 198021.b. 1982a.b. 1988; Huheey 1980),food 1978, Taylor 1969)-h ormonal response to social stimuli (Bur- availability and tapoles (Leips and Travis 1994). homing abil- meister 21ncl Wilczynski 2000.2001). response to human chori- ity (O.R. Goin 1958). locomotion (Janson 1053. Marsh and onic gonadotropin (Knepton 195 1 ).and reflectance response John-Alder 1994. Zug 1985). and sleep behavior (Hobson et to melanophore hormone (Teague and Patton I96Oa.b. 1963). al. 1967. 1968). Hyla citlc,rc,tr has been used extensively as a model for inte- Papers on thermal ecology and water bal:uice have addressed grated studies in auditory, behavioral, and neural physiology advantages of thermoregulation (Freed l980b. O.B. Goin including behavioral and neural responses to breeding calls I958), body temperatures (Brattstroni 1963.1968.1970). cool- (Alliwn 1992:Allison and Wilc7ynski 1991.1994; Blair 1958d; ing (Wypoda 1988b).f actors affecting evaporative water loss Bogert 1960; Capranica 1992: Fcng, 1975; Feng and Capranica (Wygoda 1984. 1988a.b. I9X9a.b: Wygoda and Garman 1993. 1978: Feng et al. 1976; Gerhardt 1974as, 197Sa,b, 1981a. 1982, Wygoda and Willianis 1991). fever (Kluger 1977. Muchlinski 1983. 1986. 1987, 1991: Gerhardt et al. 1990; Gerhardt and 1985). effects of low pH on tadpole swimming performance Mudry 1980: Megela and Capranica 198 1 ; Megela-Simmons (Jung and Jagoe 1995). pond hydroperiod and larval pheno- 1988; Mudry and Capranica 1987: Rheinlaender and Klump typic plasticity (Leips et al. 2000. Richardson 2002a). thermal 1988: Rigley and Hays 1976; Schmidt 1966a. 1969. 1971).ef- accliniation/tolerances (Ballinler ant1 McKinney 1966, Blem fects of body size on response to sound (Hetherington 1992, et al. 1986. Brattstrorn 1963, Layne and Romano 1985, Layne 1994), calling evoked by airplane sounds (Fowler 1960). ef- et al. 1985), tolerance of desiccation by H. cineren and hy- fect of breathing on auditory physiology (Ehret et al. 1994, brids (Layne et nl. 1989). and water ahsorption (Walker and Schmidt I966a). energetic costs of chorusing (Prestwich et al. Whitford 1971). 1989). frequency selectivity (Moss and Megela-Simmons Populations appear to be secure throughout the species' range. 1986). hormonal effects on calling and auditory sensitivity althouph actual studics have been few. General comments on (Penna and Capranica 1984; Penna et al. 1992: Schmidt 1966a.b). abundance or reviews of conservation status in intlividual laryngeal mechanics of call production (Schmidt 1965). long- states have been made by Ackermnn (1975). Anderson et aI. range communication (Littlejohn 1977),m iddle-ear structure ( 1952). Ashton ( 1976). Ashton and Ashton ( 1988), Bancroft et and function (Hetherington 1992, 1994; Jaslow et al. 1988: al. ( 1983). Bortlett and Bartlett (1999). Bider ( 1962). Dundee Moffat and Capranica 1978). neuroanatomy (Wilczynski and and Rossrnan (1989). Dyrkacz (1974). Gibbons (1983). Gib- Zakon 1982). neurophysiology (Lim and Capranica 1994. Marrero et al. 199 1, Sutherland and Nennemacher 198 1. Zakon LITERATURE CITED and Wilczynski 1988),e ffects of noise on mate choice (Gerhardt and Klump 1988, 199 1 ; Klump and Gerhardt 1986). olfactory Ackerman, K. 1975. Rare and Endangered Vertebrates of Illinois. Bur. Environ. Sci. Illinois Dept. 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