Project Gutenberg's A Commentary on Herodotus, by W. W. How and J. Wells This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A Commentary on Herodotus Author: W. W. How J. Wells Release Date: January 3, 2008 [EBook #24146] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A COMMENTARY ON HERODOTUS *** A COMMENTARY ON HERODOTUS With Introduction and Appendixes By W. W. How (Fellow and Tutor Of Merton College) and J. Wells (Warden of Wadham College, 1913–1927) ____________________ Note to the Electronic Edition A Commentary on Herodotus was originally published in 1912 in two volumes by Oxford University Press, and was revised, with additional notes, in 1928. It is an extraordinary work of scholarship, and still the only complete English language commentary on Herodotus. Although it is undeniably out‐of‐date in places, it just as undeniably continues to be the essential companion for the study of Herodotus’ Histories. My goal in creating this electronic edition was to provide readers with a version which is complete, accurate, and easy to use. Portions of the underlying text were derived from the incomplete electronic edition developed by the Perseus Project, to which I am grateful. (The Perseus edition is available under a Creative Commons 2.5 Generic, Non‐Commercial, “Share Alike” license.) The remainder of the running text was scanned and converted to text using Abby FineReader software, while the various tables, charts, and diagrams were recreated manually. The resulting text was then proofread line by line against the Oxford and the Perseus editions, enabling me to identify and correct errors originating in the earlier texts along with any new errors from my digitization. To enhance the usability of the new text, it was reformatted, and the inconsistent systems for enumeration, citation, and abbreviation were standardized. A list of the cited ancient authors and works, along with their abbreviations, has been added to the prefatory matter. To aid in navigation, the text is bookmarked by the book and chapter number of the Histories, or by appendix and section. To insure a readable and consistent appearance, I chose a standard Microsoft font, Palatino Linotype, which contains a full set of polytonic Greek characters in all styles, including bold and italic. For a handful of ancient Phoenician characters, I have used the Alphabetum font developed by classicist Juan‐José Marcos, which is the most complete Unicode font available for classical languages. Two elements of the printed edition have not been reproduced. The first is the maps, omitted because they do not scan well, and because better versions are readily available online as well as in a variety of inexpensive historical atlases— and especially in the forthcoming Landmark Herodotus, edited by Robert Strassler (Pantheon). The second missing element is the original index, omitted because it is not thorough (as the authors acknowledged), and because it locates entries by reference to the page number of the printed edition, rather than by reference to the book and chapter of the Histories. I hope that the capability of full text search will more than offset this omission. Undoubtedly, despite my care, there are still errors and inconsistencies in this new edition. I will be grateful if you report these to me, so that I may correct them. Also, I can provide the complete text in Microsoft Word .DOC or .DOCX formats, with style tags, to anyone who wishes to create a yet better edition for future readers—who I hope will continue to find both enlightenment and delight in the Father of History. —Chuck Bennett, San Clemente, October 2007 contact: [email protected] Preface 1912 This commentary on Herodotus was planned and begun by Mr. H. D. Leigh, of Corpus Christi, in conjunction with Mr. How, more than ten years ago. At the time of his too early death, Mr. Leigh had written notes and excursuses on the first book; but unfortunately they were found to be on too large a scale for the present work, although the material collected in them was most valuable, and was largely used. Thus for the book as it now is we are entirely responsible. We have been frequently interrupted by more pressing duties, and we fear that in a work the composition of which has thus been spread over many years, some inconsistencies may have crept in undetected. The readers of the Clarendon Press have earned our sincere gratitude by their zeal and care in removing blemishes of form, but for any graver faults that remain we can only ask indulgence. The commentary on books i–iv, with the corresponding appendixes, has been written by Mr. Wells, that on books v–ix, also with the appendixes, by Mr. How. We have each read and re‐read the otherʹs work, but the ultimate responsibility for the views expressed rests in the first volume with Mr. Wells, in the second with Mr. How. Since the book is intended principally for the use of undergraduates, we have prefixed short summaries of the subject‐matter to the various sections of the notes, and for the same reason we have, where possible, quoted English translations of foreign works, and have referred to antiquities readily accessible in museums at Oxford and in London. But we have not hesitated to add many references to foreign works and periodicals, in the hope that they may be of use to more advanced students and to teachers. A commentary is of necessity to a large extent a selection from the work of others, and on every page our debt to our predecessors is manifest. Here we can only acknowledge our principal obligations. Of commentators, Stein and, in the later books, Macan have been of the greatest assistance to us; Rawlinson has also been of use in a less degree. In the Oriental history we owe very much to Maspero, and in the history of the Persian War to Grundy and to Munro. Throughout we have derived much benefit from the learned labours of Busolt, and still more from the masterly and comprehensive history of E. Meyer. Nor must we forget our large debt in anthropology and antiquities to the untiring industry of Frazer. The plans of Thermopylae and Plataea are based on those in The Great Persian War, by the kind permission of Dr. Grundy and Mr. John Murray. So many friends in Oxford have given us help on particular points that to give a catalogue of such obligations might be tedious, but special mention must be made of the kindness of Mr. H. R. Hall, of the British Museum, who read through the whole of the notes on book ii and appendixes ix, x, and made many valuable suggestions and corrections. He cannot, however, be held responsible for any of the views finally expressed. It will be seen that our notes are almost entirely on the subject matter of Herodotus. We have accepted Hudeʹs text, only discussing critical problems where they seriously affected the sense. As to points of grammar and translation, such notes only have been given as seemed necessary to help an ordinary scholar to understand the text. In the spelling of names we have adopted definitely the old system. It is less correct, at least in appearance; but so many names, such as “Croesus,” “Cyrus,” and “Lycurgus,” have by their use in literature become English that consistency is impossible, or at any rate would be too dearly bought. The index is not an index to the text, a want already supplied by Stein and by Hude, but to the commentary. As it is supplemented by many cross‐references, only the more important notes have been indexed. Preface 1928 Owing to the high cost of making changes on stereotyped plates we have only been able in this second impression to correct a few obvious errors and to append some additional notes (to which references are given) dealing with work done since 1912, and one longer essay on “Arms, Tactics, and Strategy.” For permission to reprint this from the Journal of Hellenic Studies (1923) we have to thank the Council of the Society. Contents List of Additional Notes List of Ancient Authorities List of Principal Modern Authorities List of Other References Additional Abbreviations and Annotations Introduction Commentary on Books I–IX Appendixes I–XXIII I. The Ethnography of Western Asia Minor and the Lydian History of Herodotus II. Assyria and Babylon III. Median History IV. Cyrus and the Rise of Persia V. The Reign of Cambyses and the Early Years of Darius Hystaspes VI. The Persian System of Government VII. The Persian Satrapies VIII. The Religion of the Ancient Persians and Herodotus IX. Herodotus in Egypt X. The History of Egypt in relation to Herodotus XI. Scythia and the Scyths XII. The Scythian Expedition XIII. The Geography of Herodotus XIV. The Chronology of Herodotus XV. The Pelasgi XVI. Herodotus on Tyranny XVII. Sparta under King Cleomenes (520–490 B.C.) XVIII. Marathon XIX. Numbers of the Armies and Fleets (480–479 B.C.) XX. The Campaign of 480 B.C. XXI. Salamis XXII. The Campaigns of 479 B.C. XXIII. Arms, Tactics, and Strategy in the Persian War List of Additional Notes (1928) Note A: The Composition of H’s Work. [Integrated into the introduction, at the end of § 10.] Note Β [Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 4. 2.] Note C: Gyges [Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 14. 4.] Note D: Lycurgus [Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 65–8.] Note Ε: The Eclipse of Thales [Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 74. 2.] Note F: The Ionian Colonization of Asia Minor [Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 142]. Note G: H’s Account of Babylon [Integrated into the commentary at n. 1. 178–83.] Note Η: Herodotus n Egypt [Integrated at the end of appendix ix.] Note I: H’s Account of the Scyths [Integrated at the end of appendix xi.] Note J: The Pelasgi and the Etruscans [Integrated at the end of appendix xv.] Notes to Vol. 2 [The short additional notes for vol. 2 are not lettered, and are all integrated into the text of the commentary at the relevant places.] List of Ancient Authorities Ael. Aelian N.A. De Natura Animalium On the Nature of Animals V.H. Varia Historia Miscellany Aen. Tact. Aeneas Tacticus Aesch. Aeschylus Ag. Agamemnon Cho. Choephoroe Libation Bearers Eleusinioi Eum. Eumenides Pers. Persae Persians P.V. Prometheus Vinctus Prometheus Bound Sept. Septem contra Thebas Seven Against Thebes Supp. Supplices Suppliants Aeschin. Aeschines In Ctes. In Ctesiphon Against Ctesiphon In Tim. In Timarchus Against Timarchus De Fals. Leg. De Falsa Legatione On the False Embassy Ath. Pol. Athenaion Politeia Constitution of Athens Alcm. Alcman Ammon. Ammonius grammaticus Diff. De Adfinium Vocabulorum Differentia Andoc. Andocides De Pace On the Peace with Sparta De Myst. De Mysteriis On the Mysteries Anth. Pal. Anthologia Palatina Anth. Plan. Anthologia Planudea Antiph. Antiphon Tetr. Tetralogiae Tetralogies Ap. Rhod. Apollonius Rhodius Apollod. Apollodorus mythographus App. Appian B. Civ. Bella Civilia Civil Wars Mith. The Mithridatic Wars Syr. The Syrian Wars Apul. Apuleius Flor. Florida Ar. Aristophanes Ach. Acharnenses Acharnians Av. Aves Birds Eccl. Ecclesiazusae Assembly Women Eq. Equites Knights Lys. Lysistrata Nub. Nubes Clouds Pax Pax Peace Plut. Plutus Wealth Ran. Ranae Frogs Thesm. Thesmophoriazusae Vesp. Vespae Wasps Archil. Archilochus Arist. Aristotle Ath. Pol. Athenaion Politeia Constitution of Athens Eth. Nic. Ethica Nicomachea Nicomachean ethics Gen. An. De Generatione Animalium Hist. An. Historia Animalium Metaph. Metaphysica Metaphysics Meteor. Meteorologica Mir. Ausc. De Mirabilibus Auscultationibus Oec. Oeconomica Poet. Poetica Poetics Pol. Politica Politics Pr. Problematica Problems Rhet Rhetorica Rhetoric Vent. De Ventis Aristid. Aristides [citations are to Dindorf edition, 1829] Panath. Panathenaicus Panathenaic Oration Arr. Arrian Anab. Anabasis Peripl. Periplus Maris Euxini Ind. Indica India Ath. Pol. Athenaion Politeia Constitution of Athens Athen. Athenaeus Athenag. Athenagoras Leg. Legatio pro Christianis Bacchyl. Bacchylides B.I. The Behistun Inscription Caes. Caesar B. Afr. Bellum Africum B. Civ. Bellum Civile B. Gall. Bellum Gallicum Callim. Callimachus Hymn 4 Hymn to Delos C.C. The Cyrus Cylinder Cic. Cicero (Marcus Tullius) Amic. (Laelius) De Amicitia On Friendship Att. Epistulae ad Atticum Letters to Atticus Div. De divinatione On Divination Dom. De Domo Sua On His House Leg. De Legibus On the Laws Nat. D. De Natura Deorum On the Nature of the Gods Off. De Officiis On Duties Sen. (Cato Maior) De Senectute On Old Age Somn. Somnium Scriponis Dream of Scipio Tusc. Tusculanae Disputationes Tusculan Disputations Verr. In Verrem Against Verres Claud. Claudianus Claudian Cons. Stil. De Consulatu Stilichonis On the Consulship of Stilicho Clem. Alex. Clemens Alexandrinus Clement of Alexandria Stromateis Conon Conon Mythographus Ctes. Ctesias Assyrica Assyria Indica India Persica Persia Dem. Demosthenes Aristoc. Against Aristocrates Aristogit. Against Aristogiton De Cor. De Corona On the Crown De Fals. Leg. De Falsa Legatione On the False Embassy De Halon. On the Halonessus De Rhod. On the Liberty of the Rhodians De Sym. Oratione de Symmoriis On the Navy Epit. Epitaphius Funeral Oration Eubul. In Eubulides Against Eubulides Lept. In Leptines Against Leptines Meid. In Meidias Against Meidias Phil. 3 Third Philippic Timoc. In Timocrates Against Timocrates Timoth. In Timotheus Against Timotheus Dio Cass. Dio Cassius Dio Chrys. Dio Chrysostom Or. Orationes Speeches Diod. Diodorus Siculus Diog. Laert. Diogenes Laertius Dion. Hal. Dionysius of Halicarnassus Ant. Rom. Antiquitates Romanae De Praec. Hist. Dem. De Demosthene Dinarch. De Dinarcho Pomp. Epistulae ad Pompeium Geminum E.I.H. The East India House Inscription Erot. Erotian Voc. Hipp. Vocum Hippocraticarum Eur. Euripides Alc. Alcestis Andr. Andromache
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