NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. HYBRIDIZATION A® B®*Y®0§f OP PASPALUM DIUTATUM POIE. If- I$*gi* t t i t e Bennett A ghestait Submitted to the Graduate faculty for the Degree of DOCTOR m PHILOSOPHY MiJ@F Subjects* Plant Breeding Plant Morphology A d ^ zb $ Dean of the Graduate College lorn State College 1943 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: DP12581 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform DP12581 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Q K 4 9 S - G 7 6 B4 3 h u . tarts of cousins '-Pm* INTRODUCTION ......................... I w nm of ij-Tmmim m ..,.,.,* ...........* ...* ...... 4 s m s m s job t t s s n . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i® mmifm If Flowering M Embryology uf PfaepeluBt dilat&taaa 58 Chmseeoam Count* . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Pollen Germination .................. 64 DISCUSSION ft Flowering 7® Embryology 75 Chromosome Numbers 74 Pollen Gemination . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 fi'JUKAJZT 78 LITERATURE CITED 10 AOteCHXKXMOHS *«**.♦****...................'•*«•»«>,*•»,*««»* 88 ■I v T l G ' f O Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. M£ST Of mmm fable X* The Average Number of* Flowers Blooming Bach Hour in 15 Inflorescences of Pagpalmn Urvillei Baring the Blooming Period I? table ft» The Average Humber of flowers Blooming il&ch Hour in 15 Inflorescences of Paspalua dilataturn During the Blessing Period 28 fable S. the Average Jfcuaber of Flowers Blooming Bach Hour in 15 Inflorescences of Paspalum mala- . oophyllum During the Blooming" ''Periodr "* 20 * *7* * fable 4*, Temperature and Humidity iieadinga at ikeh hour During the Blooming Period of the Paspalum sp* in Tables 1, 2 and 3 * . . . 3 0 fabl® 5* flowering of Paspaltna urvlllel on Soil at High and Dow Moisture Levels*. Average of 10 Inflorescences **•*•**#•*••»*»*•****•*•*«.*••*•*• 36 table' 1*. Flowering of Paspalnm dilateturn on Soil a t High and Law BeIsMMrE5v^57~*,A'writge of . 10 Inflorescence® ****#.#«♦»*#***»♦**#********» 37 fable f* Flowering of Paspalnm malaoophyllua on Soil at High and low Moisture Levels. Average of 10 Inflorescences m Sable 8 Temperature and Humidity Readings at Each Hour * of the Blooming Period of Paspalnm sp* Before and After Changing the natural Isolation of Light and Darkness to Temperature and Humidity** #1 fdfet# f* The Average Humber of Flowers Blooming in 10 Inflorescences of Paspalnm sp« Before and After Changing the Natural Delation of Light and Darkness to Temperature and Humidity* Average of 10 Inflorescences 42 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. fable The average Number of Flowers Blooming in 10 Inflorescences of P&ap&lum sp« with Constant Temperature and where the Relative Humidity was Reversed In Its Normal Relation to Light .*«*••• 48 fable 11* Humidity Readings at Each Hour of the Blooming Period of Baspalum ep. after Reversal to Its Normal Relation to Light with Temperature Constant (70° - 80° F) after the Second Bay # Table 18* Five-day Average of Flowering of Paspalum sp* at Constant Humid 5.ty and Varying Temperatures . • SX fable IS* Time (minutes) Retjuired for Blooming of 100 Florets of Paspalum dilatatum 54 fable 14* Average Per cent Pollen Gemination of Two Selections of Paspalum dilatatum In Solution and Agar Media- at fmp®natures from 24 to 39° C* 88 Sabi# IS* Average Per cent Pollen semination of Two Selections of Paspalum dilatatum in Solution an# Agar Media at Sucrose Concentrati one from 0*0 to 40.0 Per cent $f fable 18* Average Per cent Pollen termination of Two Selections of Paspaluia dilatatum in Soltition an# Agar Media of pH from 4*4 to 7*0 •••*•«*•*.*••** 87 Table 17* Analysis of Variance on Pollen Geminated at Temperatures from 24 to 59° C. and pH from 4,4 to 7,8 with Agar and Sucrose Constant 88 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V m t <f rtmam PMM't 1. Spikelets removed in purity determinations. f Figure 2. Spikelets containing ergot and withstand* in g air blast 7 Figure 3, Cross-section of 2 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7 Figure 4. Spikelets containing seed 7 Figure §* Cress section of 4 7 Figure 0. teed free from glumes . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 figure 7. 'Cte€cref flowering in a panicle IS figure &*. Sere*! flowering by hours ......... .. .. .. .. 3| figure §* Normal flowering by days . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . If Wk&m SO* flowering under high and low soil moisture. H Fif**** II# Flowering by hours under high and low soil moisture . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 figure It# Day reversal. Flowering by hours m Paspalum dilatators ligate 13# Day reversal. Flowering by hairs P&sp&lua urvillei 44 flptre 14#. Day reversal. Flowering by hours Paspalum malacophyllum ******* 45 .Jlpre 18* Hourly flowering «ft*r day rererent ...#»•• 47 figure 18* Time of initiation of flowering at different temperatures .......... 12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. m . gjg» PUT& IS* MaefaaN0r .i%sp,lua dtiatstiaa* Figure 17* Zygote 8 hours after pollination x 380 *** if Figures 18, 19 and SO* Proembryos 12 hours after pollination x 560 *••*•*.**.*«•*••...,.,.* 09 ftgvmI 81* Pro&wbryo 24 hours after pollination show­ ing rounded nature x 275 ............ 59 Fipnw tt* Proeribryo beginning, to lengthen 36 hours after pollination x 216 ••*••••.•*.*••..*« 59 Figmm HI* Proembryo 48 hours after pollination* Hot® cellular endosperm x 220 ***•*•«*•*•• 59 figure Wk* Proetibryo 60 hours after pollination x mo ft Figure 26* Embryo 72 hoars after pollination showing a preliminary step in initiation of the axis x 200 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59 F%»ni 26* Four-day old embryo* Ihe posterior lobe has differentiated x 245 69 Figure 27* Itnferyo S days after pollination showing distinct ooleoptile priraordia and plumule growing point* The radicle begins to differentiate at this stage x 200 *•»«.... 59 Flgor* 98*. Embryo 6 days after pollination showing rapid growth of ooleoptile and the distinct seedling leaf primordia x 100 **#*##**#**# 60 Figure 29* Mature embryo 18 days after pollination x io o ..**...*............ m Figure 90* Cross-section of a 6 day embryo showing seedling leaf and ooleoptile around the plumule growing point x 115 ••••*.•..*•*•• 59 Cross-section of a 14 day old embryo show­ ing the seedling; leaf and the initiation of another leaf prlmordiiaa x 00 H0 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SalUx grass (Paspalum dilatatum fair*) hat proton to be on® Of the west valuable pasture and hay plants for tfc» gouthemhem tta%«S-» ■It has more desirable characteristics titan *Hd* -ath** commonly used pasture grasses, Bermuda (Cynodon daetylon (L) *er»*); mad Garpet (Axxmopas compressus (Smarts) Beauv,), It produce* assy basal leaves Which, following gmting sr -ircnghh* mb# a rapid It i« the first gmmm to begin growth in the spring, raafces continuous growth during wwem wmthsf# is not injured by »#d«*mt® frosts* and is the last gtwi* to bs««*» i#JWa*fe in 'the fall* tts bunch habit of growth wales it »@w» adapted to aesoelatod growth with 'pasture legumes 'and. also pswrnataa i t imm. h-mowing a pest la field#- that are to be rotated* It Is wire tolerant to excessive so il moisture and* a t -the same tisw* more drought and heat resistant. It grow# m il on a ll soils- --except the extremely sandy ones, and is the basic »n®wsr grass reecHmsnded for permnent pastures In Mississippi* ®ad»siwsble eltsrmttes&stiss of M ils grass -«?« low seed- produc­ tion and complete susceptibility .to «*> ergot, Glavisepa pas pa 11 (Stsvws and H all), 3h» total lash- of di-seas*' resistance nullifies say -s#l«oti«i tom rft high *®od She ■ wdtoi of such selec­ tions Is In th eir use as parents in hybridization* Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.