HURRICANES OVER MALTA JUNE 1940 - APRIL 1942 BRIAN CULL AND FREDERICK GALEA GRUB STREET . LONDON CONTENTS Published by Grub Street The Basement ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4 toChivalry Road London SWII IHT FOREWORD 5 Copyright©2001 Grub Street, London PREAMBLE 6 Text copyright©2001 Brian Cull CHAPTER I HurricanesArrive - But First the Gladiators 8 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cull,Brian CHAPTER II More HurricanesArrive: 261 Squadron is Formed 21 HurricanesoverMalta,June 1940- April 1942- Rev.ed. CHAPTER III TheTragedy ofOperation 'White' 37 I. Hurricane (Fighterplanes) 2.World War, 1939-1945- Campaigns- Malta 3.WorldWar, 1939-1945- Aerialoperations,British CHAPTER IV The GermansArrive in Sicily 46 I.Title II. Galea, Frederick crr. Malta 940.5'421585 CHAPTERV MesserschmittsSupreme 74 ISDN I90230491 8 CHAPTER VI The Hurricanes Regain theAdvantage 106 All rights reserved. No panofthispublication may be reproduced, CHAPTER VII HurricaneSummer 131 stored in aretrieval system, ortransmitted in any formorby any CHAPTERVIII The Return ofthe Luftwaffe 153 means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying,recording, orotherwise, withom thepriorpermissionofthecopyrightowner. CHAPTER IX Against theOdds 182 Typesetby Pearl Graphics, HemelHempstead CHAPTER X Spitfires Join Battle 216 Primedandbound inGreat Britain by CHAPTER XI HurricaneSwanSong 244 BiddIes Ltd,Guildfordand King'sLynn CHAPTER XII Not Quite the End: Second-LineDuties 275 BRIANCULL is the author ofthe following Grub Street titles: APPENDIX I Roll ofHonour 1940-42 280 AIR WAR FOR YUGOSLAVIA, GREECEalld CRETE 1940-41 with APPENDIX II Combat Claims & Credits 281 • ChristopherShoresand Nicola Malizia APPENDIX III Hurricanes for Malta 290 MALTA: THE HURRICANEYEARS 1940-41 with ChristopherShoresand Nicola Malizia APPENDIXIV 418 Right 297 MALTA: THESPITFIREYEAR 1942with ChristopherShoresand icola Malizia APPENDlXV TheTakoradi Route 299 BLOODYSHAMBLESVolullle I with ChrislopherShoresandYasuho Izawa BLOODYSHAMBLESVolullle 2with ChristopherShoresandYasuho Izawa APPENDIXVI The Reconstruction ofHurricane IJA Z3055 301 SPITFIRES OVER ISRAEL with ShlomoAloni and David Nicolle 1WELVEDAYSINMAYwith Bruce Lander and Heinrich Weiss WINGS OVER SUEZwith David Nicolle and ShlomoAlom CHAPTER FOOTNOTES 302 249ATWAR THE DESERTHAWKS with Leo Nomis BIBLIOGRAPHY 310 HURRICANES OVERTOBRUK with Don Minterne SPITFIRES OVERSICILYwith icola Malizia and FrederickGalea MAP 311 WITH THEYANKS IN KOREA Volullle I wilh Dennis ewton INDEX OFPERSONNEL 312 4 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FOREWORD In 1987, Grub Street published Malra: The Hurricaue Years /940-/94/ compiled by FItLtJames PickeringAFC418 Flight/261 Squadron 1940-41 Christopher Shores and myself, with contributions from Nicola Malizia. Since that publication, much 'new' infonnation has come to light. including diaries ofa number of Probably more has been written about the siege orMalta in 1940-1942 than any campaigo Hunicanepilots. Itwasthereforedecided thatarevisedand updated accountofthegallant otherthan the BattleofBritain. Much thathas been written had torely moreon imagination Hurricanepilots who helped defend Maltaduring thosedark years was warranted~hence thanwrittenevidence,andverymanyoftheprotagonistsoftheairwardiedinactionin Malta, Hurricanes over Malta - the third volume in Grub Street's mini series. Sadly, many of or elsewhere later. History can be defined as acontinuous methodical record ofevents. By those whocontributed LOMalta: The Hurricane Years are no longer with liS. but a number itself, therecorddoesnotcreate thespiritofanearlierage.Wemisinterpretthepastbytrying oftheiroriginal accounts are used within. to understand itthroughcontemporaryeyes. Myths arecreatedand perpetuated by historians Jim Pickering, a former member of 418 Flight and 261 Squadron, is the main repeatingeachother.Ithinknow,60yearsafterthesiegeofMaltabegan,willbethelasttime contributing Malla veteran to this volume. His many, mainly amusing, anecdotes enhance it ispossibletocompileadefinitiveversionoftheairairin whichtherecollectionsofthefew the early chapters, for which we thank him wholeheartedly. Jim has also kindly provided who still survivecould bejoined to theofficial recordofevents. In my opinion, BrianCull's the Foreword and many ofthe photographs, the majority ofwhich emanated from the late writingsonMalta- whichbegan many yearsago- arebasedon facts, and Brianisbestfitted HarryAyre, also a veteran 01'418 Flight and 261 Squadron. to provide a version ofevents that will survive the test oftime. He pays tribute to the young Ourdearfriend LorraineBalmforth, widow ofCrp CaptTommy BalmforthDSO DFC, men ofboth sides who fought in Malta's skies, manyofwhom paidin full. has been most generous and interested. and has provided copies of her late husband's Iwas one ofasmall draft ofRAFYR Sergeant Pilots who had earned RAFwings before logbook and photographs. For making a copy ofBob Matthews' diary available to us we the war through weekend and evening training. On mobilisation we had been sent on thank Mrs Gill Newberry and her late husband Andrew who was in ract Bob's nephew. attachmenttotheFleetAirAnn,butpreferredtoremain in theRAP.Weremainedtogetheras Similargratitude is extended to Bob Needham, who kindly provided a copy orhis uncle aunitonseveral adventuresduringwhichtwowerekilledinflyingaccidents. Eventuallynine Ted Wood's diary. We also thank the Strickland Foundation for allowing us (or rather ofuswerepostedto418 Flight,formedtoflythefirst HurricanereinforcementtoMaltafrom Frederick)tophotocopyOliverOrmrod's5OD-pluspagejournal,acopyofwhich theyhold thedeckofHMSArgus.Afteralmostayearascolleagues,wewerealsopersonal ftiends. We in their archives. Extracts from the journal of James MacLachlan were used with the - theNCOpilotsof418 Flight- had (orwerebeing trainedfor) respoosiblepositions in our permission ofRoland Symons; he and Iare writing a biography ofMacLachlan, basedon civilianoccupations.Wehad nocareerambitions inthe RAE We hadenlisted in the Reserve hisjournals in the possession ofhis sisterMrs ElisabethScrallon, whom we also thank. toserveina nationalemergencyand thishadarisen.Atthebeginningofthewarthestanding Ourgood friend and fellow authorTony Rogers hasbeen extremely helpful, as has his orSergeantPilotswasveryhigh.TheywereRAFtradesmenwhohadbeenselectedassuitable partner Sonja Stammwitz. Tony read and corrected the draft while Sonja translated a material for pilots. The Flying Training Schools where the VRs were trained, also trained numberofGermandocuments for us.AndyThomas, asusual,hasbeenofgreatassistance, applicants forShortServiceCommissions.Theyonly hadbicycles. We all hadcars. Someof whileJoe Caruana provided updated information on the Gladiators used atMalta. Richard them failed thecourse.This was veryrare forYRs- YRshadbeenselected.Wethereforehad Caruana kindly let us use quotes from his book VictOlY in the Air and spent time no sense ofinferiority tojuniorofficers when we were mobilised. By the time we arrived in endeavouringtoenhancea poorquality picture. Onceagain, PaulSortehaugkindlyopened Malta wehad madeanumberofmoves soitwasnecessary forourdocuments to follow after his files and supplied details on several New Zealand pilots, including the late Reg Hyde, us. In the normal course ofevents we would have been interviewed for commissions after anotherofthe418 Flight/261 Squadron veterans. We acknowledgeboth the Natiooal War completing our training, and this occurred when we were on HMS Argus off Toulon. We Museum Association and the Malla Aviation Museum Foundation for use of archive turned it down.Thedocuments for HanyAyrcand myselfdid notcatch up with us until we material and photographs.Thanks aredue toAlex, Louie and Issy Meyers-Bickel for help were in Cairo in the spring of 1942 - our promotion was meteoric: FlightSergeant for one with the computer; Chris Shores ror photographs, Chris Thomas ror his latest creation day,WarrantOfficerfortwoweeks,ActingPilotOfficerforafewdays,PilotOfficerforafew thejacketillustration -andJohn Davies ofGrub Street for his continuing support. days,FlyingOfficerforafewdays,andRightLieutenantrorafewdays.ThenanAirMinistry Last but certainly not least, my continuing thanks go to my wife Val whose practical order surfaced that promotion to Flight Lieutenant could not be made without six months assistance with research at the Public Record Office and in Maltahasbeen invaluable; her serviceas PilotOfficerand Flying Officer,soback to RyingOfficer! Wediscoveredthatour patience, encouragement, tolerance and understanding have been priceless. Her reward? original recommendation forcommissioningdated back to 1939, before we weremobilised. Another visit to Malta, where we have spent many happy hours in the company of We lost seniority from the delay, but escaped being made instructors! My nine months in FrederickandhischanningwifeValduringourfrequentvisitstotheisland. Longmay they Maltawasonlyasmallpan(aboutonepercent)ofmyaviation. Betweenmyfirst solo(1937) continue. and last flight (1998) was 61 years. I let my Pilots' Licence lapse last year (2000). Malta is therefore,asfarasIamconcerned,apartofamuchwiderexperience.HurricanesoverMalta Brian Cull, BurySt Edmunds 2001 isalinetributetothemanypilotslostinactionovertheisland,butforme,asthelastsurviving RAFYR pilot of418 Flight, it is special for the memory ofRoy O'Donnell, DennisAshton, BillTimms and Eric Kelsey- all lost indefenceofthe island. When memory fades they will still be there, apaltofMalta's history. 6 PREAMBLE 7 PREAMBLE they were laid-up in storage at Kalafrana. Gloriolls arrived at Malta on 17 January 1940 for a refit. [n late February, while the carrier was still under overhaul, eight of the Sea Gladiators (N5518, 5521, 5525-5527, THE FRIEND OF YESTERDAY, THE FOE OF TODAY 5530,5532and5533)wereagainassembledandwereair-testedat Hal Farbypilotsof802 Squadron. Her refit completed, Glorious sailed for Alexandria on 30 March, minus her fighters, butwas almostimmediately recalledforservice in the orthSea.Onreachingthe The place of Malta in the general strategy of Britain's interests detennined whether it vicinity ofMalta on II April, the eighlSea Gladiators of802Squadron were flown from would be abandoned or defended. A dilemma arose in the 1930s from Mussolini's Hal Far to the carrier, leaving the remaining ten in storage at Kalafrana. development ofItalian colonies in NorthAfrica and his annexation ofEthiopia. His claim that the Mediterranean Sea was Mare Nostrum ("Our sea"),justas the Romans had done With war clouds looming menacingly on the Mediterranean horizon, measures were manyhundredsofyears earlier, threatened Britain'saccessto Egyptand theNearEast, the now taken to provide Hal Far with a Fighter Flight by utilising a number of the Sea Suez Canal, India and the FarEast. WhilstBritain and France were allies there was some Gladiators currently stored in crates at Kalafrana. Permission was forthcoming and four security of passage, but even in the early 1930s there were doubts in Britain about the machines were assembled (N5519, 5520, 5524 and 5531) to fonn lhe Hal Far Fighter political stabilityofFrance.An air route from Britain to Portugal, and round to the south Flighton 19April, together with a numberofvolunteerpilots under thecommand ofSqn ofFrench North Africa and on to Khartoum was designed, and construction commenced, LdrA.c. 'Jock' Martin, who was the CO of RAF Luqa. Martin, who walked with a limp although there were no aircraft in production with the necessary performance. The route as a result ofa bad aircraft crash some years earlier, "was getting on in years for fighter was initially intended for the four-engined de Havilland Dragon and various flying boats workbuthe insistedon flying asmuchas anyoneelse."1 Theotherpilots were FItLt Peter using rivers and lakes. Keeble and FIg OffWilliam Woods- the latteran Irishman inevitably knowo as 'Timber' Maltawasalsosomewhatpoliticallyunstableinthemid 1930s.Therewasaninfluential - from the Hal FarStation Flight, Fig OffJohnWaters"and Fig OffPeter Hartley, both of minority whohadItaliansympathiesandanotherminoritywhowantedindependencefrom whom had been flying Swordfish f10atplanes from Kalafrana wilh 3 AACU. They were Britain. Afterthedeclaration ofwar inSeptember 1939,thefirst priority forreinforcement soon joined by Fit Lt George Burges - a former flying boat pilot who had been based at from Britain wastheBritishforces in France, whichended inDunkirk.Thesecondpriority Kalafrana but who was now ADC to the AOC, AirVice-Marshal FH.M. MaynardAFC was Norway, which was equally disastrous in its loss of men and equipment. By June and Fig Off Peter Alexander, a Canadian in the RAF who had been operating radio 1940, when Italyjoined Germany against Britain and France, its allies in lhe Great War, controlled Queen Beetargetdrones. Gibraltar and Egypt also became priorities for reinforcement, while the Royal Navy was AtlhebeginningofMay 1940,threeofthestoredfighters (N5513,5517and5535)were tasked tohold the Halian Fleet in the Mediterranean. Retention ofMalta was initiallyseen taken to Egypt in theircrates for employment on board Eagle. There now remained three to be more of a liability than an asset, but with the surrender of France, and a hostile Sea Gladiators (N5522, 5523 and 5529) in storage at Kalafrana. Meanwhile, the Fighter Germany and Italy astride the direct airroute from Britain to Egyptand the trans-African Flight at Hal Far inevitably suffered the occasional accident during its training period route still underconstruction, the air link between Britain and the East had beensevered, including a wayward landing involving Sqn Ldr Jock Martin, who hit a large wooden so Malta hadbecome theonlypossibleplace torefuel aircraft between Britainand Egypt. packingcaseonthesideoftherunway,flippingtheGladiator(N5524)ontoitsside;Martin TosecureMalta, it was necessary tobuild upitsdefences includingfighteraircraft. Butno was unhurt. The assembled fighters weresubsequently fitted witharmourplatebehind the fighter had sufficient range to fly from any British base to Malta. The decision to defend pilot's seat and with variable pitch, three-bladed propellers. At the same time the arrester the island was aradical change ofpolicy, requiring immediateactions. It was notasimple hook and its fitting were removed, since it was not required, and to compensate for the redeployment ofexisting resources. increase in theaircraft's overall weightby thefitting ofthearmourplating.Thus, itcan be In mid-April 1939,24cratedSeaGladiatorsweredespatched from Britainonboard the seen that the Fighter Hight was no last minute panic organisation, but had been in freighter Nailsea Court, on chaner1Othe SeaTransport Department.arriving at Malta on existenceandequipped for nearly two months priorto theoutbreak ofhostilities. 30 April. Six of the fighters (N5512-5517) were then transferred to Alexandria for Across the Sicilian Channel, some 60 miles to the north, was ranged the might oftlle deploymentin theMiddle East, whilst theother 18(N5518-5535) weretobeassembled at RegiaAeronautica's 2'SquadraAerea with almost 140SM79bis tri-motor bombers based Malta for use by 802 Squadron on board HMS Glorions; at this time the aircraft carrier at Comiso, Catania, Gela, Sciacca and Castelvetrano, plus over40 CR42 biplane fighters was based atAlexandria as part ofthe Mediterranean Fleet. The 18 Sea Gladiators were and 26 ofthe newly introduced MC200monoplane fighters dispersedatTrapani, Palermo immediately assembled at Hal Far. On 14 May, Glorions brought three Sea Gladiators and Catania. In addition, there were about 50 Z501 and ZS06B seaplanes for marilime (N5512, 5513 and 5517) from Alexandria and these were also assembled at Hal Far. 802 reconnaissance and air-sea rescue duties based at Augusta, Syracuse, Melenas and Squadron participated in an anti-invasion exercise on 19 May, during which N5534 Marsala. With such a large force available, the Italians felt more than confident thal an crashed into the sea near Filtla. The remaining 20 Sea Gladiators were flown aboard aerial assault against Malta would pose little threat. They were abundantly aware of Glorious on 6 lune, but one of them (N5512) was transferred to HMS Eagle during Malta's unprepardness and lack offighter defence. As recently as the evening of9 June, August. Glorious set sail for the Indian Ocean on 9 October, to search for the German theregularSicilyto MaltaairserviceAlaLilloriaseaplanehadtaken offfrom Marsaxlokk battleship GrofSpee, leaving her fighter complement behind atAlexandria, where N5528 Bay, overflying Hal Far and undoubtedly noting the availability ofBritish aircraft on lhe crashed two days later. The 18 Sea Gladiators were disassembled, re-crated and taken to RNAS airfield. Other frequent Italian visitors had also been using the civil aerodrome at the French aval base at Hyeres, where they flew training sorties during October and Takali and theflying boat and seaplane bases at St Paul's Bay. .ovember 1939. Following the German blitzkrieg against Poland and the worsening SituatIOn 10 Northern Europe generally, the Sea Gladiators were again disassembled, re cratedand takentoMaltaonboardthefreighterMaritima. arrivingon23 December,there, 8 HURRICANES ARRIVE- BUT FIRSTTHE GLADIATORS ... 9 CHAPTER I escape the bombing. they could certainly cheer the sight of the three Gladiators challenging the mightofMussolini's RegiaAeronautica. Fit Lt Burges latercommented: HURRICANES ARRIVE "Thereisnodoubt that theGladiatorsdid not wreak deathand destructiontomanyofthe enemy. but equally they had a very profound effect on the morale ofeverybody on the BUT FIRST THE GLADIATORS island. and most likely Slopped the Italiansjust using the island as a practice bombing range wheneverthey felt likeit" June-July 1940 With the day's fighting over, pilots and staffhad time to renect. Sqn LdrA.E. Louks, the Command Engineer Officer, was called to see the AOC to discuss the Gladiators' lack of Shortly before 0700 on the morning of II June 1940, the operator ofMalta's lone mobile performance, and laterwrote: radarunit- 242AMES sited in isolation on Dingli Cliffs- picked up blipsofunidentilied aircraft approaching the island from the north. Meanwhile at Hal Far. three Gladiators "The Gladiator story began with their inability to intercept the Italian bombers, which (N5519, N5520 and N5531) ofthe FighterFlightslOod by in anticipation oftheexpected cameandwentunescorlcd.soIsuggestedtotheAOCthatIshouldmodifythemtoimprove anival from Sicily ofbombers of the Regia Aeronautica. Nearby, relaxing in deckchairs matters.Wehadavarietyofcrashed Blenheims- from beingastagingpost totheMiddle but ready to spring into action, were Sqn Ldr Martin, Fit Lt Burges and FIg OffWoods. East - and he gave me a free hand. The Blenheims had two-pitch propellers and I Within minutes of the blips being observed on the radar screen, a horn blared from Hal calculatedarevisedpitchanglesetting wouldsufficeto 12,000-14.000feet forclimb. and Far's control Lower signalling the three pilots to scramble. Engines roared into life usingablendof87 and 100octane(the lallerin veryshort supply)raisedthe boostby2 simultaneously, and within minutes the Gladiators were racing down the runway_ As the Ib/inch. Ilater tested the first one- NS529- to 10,000feet in under five minutes. Ialso pilots gunned theirengines in ordertogain allitude. bombswerealready falling onValeua took atemplate to thedockyard for an armourplating shield behind thepilot, which they and on Hal Faritself. made from their lightestgauge materiaL" There was no shortage of targets. The lirst wave of bombers comprised 30 SM79bis of Such modifications would take time and the Fighter Flight pilots were initially instructed 34'Stormo BT from Catania, their crews briefed to bomb Hal Far. These were followed 15 to use emergency boost in order to catch the bombers, but in order to produce the extra minutes laterby 15moreSM79bisfrom II'StomlO BTfTom Comiso,withorderstobombthe speed it was still necessary to make adjustments to the engines and controls. All were Dockyard. A few minutes later ten more from 410Stonno BT took off from Gela to attack aware that running the engines at maximum boost for long periods would eventually ruin Kalafrana seaplane base - making a total of 55 bombers escorted by 18 MC200s from them, but the need was urgent and inunediate. 6'Gruppo CT. Rt Lt Burges (N5531). who had the faster of the three Gladiators, saw nine Thebombingon this first dayhad not caused agreat deal ofdamage to militaryproperty, bombers turning in a wide circle south ofthe island in prepartion for their return to Sicily. althoughsixsoldiersoftheRoyal MaltaArtillerywerekilledatFortStElmo,andsix Maltese Cutting across the eirele. he and Sqn Ldr Martin gave chase. Burges fired most of his navalpersonnelwerekilledwhentwolaunchesweresunkatXghajra. Manycivilianbuildings ammunition at one bomber, an aircraft of52'Gruppo BT piloted by Cap Rosario Di Blasi, around theDockyard werehitand ILeivilians werekilled and 130injured, thefin;( fatalities hittingitinthefuselagebutwithoutobviousresult.Returningcrewsrepol1edthattheGladiators - MrsNina Farrugiaand hertwoyoungsons,JoeagedfOUfandNinuaged five- occurringal fired from long range. Soended Malta's first airraidl.As soon as he landed, Burges was sent Pietaat0650. Butthe mostsevere raid ofthis first day was the last one, at sunset, when the forby theAGe, who was keen to learn theoutcomeofthecombat; Burges reported: localitiesofGzira,ZabbarandCospicuasufferedheavily.Thebombingpromptedtheeivilian population livingneartheDoekyardtoseeksafety elsewhere: "As soon as I opened up, the Italians poured on the conI and the Gladiatorjust couldn't catchup withthem. Ithinkouronlychunce is10scrambleandclimbas fast as wecan and "The road leading from Cospicua 10 Zabbar Gate prescnted a pitiful sight. Women with hope that we are four or five thousand feel above them when they alTive overthe island. bundleson theirheadsorwithbundleshangingfrom theirarms,carryingbabies,withoneor It·snogoodtryingtooverhaulthem.Weshalljusthavetogetintotheairquickerandclimb twochildrenholdingtotheirskirts,withaboyoragirlpushingapramloadedwiththemost faster- somehow."2 essentialbelongings.crowdedtheroad. walkingwithoutdestinationinvicw,but leavingtheir belovedhomes, abandoningthecity, goinganywhereas farawayaspossiblefrom thetargct The AGC agreed that more speed was required and promised he would have a word with area. Buses, touring cars, cabs and other horse-drawn vehicles carrying the more fortunate theCommandEngineerOfficer. Meanwhile, small-scaleincursions by the Italian bombers families who either owned a vehicle or could afford to hire one, moved in this crowd of continued throughout the day. These were mainly unchallenged, although Fig OffWaters wHlkingandlessfOltunatehumanityalsoproceedingin thedirectionofZabbar."3 (N5520) intercepted a lone reconnaissance SM79bis ofthe II'Stormo BT shortly before midday, which he believed he had shot down. In fact it was merely driven away, making People nedtooutlying areasofthesmall island, toDingli,Siggiewi, Lija, Birkirkara, Attard, for Sicily without being able to complete its mission. Waters was airborne four times Balzan, Zebbug, in faet anywhere away from the bombing. It was estimated that about duringtheday.Theeighthand final raidcamein at 1925thatevening, theGladiatorsbeing 100,000peoplelefttheirhomesin thelirst few days. Theauthorities did whattheycould, but scrambled to intercept. Fig OffWoods (N5519) was again involved. and on this occasion until some fonn of ctiscipl.ine was imposed there was chaos everywhere. Churches were dogfoughtaMC200, whichhesimilarlybelievedhehadshotdownbut.infact, theMacchi opened to house the refugees, as were schools, clubs and othersuitable buildings. hadnot even been seriously damaged. Evasive action, andtheblackexhaustsmoke from a Following the onslaught of the first day of hostilities, cloudy weather on 12 June hastily-opened throttle. had apparently misled him into thinking he had inflicted damage brought a respite. Next day individual bomberand reconnaissance SM79bis returned, the to the Macchi's engine. However, the mere fact that RAF fighters could beseen opposing former causing only minimal damage. OneSM79of60""Squadriglia was engaged by two the Italian raiders proved to be a wonderful morale-boosting experience for an Gladiators, but escaped. This would appear to have been the aircraft attacked by Fig Off understandably fearful Maltese civil population. Although they could not strike back. nor Waters in N5520, who again believed that he had shot down his quarry. Fit Lt Burges 10 HURRICANES OVER MALTA HURRfCANES ARRIVIJ- BUT FIRSTTHE GLADIATORS ... II (N5520) twice attacked SM79bis during the day, albeit without success. Of these early following wind.Ifin doubt, all Hurricanes shouldwait arrival offi~terfr?m Ha,:kers who operations, Burges recalled: is leaving UK by air today, with twelve new auxiliary pumps, WlllC~l Will prOVide for all eventualities. The second escorting Hudson and remaining two Hurncanes areto proceed "As weweresixpilots,threeofus took thefirst and third watches, and theotherthreedid as soon as serviceableon first following wind. The fitter from Hawkers on returnjourney thesecond watch andthefounh. Theday was splitintofour watches;dawnto0800, 0800 will land Marignane and make serviceable the auxiliary pump on the Hurricane which is tonoon,noonto1600, 1600to2000.Afterthefirstdaywerealisedthat,ifinsteadofsiuing now awaiting repairatthisplace." in adeckchairuntil the bell went, we sat in theaircraft, all strapped upand readyto go, it meantagain of2,000feet; thatis what wedid thefollowing day. Besides being very hot, Events were nowmoving fast as signals were transmilted toand from theAirMinistry. On itgotextremelyuncomfortablesittingforlongperiodsinthecockpit,andwestartedtoget 12June, GovernorSir William Dobbieinformed theWar Office: piles!TheStationMedical Officerwasagainstthispracticeandrecommendedthatwehad "Raids here yesterday rII June] show importance oftighteraircraft. The four Gladiators two dayson dutyand aday off." here,thoughsuccessfulinbringingoneplanedown,aretooslow.Therearefive Hurricanes Ataboutmidday on 13June,onlookers wereexcited to seethreeHurricanes, accompanied inTunisenroutetoEgypt.AOehasaskedAirMinistry toletthembedirectedhere. Wish byaHudson, touchdownatLuqa.Thesewerethefirst modern fighters tobeseen atMalta. strongly to support this request. Believe afew effective fightcrs would have far reaching Reinforcements atlast, butthe euphoriawas shortlived, however, when itwas learnedthat deterrent effectand produce very encouragingresults." the Hurricanes, which had flown in from EI Aouina via Medjiz-el-Bab on the Tunisian ItseemsthatWarOfficeagreement was forthcoming, for RAFMiddleEastsignalledAHQ coast, were only staging through Malta and were destined for Egypt. Despite Malta's Malta: urgentneedformodern fighters, Egypt'splightwasdeemedtobeevengreater.Afterlunch and abriefrest, the three pilots- SqnLdr C. Ryley, FitLtT.M. Lockyerand PItOffD.T. .. I agree to proposal that five Hurricanes now at Tunis en route to Egypt be allotted Saville took offfor the last leg oftheirjourney to Mersa Matruh on the Egyptian coast, a Maltaforthelimebeing. PresumeyouwillarrangewithAdmiraltyfor movementofstores distance ofabout 100miles. understoodtobe now atGibraltar." The Hurricanes were part ofa group ofsix which - notwithstanding the dire need for However, theconfusioncontinued when the first three Hurricanes to arrive atMalta on 13 modern fighters to defend theUniled Kingdom following thedisastrous losses in France Junedid notremain on the island but continued on to Egyptas originally intended, where hadbeen authorisedby theAirMinistry as reinforcementfor the RAFinEgypt, wherethe they were handed over to 80SquadronatAmiriya. . only fighters available were Gladiators and Gauntlets. The Hurricanes were drawn from In the meantime, the Italians continued to carry out daily small-scale bombmg and slocks held at 10MaintenanceUnitbased atRAFHullavington.An appropriatenumberof reconniassance sorties over Malla, while the Gladiators attempted interccptions whenever ferry pilots were assembled, including a relief pilot who was to travel aboard one oftwo possible, the Fighter Flight having taken delivery of two more Gladiators, N5522 and Hudsons of233 Squadron assigned to accompany the Hurricanes on theirepicjourneyto 5529. However, the first loss sustained by theItalians was due to the weather. Atdawn on the Middle East. The other four Hurricane pilots were Sqn Ldr C.w.IV!. Ling, FIg OffF.F. 14June, five SM79bisfrom 214ASquadligliawhichhadsetouttobomb theDockyardand Taylor, andPitOffH.A.R.Prowse. PitOffT.Balmforth,asthereserve,alternatedwithSqn Grand Harbour ran into bad weather. One of two returning to base prematurely crashed LdrLinginflying oneoftheHurricanesduring thelongjourney,hislogbook showiugthat nearCataniawhileattemptingtolandandblewupwiththelossofthecrew.TheGladiators he flew P2641on 8,10 and 12June. The two Hudsons and six Hurricanes had setout for were up again next day (15 June) when ten SM79bis of l1°Storl11o WIth nme escortlllg theirdestinationonthe morningof8June, callingatTangmeretorefuel beforeheadingfor MC200s appeared, but were unable to intercept until the bombing was over. One of the Rennes in southern France, then Toulouse and Marseilles/Marignanefor afinal refuelling bombers was claimed possibly damaged by Fig Off Hartley who recalled, "... several stop before crossing the Mediterranean and making for El Aouina/Tunis airfield. While timesIshotpiecesoffenemybombers..."OneSM79bisdidin factreturntob.aseshowmg landingatMarignane, PItOffProwse'saircraft(P2644)ran intoafilled-in bombcraterand signs of battle damage although its crew attributed this to AA fire, addmg that the its port oleo snapped off, causing the Hurricane to swing to starboard before tipping onto Gladiatorassaultwas ineffective. Nextday however, an SM79bisfrom 41°Stormo BTwas its nose. Pilotand aircrafthad to be left behind. damaged by fighter attack, possibly another ofHartley's victims. On returning from one The five remaining Hurricanes and two Hudsons finally reached El Aouina airfield on suchinterceptionsortie,Sqn LdrMartinwasheardtoexclaim: "Lord, whatapa~ty,Idam~ 10June, but more problems were encountered. Sqn Ldr Ryley signalled theAirMinistry nearly bought it this time. The boost's gone, can't get near them. A bloody bIg MacchI withthencwsthatduetodefectiveauxiliaryfuel pumpstwoHurricaneswere unabletofly came up and wiped my tail for me ..."4 non-stopfrom Tunisto MersaMatruh, as intended. Herequestedpermissionfrom boththe Landing from another sortie on 17 June with aslightly damaged aircraft (N5519), FIg Air Ministry and Malta AHQ to take the two aircraft to Malla, where he assumed the OffWaters related that as he came in astern of a formation offive SM79s above Grand problems could be rectified, but the request was refused by MaltaAHQ: Harbour, one ofthe bombers detached itself from the rest ofthe formation and started to "In view lofJ today's raids on Hal Far and the absence ofMerlin or Hurricane spares at straggle some way behind the others. Taking advantage ofthe situation, Waters attack~d. Malta, also yourspecific instructionsregarding alternative route in the event ofhostilities The stragglerlostheight andthen flew beneath the otherfour bombers. Walers stuckto Its withItaly,Ihaverefusedpermission[to] landMaltaandhaveadvisedeveryeffOiltoobtain tail and followed him down, whereupon the bombers above opened fire WIth thclr local repairsin Tunisia." downward-firing, movable guns. The Gladiator was fortunate to escape with only superficial damage. . . In the light ofthis, theAirMinistry signalled Sqn LdrRyley accordingly: Theisland enjoyed abriefrespiteas the Italian bombers turned thelTattentIon totargets "Ifconfidentthatauxiliary fuel pumpsofthethreeserviceableHurricanesarefunctioning in the French protectorateofTunisia. The reprieve did not last for long, however, and on satisfactorily, these Hurricanes with one escorting Hudson should proceed on first the night of 20121 June, the Italians carried out their first nocturnal raid against Malta, 12 HURRICANES OVER MALTA HURRICANESARRIVE- BUTFIRSTTHE GLADIATORS. 13 when six SM79bisof34°StormoBTand one from the Reparto Volo (Flying Detachment) The first confirmed success also came the way of the Fighter Flight on this date, when, of 3°Divisione took offsingly and at intervals. A total of42 lOOkg bombs were dropped during the afternoon, a lone SM79bis from 216ASquadrigiia flown by Ten Francesco on the island during a four-hour period; among the casualties was the floating dock - a Solimena approached the island on reconnaissance. Two Gladiators were scrambled, as 40,000-ton structure - which was sunk in Grand Harbour. Although these attacks were recalled by Fit LtBurges (N5519): little morc than nuisance raids andgenerally did negligible damage, the events of21 June "TimberWoods and1were on the 1600todusk watch when the alarm wentoff. We took were ofmore immediate concern. During the morning Sqn LdrMartin crashed one ofthe offandclimbed ashardas wecouldgo,aswasthecustom.Wedid notattempttomaintain precious Gladiators (N5522) whiletaking off,but survivedunhlllt,and inthe afternoon, as closeformationbecauseifoneaircraftcouldclimbfasterthan theotherthentheadditional Fig Offs Hartley andAlexander took offfrom Hal Far, Hartley's aircraft (N5524) struck a height gained might be an advantage. Ground Control, as usual, gave us the position and packing case and lost a wheel, causing the Gladiator to overturn on landing. Hartley, course of the enemy. The enemy turned out to be a single SM79, presumably on a though shaken was only slightly injured. Both of the aircraft involved in these accidents photographic sortie. Itcame right down the centre ofthe island from Gozo, and on this weredeemednon-repairable.TheCommandEngineeringOfficer,SqnLdrLouks,assessed occasionwewere2,000*3,000feetaboveit.Timberwentinfirst butdidnotseeanyresults. the damage and considered one good aircraft could be constructed outofthe two wrecks; Imanagedtogetrightbehinditandshotofftheportengine.1wastoldthishappenedright to q~ote Louks, "... so it was out with the hacksaws (metaphorically speaking) and a overSliemaandValetta and caused quite astir in the population. The aircraft caught fire hybnd was born out oftwo corpses." FItLtBurgescommented: andcrashedintheseaoffKalafrana." "An enormous amount ofimprovisation had to go into keeping aircraft operational and a The pilot and the observer (Sottoten Alfredo Balsamo) of the Savoia (MM22068) were 'new' fuselage would have 'sccond-hand' wings orengine. As the 'ruddernumbcr' [serial rescued from the seaoffStThomas Bay tobecomeprisoners, but theothercrew members number] was on thefuselage thiswouldseem tobeyetanothernew aircraft." were lost. Some distance away, the crew of a patrolliog Z506B floatplane intercepted a The growing frustration ofthe Gladiator pilots was alleviated somewhat by the arrival, at distress call from the stricken bomber, and subsequently but inaccurately reported that it last, ofreinforcements in the form of the two Hurricanes from EI Aouina. P2645 piloted had been shot down by theAA defences. by Fig OffEricTaylorand P2614flown by PitOffTommy Balmforth landed atLuqa with FItLt Burges was to achieve a success ofsimilar importance next day (23 June) when the second Hudson duringalullbetween airraids, presumablyfollowing remedial workon he and FIg OffWoods again scrambled after an incoming raid. This time the raiders were theirfaulty fuel pumps. Once at Malta, Taylor and Balmforthlearned they were to remain from IIOStormo accompanied by an escort ofMC200s. The two Gladiators engaged the with thetwoHurricaneson attachment to the FighterFlight, whileSqnLdrLing, who had bombers withoutobvious result. Burges (N5519) was then attacked by aMacchi flown by arrived aboard the Hudson, soon departed by Sunderland for a training post at RAF SergMaggLaI1)berto Molinelli of7lASquadriglia. Burges whirledhis Gladiatorroundaod Habbaniya in Iraq. a"realoldWorld~arIdogfight"begao overthe seaoffSliema.ThefasterMacchi hadthe Shortlyafterlunch on 22June, two moreHurricanes arrived atLuqa following thelong advantagebutovershotthenimbleGladiator, allowingBurgesto "belthimupthebackside flightfromBizerta.Afterthe aircrafthad landedandtaxied toahalt, PitOffR.WH. Carter as he went past". After four of five such passes the Macchi suddenly caught fire and emerged from P2544 and PIt Otf C.R. Glen from P2651. Both were pilots attached to 4 Molinelli baled out into the sea. Swiftly recovered from the water, the Italian pilot was Ferry Pilots Pool based at Kemble, and were mightily relieved to have reached friendly taken toM'tarfaHospital whereBurges latervisitedhim, reporting thathedid notfind his territory after a long and tortuous journey across southern France and along the North victim very frieodly' Twenty-four-year-old Molinelli latertold his interrogators: African coast. At ]700 there arrived from the same group two more Hurricanes flown by "Iam undertheimpressionthatIwashitbymorethanoncfighter. WhenIwasfirsthitone Pit OffWP. Collins(P2623) andPItOffA.G. McAdam (P264I).Anotherpairarrived with of my controls must have gone. I tried to control the aircraft but could not succeed. I the onsetofdarkness. Without radio they were unable to announce theirarrival and feared jumped out when, at the second attack, theengine was wrecked and oil burst all overme. being fired uponby thedefences. PitOffWR.C. Sugden, who was flying P2629, recalled: Flames started topour out and Itook to the parachute. Itis my first parachutejump. Our parachutes have two gadgets, one is a delayed opening gadget and the other is a hand "As per instructions we circled a rock - Filfla - just off the coast and then, very, very thankfully, we landed at Luqaafterfourdaysofthemostexciting, orfrightening, tlying I arrangement which opens the parachute immediately. At the moment ofjumpingdown I had ever had. As an anti-climax, the aerodrome at Luqa was obstructed with old motor was at about400metres. Theparachuteopened atoncethrough myusingboth gadgcts." buses, cabledrums. and the like, andafter Ilanded Thit my wingon abus. Iwas too tired Whilelandingfrom thisaction, FigOffWoodshadcollidedwith aQueen Beetargetdrone, to worry much, butitinfuriated me, nevertheless." causing damage to yet another Gladiator (N5531). The Hurricanes had indeed arrived in the nickoftime. His companioo, PIt Off R.H. Barber in P2653, landed safely despite having lost his There were now eight Hurricanes at Malta, of which two (P2629 and P2653) were tailwheel earlier. Out ofa dozen Hurricanes and a similar number ofBlenheims that left damagedandtemporarily unavailablewhileoneother(P2623)hadaholein itspetrol tank, England on 18 June, only six Hurricanes and two Blenheims had reached Malta (see although all three were repairable locally. Since Malta now had more Hurricanes than Appendix Ill). Pit OffSugden added: Egypt, instructions were issued for three to fly on to Alexandria after they had been "We were (old by the AOe that we would have to give up all hope ofgoing on to our serviced. Thus, on 24 June, P2544 (Pit OffCarter), P2651 (PIt Off Glen) and P2641 (Pit destinationashewantedthe Hurricanesand us in Malta.Iwasabomberpilotnotafighter Off Collins) accompanied by three transit Blenheims departed for Mersa Matruh. The pilot. All spare pilots had been drafted into an aircraft ferry pool in England - I was remainingthreepilots, PitOffBarber- known asJockalthough born in SonthAfrica- Pit awaitingan instructorscourse- when Ivolunteered tofly aHurricane to theMiddleEast. Offs Allan McAdam and Sugden also found themselves attached to the Fighter Flight, Ihad ferried a new Hurricane to France in about March orApril ancl. as soon as Ihad got together with their Hurricanes. NeilherBarber norSugden had any fighter training, while there, Ihad totly tighterpatrols but had noexperienceoffighting." McAdam had notdistinguished himselfduring his briefservice with a fightersquadron5. 14 HURRICANES OVER MALTA HURRJCANESARRTV2- BUT FIRSTTHE GLADIATORS ... 15 By 26JuneFrancehadcapitulated,allowingthebombersof2ASquadratobeunleashed Raids by the Regia Aeronautica were now becoming much more frequent. During the againuponMalta,25SM79bisraidingHal FarandValettaduringthemorning.Therewere afternoon of 6 July, 30 SM79bis auaeked Valeua, Hal Far and Takali, gunners at the Dockyardclajming one shotdown, which was reported to have fallen in flames north-east fivealertsduringthedayandthelastraidinvolvedfiveSM79bis,theFighterFlightmaking an interception but made no claims. The bombersjettisoned their bombs over the Marsa of Kirkop. Two Hurricanes which had been scrambled failed to make contact. Shortly area, one incendiary hitting acrowded bus at Marsa crossroad. People rushed to help but beforeduskFig OffWoods (P2653)and PitOffSugden(P2645) wereserambledjust after the bus was rapidly engulfed in flames. All told, 21 passengers were killed outright in the a plot in the vieinity of Filfla, and spotted a f10atplane about 100 feet above the sea tragedy, and seven others succumbed to their burns and injuries. In addition, two Marsa between the isletand the mainland, as Sugden recalled: "Weintercepted itnearFilfla very residents were killed nearby. Furtherraids followed, and nextday (27Jnne) two SM79sof low down. It was getting misty. We both made one quick firing pass and saw no result at 11°StormoBTwere intercepted byFlg OffWoods, whoinflicteddamageon an aircraftof aiL" As Sugden broke away the f10atplane waggled its wings. Both pilots drew baek, 33°Gruppo BT flown by Ten Remo Maeeagni. The pilot and two other members of the fearing they had misidentified their qnarry - the previons day a Freneh Latecoere 298B crew were wounded, while 10AvlMotAngeloAlvisi, apparently affected by fumes from a f10atplanehadarrivedat Malta,havingdefeeted fromViehy-eontrolledTunisia- but it was punetured fuel tank, baled out into the sea and was lost. Woods was eredited with the probably a similarly-eonfigurated, but larger Italian ZS06B f10atplane on a e1andestine destruction ofthe bomber which, in fact, managed to return to base. Pit OffBarberflew operation. A numberofenemy aircraft cameover during the hours ofdarkness. Theguns his first operationalsortie from Hal Faron the lastday ofthe month, in HurrieaneP2614, opened fire and observers excitedly reported an aircraftdown in flames over Benghaisaat but failed to make an interception. 2117, followed by two more nearMosta afew minutes later, butall proved tobe red flares At this time the Italians suffered asmall but serious setback to their activities when, apparently fired by thebombers. following two fatal erashes, the MC200 fighters were grounded throughout the Regia Fig OffWoods had bettersueeessshortly after0900the nextday (7 July), when he and Aeronautica; for a while, therefore, the bombers were forced tooperate without escort. others were scrambled to intercept two formations each offive SM79bisescorted by nine CR42s. On this oeeasion the Dockyard was targeted. Nine eivilians and two Royal Navy Jnly 1940 personnelwerekilled, and sixwerewounded.Woods(P2653)sueeeeded inshootingdown Jnly saw theentry oftheHurrieanes into the defenee ofMalta, while in Sieily there arrived oneSM79bisfrom 233ASquadriglia,flown byTenPellegrinoZagnoli.Againtherewereno replaeement fighters to eseort the bombers. From 4°Stormo CT eame three squadrighe of survivors. Pit Off Balmforth undertook two intereeption sonies during the day, flying CR42sof9°GruppoaseseortfortheSM79bison 2July. No Britishfighters were serambled, P2645 on both,oceasions, buthad no luek. Groundobserversthonghtthey sawaHurrieane buttwoofthe34°StormoBTbomberswereslightlydamagedby anti-aireraftfire. Firstblood in troubleas itIwas seen todiverapidly andthen disappearfrom sight,butitwasobviously was drawn for both ofthe new fighter types nextday (3 July), when, at 1010, twn SM79bis simply flattening out after an attack on one ofthe bombers. approaehed the island on reeonnaissanee, eovered by nine CR42s led by the Gruppo On 9July Maltahadonealert, during themorning, andtwo Hurrieanes flown by FitLt eommander, a Spanish Civil War veteran with an artificial leg, the legendary Magg Emesto Burges (P2645) and Pit OffJoek Barber(P2653) were serambled to intereept. The lauer Botto. One ofthe Hnrrieanes serambled to intereept was flown by FIg OffWaters (P2614), reealled: who attaeked the pairof259ASquadriglia bombers. Thefue from theHurrieane'seightguns 'This was my first combat. George Burges and I look offin two Hurricanes al about 10 proved devastating and Ten Mario Sguario's aircraft crashed into the sea five nules from o'clock in Ihe morning [official sources suggest the Hurricanes scrambled at precisely Kalafrana,breakingupas it fell, thecrew beingseen tobaleout. As Waters returned to land, 0802]. Beautiful, clear day and very hot. We were going up to intercept an SM79 and he was setupon by the CR42s. His aireraft wasbadly shotupand heerashed on landing and escolting CR42s. Banjo (ourController) vectored us beautifully onto the enemy, George although hewas not hurt, the Hurrieane had tobe written off. Credit for shooting him down leading, and the plan was for George to take out the bomber, which I think was on a wenttoMaggBolto, who believed his victim tohavebeen aSpitfire. Although asearch was reconnaissance mission, whilst I had to try and keep the CR42s offrum. We approached mounted for thedowned Italianairmen, none was found. PitOffTommy Balmforth hadalso the Italians from the perfect quarter-auack position, Ihe fightcrs flying in formation just serambled,inP2623, forhisflIStoperationalflight, butfailedtoeontaettheenemyduringthis behindtheSM79.GeorgewentforthebomberandIattackedtheleadingCR42fromdead orasecondsortieflown shOltly afterw"ards. astern at arangeofabout 100yardsandclosingvery rapidly. Hedidwhat appearedtobea Following this eneounter, the Italians attempted to surprise the RAF fighters on the nick-rollandwentspinningdown,andthenextminuteIfound myselfengagedindogfighting ground on 4 July. Early in the morning, two dozen CR42s took off from Comiso and withtheremainingCR42s.Thiswentdowntoabout 10,000feel; bythenIhadusedupallmy headed for Malta. As they neared the island they divided into three seetions: six tighters ammunition without much success, although I'm convinced Igot quite afew strikes on the swept in to strafe Hal Far, nine provided close coverat 1,000feet, while the rest remained leaderintheinitialcontact. (realisedprettyquicklythatdogfightingwithbiplaneswasjustnot overhead as high cover. The Italian pilots returned having claimed seven fighters and one on. They wereso manoeuvrablethat it was very difficult toget in ashot, and Ihad tokeep bomber destroyed on the ground. Actual losses were two Swordfish of 830 Squadron divingandturning10keepmyselffrombeingshotdown.Georgehadbythistimedisappeared damaged, both ofwhieh were repairable. Pit OffDiekSugden, having had time to aecess _butitturnedoutthathehadinfacishotdowntheSM79- soIstuckmynosedownand,with the situation, wrote: full throttle. wasverythankfultogetoutoftheway." "WiththelimiledmeansatMalta'sdisposal, Ithinkitwasaprettywellorganiseddefence. AlthoughBnrgesbelievedhisvietimhaderashed intothesea,thebadlydamagedSM79bis Oneofthe main weapons was radar, giving us early warningapproachofenemyaircraft. of I92ASquadriglia was in faet able to reaeh Sieily where the seeond pilot earried out an Sometimes it didn't give yOll quite enough time, though, with the Italians only 60 miles emergency landing at Comiso. The aircraft's commander and first pilot, Cap Valerio away. Bythetimetheyhadappearedon the radarand wegotouraircraft intotheair, they Scarabellotto, had been killed atthe controls and thegunner fatally wounded. On landing, were waiting above, and by the time you gOI up to their heighl they werethere walching Burges' aircraft was found to have suffered minor damage, but that evening Rome Radio andcould limetheirattacksaccordingly." reported that one ofthetwo intercepting 'Spitfires' hadbeen shotdown in flames. 16 HURRICANES OVER MALTA HURRICANESARRIVE- BUT FIRSTTHE GLADIATORS. 17 Malta again came under heavy attack next day (10 July), when at least four formations control tower. I hearthe Rtf crackle into 'Scramble- Scramble- Scramble!'A touch of totalling some 20 SM79bis appeared over the island at 0750, bombs falling on Zabbar, thebuttonandtheengineroarsintolife.Withintenseconds,GeorgeandIaretearingdown Tarxien,theDockyardandsubmarinebaseatManoel Island.Onthisoccasioncasualtieswere therunway- pressureonthestick and I'm airborne. snappinguptheundercartandtrying somewhat lighter, being listed as two military personnel slight.ly injured, one civilian killed, to tighten up my helmet and straps as we start a steep climbing turn. It hardly seems and three injured. For the Italians it was to prove a costly raid. The main formation of 15 possible that in so short a time my brain has been roused from agende doze intoathing SM79bis weredrawn from 87°and 90°Gruppi BT[Tom Sciacca.They werealmostan hour ofconcentration- concentratingon listening fortheController"sordersandconcentrating behindscheduleandsubsequentlytheirfighterescort,whichhadbeencirclingtherendezvous untryingtolookatthewholeoftheskyatonce.Theengineisbeatingawayperfectly,the pointwail'ingforthemtoappear,wasforced toreturntobaseIowanfuel, leavingthebombers aircraft is fine. TheController's voicecomesthrough with lerrific volume- 'HelloVisor. to proceed to Malta unescorted. Three Hurricanes ofthe Fighter Flight had scrambled from Banjocalling. Bandits IS-plus, ten miles north ofZambuk [codenameforSt Paul's Bay], Hal Farat 0749 and were waiting overthe target area. Fig OffEricTaylor (P2645) attacked Angels 15.'ThatmeanstherearemoreIhan 15enemyaircraftcominginfrom thenorthat and shot down Sottoten Felice Filipi's 195ASquadrigiiaaircraft (195-6), which fell in flames 15,000feet.IfonlyIcouldclimbquicker. It'sanastyfeeling knowingtheyareaboveyou. overGrand Harbour,crashingontoabeachpostnearFortLeonardo.Theoccupantsofthefort probably watching you stagger up 10 meet them. George's Gladiator had gone now. it dashed out of the post before the aircraft exploded but three soldiers of IlDorsers suffered climbs much moresteeply Ihan theHurricane. burns, two of whom later died. Meanwhile, Fig Off Woods (P2653) attacked a second At last I'm at 15.000feet and Iobey theControllerand circle roundGrand Harbour. I SM79bis flown by Sottoten Luigi lllica Magnani of I92'Squadriglia, which he claimed shouldbeabletoseethem now. theyareveryclosetome.Wherethehell are Ihey?Hello, probablydestroyed.This waslaterupgradedtoeonfirnledwhen it wasestablishedthatithad there's the flak - now, where are they - there! A mile away I see two biplanes, diving alsocrashedintotheseainflames.AthirdSM79bis,anaircraftof194'Squadriglia,wasbadly slightly,goingtowards5tPaul'sBay.inlineastern.Therearone'saCR42- isthatGeorge damagedby FigOffPeterHanley(P2623). Itcarriedoutaforced-landing atComisowithone he'schasing?Ijustremembertoscreamout 'Tally-ho!'overtheradioasIstarttooverhaul gunnermortally wounded. Ten moreofthebomberssuffered shrapnel damage from theAA theUttlebrutechasingGeorge.Gunson 'Fire',reflectorsighton,cominginfastfrom dead barrage, and several crewmen were wounded. Gunnersaboard the hard·hit bombers reported astern. Just beforeIfire Iseethey are bothCR42s, noGladialorthere.The wholeaircraft shootingdown four Hurricanesbutlosseswerein fact nil.Theaction waswitnessedbymany shakesastheeightgunsranle. Iseethenosedropand hurriedlycorrect,buttheFiats turn on theground, oneofwhom wrote: steeply,rightand lefl,thendive. Ishovethenosedown,theenginecutsandpicksupagain and Iamjustgoing to fire again when - what is this? Red sparks shooting past me, over ..al 8o'clock in the morning...theairraidalarm wasgiven ... Everyonehadample each wing, coming from the sea. I heara hiss and acrack and doasteepturn tothe left. timetoget intoshelters...butsoon thewordwentaroundallovertheisland From theless Oh, my God! There are about six little CR42s dancing up and down behind me. They discreetpeoplethatsomeveryspectacularrightsweretakingplacehigh upinthesky.This Follow me easily on the turn, much more manoeuvrable than the Hurricane. There's only wasfollowedshortlyafterbytheexcitedshouts, 'Qedin-nizzluhom'(weareshootingthem onethingtodoand IhalF-roilontomybackandgodown vertically. leavingthemstanding. down): and then, long beFore the 'Raiders Passed' signal was ,given, people ignoring the Icurse myselfbitterly for being suchafool as to (a) miss thebloke Iwas shooting at and police and Special Constables, rushed to the terraces, to the streets. and other vantage (b) to be trappedsobeautifully by his Jpts. points...All overthecountry there were cheers and excited cries, as the people saw the At4,000feet Ipull out, smack overTigne, where theotherchapsareprobably bathing enemy meet their just fate at the hands of our gallant pilots, and our English [sicJ and (they were, as it happens). Engine going OK, everything seems all right. Istart to climb Maltese anti-aircraft gunners. In one fishing village there was ademonstration, boys and again. Obviously they are up there watching me and Icannot seethem, butwhat else can girlscarrying trophies from thedestroyedplane..."6 Ido? Iclimb in asouth-westerly direction, towards the sun and suddenlycatch aglimpse Hurricanes were again scrambled on 12 July. In one raid, Ten Gino Sattagion of newly ofthreeofthemcirclingabout 5,000feet above. Iclimb steadily, watchingthem hard and arrived 70llSquadrigiia claimed to have shot down what he tentatively identified as a tryingtowatchmytailaswell.AsTdoaclimbingturnawayfrom thesun,theygentlystart Spitfire, while two pilots of 72'Squadriglia, M.llo Magli and Serg Abramo Lanzarini, to dive towards me and thcn Isee tracergoing past again - there are their blasted friends jointly claimed another. The Hurricane pilots involved have not been identified, but no again!ThistimeIreallydive,thecontrolsalmost solidbuttheenginehasbeen hit;coolant losses whatsoeverwereinflicted upon the FighterFlight. TheCR42s returned next day, 11 starls10stream past, thecockpit fills with fumes and the windscreen smears with glycol. fighters from 74' and 75'Squadriglie led by TenCol Tito Falconi of 23"Gruppo CT TheenginemerelysplutterswhenIpulloutofmydiveatabout 1,000feet.ThankHeaven! claiming two more Hurricanes shot down while on a reconnaissance mission over the There's110oneshootingat menowasIcall upBanjoandtell them Imayhavetobaleout. island. One victory was claimed by Cap Guido Bobba of 74'Squadriglia, and the other Theairspeed indicator is not workingbut Ihave tonsofspeed to maketheaerodrome. JOIntly by Cap Ottorino Fargnoli and Cap Antonio Chiodi, assisted by Serg Magg Celso Istagger on at about the same heighl and. with a terrific feeling ofrelief, Isee the Zemella and Serg Magg Renzo Bocconiof7SIlSquadriglia.Theiropponents were in fact a aerodrome gelling closer and closer - at last I see I can make it. I turn straight in, single Hurricane (P2653) flown by Pit OffDickSugdenand aGladiator(N5524) with Fit downwind along thelong runway, down undercart and flaps. and come sailing in to make Ll Burgesat the controls, the former providing an account oftheacLion: one of the best landings I've ever made. with the airspeed indicator still jammed at 280mph. The brakes are working and I leap thankfully out. The ground crews come "There were IWO of us standing by - George Burges in the Gladiator and myself in the runningoutoftheirshelter(theraid isstill on)and Icanremembershoutingawarningto Hurricane. ItwasoneofthosecloudlessMediterraneandays. thehorizonshimmeringwith them that the engine might go up in smoke. Itdidn·t. however. but continued 10 make a hemandtheedgeofthecockpitburninghot ifone'selbow touched it. Wewereabout half noiselikeasteamengine.Itfeltgoodtobeonsolidgroundagain.afterseeingalltheholes waythroughourreadinessperiod- middaytill4pm- andhadbeensittingcrampedinour in mymachine:' Slraps for IWO hours, reading and dozing. An instant and everything springs to life. The ground crews leap towards the starter batteries as the blare ofIhe horn comes from the Sugden was immediatelycalledtothetelephonein thecontrol tower.TheAOewason the