Hurst’s The Heart 00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 1 07/04/17 2:54 pm ASSISTANT EDITORS Sameer Bansilal, MD Jason Kovacic, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI Assistant Professor of Medicine and Cardiology Associate Professor of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Associate Director of Operations New York, New York Cardiovascular Clinical Trials and Population Health Research Attending Physician—Mount Sinai Cardiovascular Institute Gina LaRocca, MD, MHSc, FACC, FASE, FSCCT The Mount Sinai Medical Center New York, New York Associate Director of Adult Congenital Heart Disease Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) Assistant Professor of Radiology Javier G. Castillo, MD Fellowship Director of Advanced Cardiovascular Imaging Assistant Professor Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Marie-Josée Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health The Mount Sinai Hospital Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York New York, New York Srinivas Dukkipati, MD, FHRS Kenneth Mahaffey, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Stanford University Medical Center Director of Experimental Electrophysiology Laboratory Vice Chair of Medicine for Clinical Research The Mount Sinai Medical Center Department of Medicine New York, New York Stanford, California Judith Z. Goldfinger, MD, FACC Robert J. Mentz, MD, FACC Assistant Professor of Medicine, Cardiology Assistant Professor of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Director, Duke University Cooperative Cardiovascular Society New York, New York Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation Duke University Medical Center Francois Haddad, MD, FAHA Duke Clinical Research Institute Durham, North Carolina Associate Clinical Professor Director of the Cardiovascular Biomarker and Phenotypic Core Laboratory Matthew William Sherwood, MD Co-Chair Heart Transplant Quality Council Interventional Cardiologist Stanford University Inova Medical Group Stanford Cardiovascular Institute Fairfax, Virginia Stanford, California Inova Heart and Vascular Institute Falls Church, Virginia Paul Heidenreich, MD, MS Professor of Medicine Benjamin A. Steinberg, MD, MHS, FACC Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Medicine Assistant Professor of Medicine Stanford Hospital Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Staff Physician Section of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology VA Palo Alto Health Care System University of Utah Health Care Palo Alto, California Salt Lake City, Utah Joshua W. Knowles, MD, PhD, FAHA, FACC Assistant Professor, Cardiovascular Medicine Stanford University Stanford, California 00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 2 07/04/17 2:54 pm Hurst’s The Heart Fourteenth Edition EDITORS Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD Jagat Narula, MD, PhD, MACC Physician-in-Chief, The Mount Sinai Hospital Philip J. & Harriet L. Goodhart Director, Mount Sinai Heart Professor of Medicine Richard Gorlin, M.D. Heart Foundation Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Professor of Cardiology Chief of Cardiology New York, New York St. Luke’s & Roosevelt Hospitals at Mount Sinai Associate Dean Robert A. Harrington, MD, MACC, FAHA Arnhold Institute of Global Health at Mount Sinai Arthur L. Bloomfield Professor of Medicine New York, New York Chairman, Department of Medicine Stanford University School of Medicine Zubin J. Eapen, MD, MHS Stanford, California Associate Professor of Medicine Medical Director, Duke Heart Failure Same Day Access Director of Education IT Innovations, Department of Medicine Director of Clinical Improvement, Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina LEAD ONLINE EDITOR Prashant Vaishnava, MD Director of Quality Assurance of Mount Sinai Heart The Mount Sinai Medical Center Assistant Professor of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto 00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 3 07/04/17 2:54 pm Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. 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THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WAR- RANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. CONTENTS Contributors ....................................... xi 10. Stem Cells and the Cardiovascular System ....... 205 Preface ........................................... xxv Karim Sallam and Joseph C. Wu Abbreviations .................................... xxvii SECTION 3 Volume One Evaluation of the Patient 11. The History, Physical Examination, and SECTION 1 Cardiac Auscultation ......................... 225 William R. Miranda and Rick A. Nishimura Cardiovascular Disease: Past, Present, and Future 12. Surface Electrocardiography .................. 252 1. A History of the Cardiac Diseases, and Antoni Bayés de Luna, Diego Goldwasser, Miquel Fiol, the Development of Cardiovascular Medicine and Antoni Bayés-Genis as a Specialty .................................. 3 13. Electrocardiographic Exercise Testing .......... 318 Robert A. Harrington, Mark E. Silverman, and Charles F. Wooley Gregory S. Thomas and Myrvin H. Ellestad 2. The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases .... 19 14. Cardiac Radiography ......................... 335 Catherine P. Benziger, Andrew E. Moran, Geoffrey D. Rubin and Gregory A. Roth 15. Echocardiography ........................... 353 3. Assessing and Improving the Quality of Care Thomas H. Marwick, Anthony N. DeMaria, in Cardiovascular Medicine .................... 52 Daniel G. Blanchard, and William A. Zoghbi Yashashwi Pokharel and John A. Spertus 16. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart ....... 433 W. Gregory Hundley, Christopher M. Kramer, and Javier Sanz SECTION 2 17. Computed Tomography of the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Amir Ahmadi, Jagat Narula, and Jonathon Leipsic Foundations of Cardiovascular Medicine 18. Nuclear Cardiology .......................... 499 4. Functional Anatomy of the Heart ............... 67 Daniel S. Berman, Rory Hachamovitch, Leslee J. Shaw, Joseph F. Malouf, Joseph J. Maleszewski, A. Jamil Tajik, Sean W. Hayes, Piotr J. Slomka, Guido Germano, and James B. Seward and Jagat Narula 5. Normal Physiology of the 19. Positron Emission Tomography Cardiovascular System ....................... 101 in Heart Disease ............................. 553 Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Brian D. Hoit, Richard A. K. Lance Gould, Heinrich Schelbert, and Jagat Narula Walsh, Valentin Fuster, and Borja Ibanez 20. Cardiac Catheterization, Cardiac Angiography, 6. Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Heart ..... 125 and Coronary Blood Flow and Pressure Roger J. Hajjar, Kiyotake Ishikawa, and Thomas Thum Measurements .............................. 606 7. Biology of the Vessel Wall ..................... 144 Morton J. Kern and Arnold H. Seto Hillary Johnston-Cox, Valentin Fuster, 21. Coronary Intravascular Imaging ............... 657 and Jason C. Kovacic Christos V. Bourantas, Yoshinobu Onuma, Renu Virmani, 8. Molecular and Cellular Development Jagat Narula, and Patrick W. Serruys of the Heart ................................. 161 22. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Miguel Torres and Silvia Martín-Puig and Computed Tomography of the 9. Genetic Basis of Cardiovascular Disease ......... 174 Vascular System ............................. 686 Eloisa Arbustini, Valentina Favalli, Nupoor Narula, Eliana Marc R. Dweck, Michelle C. Williams, Prakash Krishnan, Disabella, and Maurizia Grasso Valentin Fuster, Jagat Narula, and Zahi A. Fayad v 00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 5 07/04/17 2:54 pm vi Contents 34. Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial SECTION 4 Ischemia ................................... 893 K. Lance Gould, Henry Gewirtz, Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Jagat Narula 23. Epidemiology of Hypertension ................ 703 35. Nonobstructive Atherosclerotic Nathan D. Wong and Stanley S. Franklin and Nonatherosclerotic Coronary 24. Pathophysiology of Hypertension .............. 720 Heart Disease ............................... 923 David E. Winchester and Carl J. Pepine John E. Hall, Joey P. Granger, Daniel W. Jones, and Michael E. Hall 36. Definitions of Acute Coronary Syndromes ....... 946 25. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension ....... 751 Usman Baber, David Holmes, Jonathan Halperin, and Valentin Fuster Lawrence R. Krakoff 37. Pathology of Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death ........................... 954 SECTION 5 Maria E. Romero, Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Elena Ladich, Valentin Fuster, Borja Ibanez, Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease and Renu Virmani 26. The Metabolic Syndrome ..................... 767 38. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury ..... 977 Michael A. Via and Jeffrey I. Mechanick Borja Ibanez, Gerd Heusch, David García-Dorado, 27. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease ............ 776 Valentin Fuster, and Derek Yellon W. Timothy Garvey and Jeffrey I. Mechanick 39. Evaluation and Management 28. Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease ........... 789 of Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction ........................ 995 Michael E. Farkouh, Elliot J. Rayfield, and Valentin Fuster David J. Moliterno and James L. Januzzi, Jr. 29. Hyperlipidemia ............................. 817 40. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction ... 1017 Robert S. Rosenson and Scott M. Grundy Manesh R. Patel, Mandeep Singh, Bernard J. Gersh, and William O’Neill SECTION 6 41. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes ................ 1055 Cigarette Smoking and Cardiovascular Diseases Dominick J. Angiolillo, Gregory R. Giugliano, Daniel I. 30. Epidemiology of Smoking and Pathophysiology Simon, and Roxana Mehran of Cardiovascular Damage .................... 849 42. Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Sunil K. Agarwal, Petra Maslov, Jagat Narula, and in Acute Myocardial Infarction Valentin Fuster and Acute Coronary Syndromes .............. 1109 31. Preventing and Mitigating Smoking-Related William O’Neill, Cindy Grines, and George Dangas Heart Disease ............................... 860 Sara Kalkhoran and Stanton Glantz 43. The Evaluation and Management of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease .............. 1132 Bradley A. Maron, Bernard J. Gersh, SECTION 7 and Patrick T. O’Gara 44. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease and Percutaneous Interventions in Stable 32. Atherothrombosis: Disease Burden, Activity, Ischemic Heart Disease ...................... 1160 and Vulnerability ............................ 871 Michael E. Farkouh, Samin K. Sharma, Erling Falk and Valentin Fuster Matthew I. Tomey, John Puskas, and Valentin Fuster 33. Coronary Thrombosis: Local and Systemic Factors ......................... 880 45. Rehabilitation of the Patient with Coronary Heart Disease .............................. 1173 Juan Jose Badimon, Borja Ibanez, Valentin Fuster, and Lina Badimon Mary Ann McLaughlin 00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 6 07/04/17 2:54 pm Contents vii 58. Dilated Cardiomyopathy ..................... 1408 SECTION 8 Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli, G. William Dec, and Jagat Narula Valvular Heart Disease 59. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathies .............. 1443 46. Acute Rheumatic Fever ...................... 1187 Luís R. Lopes and Perry M. Elliott Liesl Zühlke, Jagat Narula, and Jonathan R. Carapetis 60. Left Ventricular Noncompaction .............. 1465 47. Aortic Valve Disease ........................ 1196 Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli, Blase A. Carabello and Rebecca T. Hahn Nupoor Narula, and Maurizia Grasso 48. Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease ............ 1215 61. Restrictive Heart Diseases .................... 1482 Javier G. Castillo, David H. Adams, Blasé A. Carabello, Eloisa Arbustini, Alessandra Serio, Valentina Favalli, and Partho P. Sengupta G. William Dec, Giovanni Palladini, and Jagat Narula 49. Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation ................ 1238 62. Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy ............ 1509 John D. Groarke, Blasé A. Carabello, and Patrick T. O’Gara Srinivas R. Dukkipati, Peter J. Mohler, Lorenzo Paolo Giuliani, 50. Mitral Stenosis ............................. 1248 Valentina Favalli, Jagat Narula, and Eloisa Arbustini Vinay K. Bahl, Ravi S. Math, and Blasé A. Carabello 63. Myocarditis ................................ 1528 51. Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease ........ 1260 Eloisa Arbustini, Manuela Agozzino, Valentina Favalli, and Jagat Narula Joanna Y. Chikwe and Javier G. Castillo 52. Prosthetic Heart Valves ...................... 1277 64. The Athlete and the Cardiovascular System .................................... 1561 Joanna Chikwe and Javier G. Castillo N. A. Mark Estes III, Mark S. Link, 53. Antithrombotic Therapy for Valvular and Barry J. Maron Heart Disease .............................. 1300 65. Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Vinay K. Bahl and Ravi S. Math Pathophysiology and Clinical 54. Management of Mixed Valvular Implications ............................... 1571 Heart Disease .............................. 1310 Joshua M. Stolker, Dae H. Kim, and Michael W. Rich Blasé A. Carabello 66. Pericardial Diseases ......................... 1594 William R. Miranda, Massimo Imazio, Kevin L. Greason, Volume Two John M. Stulak, and Jae K. Oh 67. Infective Endocarditis ....................... 1621 Joseph S. Alpert and Stephen A. Klotz SECTION 9 Congenital Heart Disease SECTION 11 55. Mendelian Basis of Congenital and Other Heart Failure Cardiovascular Diseases ..................... 1319 Ali J. Marian, Ramon Brugada, and Robert Roberts 68. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure .............. 1651 56. Congenital Heart Disease in Adolescents Hanna K. Gaggin and G. William Dec and Adults ..................................... 1363 69. The Epidemiology of Heart Failure ............ 1674 Jeannette P. Lin, Jamil A. Aboulhosn, and John S. Child Deepak K. Gupta, Charlotte Andersson, Ramachandran S. Vasan, and Thomas J. Wang 70. The Diagnosis and Management of SECTION 10 Chronic Heart Failure ....................... 1690 Tariq Ahmad, Javed Butler, and Barry Borlaug Myocardial, Pericardial, and Endocardial Diseases 71. Evaluation and Management of Acute 57. Classification of Cardiomyopathies ............ 1397 Heart Failure ............................... 1726 Jagat Narula, Barry J. Maron, Navneet Narula, Michelle Weisfelner Bloom, Robert T. Cole, and Eloisa Arbustini and Javed Butler 00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 7 07/04/17 2:54 pm viii Contents 72. Cardiac Transplantation ..................... 1746 85. Ventricular Arrhythmias ..................... 1983 Michelle M. Kittleson, Jignesh K. Patel, Jason S. Bradfield, Noel G. Boyle, and Kalyanam Shivkumar and Jon A. Kobashigawa 86. Bradyarrhythmias .......................... 2006 73. Mechanically Assisted Circulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1768 Pugazhendhi Vijayaraman and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen Joseph G. Rogers, Chetan B. Patel, 87. Antiarrhythmic Drugs ....................... 2029 and Carmelo A. Milano Joshua M. Arkin, Colleen Hanley, Gan-Xin Yan, and Peter R. Kowey SECTION 12 88. Catheter-Ablative Techniques ................ 2047 Amit Noheria, Abhishek J. Deshmukh, Cardiopulmonary Disease Christopher McLeod, and Samuel J. Asirvatham 74. Pulmonary Hypertension .................... 1785 89. Pacemakers and Defibrillators ................ 2066 Lewis J. Rubin Gaurav A. Upadhyay and Jagmeet P. Singh 75. Pulmonary Embolism ....................... 1809 90. Diagnosis and Management of Syncope ........ 2098 Blair P. Grubb Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Victor Tapson, Valentin Fuster, and Borja Ibanez 91. Sudden Cardiac Death ....................... 2113 76. Cor Pulmonale: The Heart in Parenchymal Jonathan W. Waks and Mark E. Josephson Lung Disease ............................... 1835 92. Cardiopulmonary and Cardiocerebral Ori Ben-Yehuda Resuscitation .............................. 2144 77. Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Cardiac Eyal Herzog, Lee Herzog, and Emad Aziz Disease .................................... 1841 Martin R. Cowie SECTION 14 SECTION 13 Diseases of the Great Vessels and Peripheral Vessels Rhythm and Conduction Disorders 93. Diseases of the Aorta ........................ 2157 78. Electrophysiologic Anatomy ................. 1865 John A. Elefteriades, Jeffrey W. Olin, Jonathan L. Halperin, and Bulat A. Ziganshin Jonathan P. Piccini, Siew Yen Ho, and Anton E. Becker 79. Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias 94. Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurologic Manifestations of Heart Disease ............... 2195 and Conduction Disturbances ................ 1881 Megan C. Leary, Jeffrey S. Veluz, and Louis R. Caplan Peng-Sheng Chen and Charles Antzelevitch 80. Genetics of Channelopathies and Clinical 95. Carotid Artery Stenting ...................... 2222 Implications ............................... 1910 Sriram Iyer, Gary Roubin, and Jeffrey W. Olin Silvia G. Priori and Carlo Napolitano 96. Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the 81. Approach to the Patient with Peripheral Arteries .......................... 2248 Cardiac Arrhythmias ........................ 1923 Kevin P. Cohoon, Paul W. Wennberg, and Thom W. Rooke Sanjiv M. Narayan and David E. Krummen 97. Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the 82. Invasive Diagnostic Electrophysiology ......... 1938 Peripheral Venous System .................... 2261 Daniella Kadian-Dodov and Jeffrey W. Olin Dinesh Sharma and Srinivas R. Dukkipati 83. Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter, and Atrial Tachycardia ....................... 1950 SECTION 15 Eric N. Prystowsky, Jonathan Halperin, and Peter Kowey Miscellaneous Conditions and Cardiovascular Disease 84. Supraventricular Tachycardia: Atrial Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry, 98. Perioperative Evaluation for and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome ........ 1967 Noncardiac Surgery ......................... 2275 Hugh Calkins Daniel Alyesh and Kim Eagle 00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 8 07/04/17 2:54 pm Contents ix 99. Anesthesia and the Patient with SECTION 16 Cardiovascular Disease ...................... 2284 David L. Reich, Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, and Joel A. Kaplan Populations and Social Determinants of 100. Rheumatologic Diseases and the Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular System ...................... 2293 Parisa Azizad-Pinto and Victor F. Tapson 107. Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease .................................... 2401 101. The Diagnosis and Management of Holly G. Atkinson Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients with Cancer ................................ 2308 108. Women and Ischemic Heart Disease: Gagan Sahni, Tiziano Scarabelli, and Edward T. H. Yeh An Evolving Saga ........................... 2414 102. HIV/AIDS and the Cardiovascular Leslee J. Shaw, Pamela Charney, and Nanette K. Wenger System .................................... 2328 109. Race, Ethnicity, and Cardiovascular Disease .... 2434 William Lewis and Peter F. Currie George A. Mensah and Patrice Desvigne-Nickens 103. Heart Disease in Pregnancy .................. 2345 110. Environment and Heart Disease .............. 2449 Dan G. Halpern, Amy Sarma, Katherine E. Economy, Philip J. Landrigan and Kimberly Morland and Anne Marie Valente 111. Behavioral Cardiology: Epidemiology, 104. Traumatic Heart Disease ..................... 2364 Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management .... 2459 T. Bruce Ferguson, Jr. Alan Rozanski 105. The Kidney in Heart Disease ................. 2369 112. Economics and Cost-Effectiveness Bjorn Redfors, Rushad Dordi, and Ori Ben-Yehuda in Cardiology .............................. 2472 106. Exercise in Health and Cardiovascular Daniel B. Mark Disease .................................... 2388 Gerald F. Fletcher, Thomas R. Flipse, and Robert E. Safford Index ........................................ I1–I78 00_Fuster_FM_V1_pi-xl.indd 9 07/04/17 2:54 pm
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