Hybrid Energy Systems Sustainable Energy Strategies by Yatish T. Shah Hybrid Energy Systems: Strategy for Industrial Decarbonization Hybrid Power: Generation, Storage, and Grids Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Recovery and Conversion Thermal Energy: Sources, Recovery, and Applications Chemical Energy from Natural and Synthetic Gas Other related books by Yatish T. Shah Energy and fuel systems integration Water for energy and fuel production Biofuels and bioenergy: Processes and Technologies For more information on this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/ Sustainable-Energy-Strategies/book-series/CRCSES Series Preface While fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas) were the dominant sources of energy during the last century, since the beginning of the twenty-frst century an exclusive dependence on fossil fuels is believed to be a nonsustainable strategy due to (a) their environmental impacts, (b) their nonrenewable nature, and (c) their dependence on the local politics of the major providers. The world has also recognized that there are in fact ten sources of energy: coal, oil, gas, biomass, waste, nuclear, solar, geothermal, wind, and water. These can generate our required chemical/biological, mechanical, electrical, and ther- mal energy needs. A new paradigm has been to explore greater roles of renewable and nuclear energy in the energy mix to make energy supply more sustainable and environ- mental friendly. The adopted strategy has been to replace fossil energy by renewable and nuclear energy as rapidly as possible. While fossil energy still remains dominant in the energy mix, by itself, it cannot be a sustainable source of energy for the long future. Along with exploring all ten sources of energy, sustainable energy strategies must consider fve parameters: (a) availability of raw materials and accessibility of product market, (b) safety and environmental protection associated with the energy system, (c) technical viability of the energy system on the commercial scale, (d) affordable economics, and (e) market potential of a given energy option in the changing global environment. There are numerous examples substantiating the importance of each of these parameters for energy sustainability. For example, biomass or waste may not be easily available for a large-scale power system making a very large-scale biomass/ waste power system (like a coal or natural gas power plant) unsustainable. Similarly, an electrical grid to transfer power to a remote area or onshore needs from a remote offshore operation may not be possible. Concerns of safety and environmental protec- tion (due to emissions of carbon dioxide) limit the use of nuclear and coal-driven power plants. Many energy systems can be successful at laboratory or pilot scales, but may not be workable at commercial scales. Hydrogen production using a thermochemical cycle is one example. Many energy systems are as yet economically prohibitive. The devices to generate electricity from heat such as thermoelectric and thermophotovol- taic systems are still very expensive for commercial use. Large-scale solar and wind energy systems require huge upfront capital investments which may not be possible in some parts of the world. Finally, energy systems cannot be viable without market potential for the product. Gasoline production systems were not viable until the internal combustion engine for the automobile was invented. Power generation from wind or solar energy requires guaranteed markets for electricity. Thus, these fve parameters collectively form a framework for sustainable energy strategies. It should also be noted that the sustainability of a given energy system can change with time. For example, coal-fueled power plants became unsustainable due to their impact on the environment. These power plants are now being replaced by gas-driven power plants. New technology and new market forces can also change sustainability of the energy system. For example, successful commercial developments of fuel cells and electric cars can make use of the internal combustion engines redundant in the vehicle industry. While an energy system can become unsustainable due to changes iii iv Series Preface in parameters, outlined above, over time, it can regain sustainability by adopting strategies to address the changes in these five parameters. New energy systems must consider long-term sustainability with changing world dynamics and possibilities of new energy options. Sustainable energy strategies must also consider the location of the energy system. On one hand, fossil and nuclear energies are high-density energies and they are best suited for centralized operations in an urban area, while on the other hand, renew- able energies are of low density and they are well-suited for distributed operations in rural and remote areas. Solar energy may be less affordable in locations far away from the equator. Offshore wind energy may not be sustainable if the distance from shore is too great for energy transport. Sustainable strategies for one country may be quite different from another depending on their resource (raw material) availability and local market potential. The current transformation from fossil energy to green energy is often prohibited by required infrastructure and the total cost of transforma- tion. Local politics and social acceptance also play an important role. Nuclear energy is more acceptable in France than in any other country. Sustainable energy strategies can also be size dependent. Biomass and waste can serve local communities well at a smaller scale. As mentioned before, the large-scale plants can be unsustainable because of limitations on raw materials. New energy devices that operate well at micro- and nanoscales may not be possible on a large scale. In recent years, nanotechnology has significantly affected the energy industry. New developments in nanotechnology should also be a part of sustainable energy strategies. While larger nuclear plants are considered to be the most cost effective for power generation in an urban environment, smaller modular nuclear reactors can be the more sustainable choice for distributed cogeneration processes. Recent advances in thermoelectric generators due to advances in nanomaterials are an example of a size-dependent sustainable energy strategy. A modular approach for energy systems is more sustainable at smaller scale than for a very large scale. Generally, a modular approach is not considered as a sustainable strategy for a very large, centralized energy system. Finally, choosing a sustainable energy system is a game of options. New options are created by either improving the existing system or creating an innovative option through new ideas and their commercial development. For example, a coal-driven power plant can be made more sustainable by using very cost-effective carbon cap- ture technologies. Since sustainability is time, location, and size-dependent, sustain- able strategies should follow local needs and markets. In short, sustainable energy strategies must consider all ten sources and a framework of five stated parameters under which they can be made workable for local conditions. A revolution in technol- ogy (like nuclear fusion) can, however, have global and local impacts on sustainable energy strategies. The CRC Press Series on Sustainable Energy Strategies will focus on novel ideas that will promote different energy sources sustainable for long term within the frame- work of the five parameters outlined above. Strategies can include both improvement in existing technologies and the development of new technologies. Series Editor, Yatish T. Shah Hybrid Energy Systems Strategy for Industrial Decarbonization Yatish T. Shah MATLAB® and Simulink® are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® and Simulink® software or related products does not constitute e ndorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® and Simulink® software. First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The right of Yatish T. Shah to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and p ublisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data Names: Shah, Yatish T., author. Title: Hybrid energy systems : strategy for industrial decarbonization / by Yatish T. Shah. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021. | Series: Sustainable energy strategies | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This book demonstrates how hybrid energy and processes can decarbonize energy industry needs for power and heating and cooling. It describes the role of hybrid energy and processes in nine major industry sectors and discusses how hybrid energy can offer sustainable solutions in each. Sectors include coal, oil and gas, nuclear, building, vehicle, manufacturing and industrial processes, computing and portable electronic, district heating and cooling and water. Written for advanced students, researchers, and industry professionals involved in energy-related processes and plants, this book offers latest research and practical strategies for application of the innovative field of hybrid energy”—Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020049403 (print) | LCCN 2020049404 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367747572 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003159421 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Renewable energy sources. | Hybrid power systems. | Renewable resource integration. Classification: LCC TJ808 .S53 2021 (print) | LCC TJ808 (ebook) | DDC 621.31/21—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020049403 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020049404 ISBN: 9780367747572 (hbk) ISBN 9780367747640 (pbk) ISBN: 9781003159421 (ebk) Typeset in Times by codeMantra The book is dedicated to my sons, James, Jonathan and Keith Contents Preface.....................................................................................................................xix Author .....................................................................................................................xxi Chapter 1 Hybrid Energy Systems—Strategy for Decarbonization ..................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Hybrid Energy Systems Defned ............................................... 4 1.3 Examples of Hybrid Energy Systems........................................ 8 1.3.1 Hybrid Solar-Wind Renewable Systems....................... 8 1.3.2 C ombined Heat and Power Hybrid Energy System ..... 12 1.4 Outline of the Book..................................................................16 References.......................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2 Hybrid Energy Systems for Building Industry....................................19 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................19 2.1.1 Concept of Zero-Energy Buildings............................ 20 2.1.2 Grid Connection..........................................................21 2.1.3 Fuel Switching............................................................ 22 2.1.4 Renewable Energy Credits ......................................... 22 2.1.5 Energy Supply Options and Priorities........................ 22 2.2 Customer Automation and Energy Management Systems...... 26 2.2.1 Dynamic Pricing and Demand Response .................. 28 2.2.2 Process for Renewable Energy Building Connection to the Electrical Grid .............................. 30 2.3 Role of Hybrid Energy Systems in Net Zero-Energy Buildings...................................................................................32 2.4 Solar Thermal with Storage..................................................... 34 2.4.1 Solar-Boosted Heat Pump ...........................................35 2.4.2 Building Integrated Solar Thermal Technologies and Their Applications............................................... 36 2.5 Solar Electric PV with Storage.................................................37 2.6 Hybrid PV/Solar Thermal Concept ..........................................42 2.7 Building-Integrated Options (BiPVT/a) ...................................43 2.7.1 Works on Window Systems........................................ 46 2.7.1.1 Building-Integrated Window Systems (BiPVT/w)....................................................47 2.7.2 Heat-Pump Integration (PVT/Heat Pump)................. 48 2.7.3 PVT-Integrated Heat Pipe .......................................... 49 2.7.4 PVT Trigeneration...................................................... 49 2.7.5 Commercial Aspects .................................................. 50 2.8 Solar PVT with Geothermal Heat Pump................................. 50 ix