HUMBLE QUEEN OF ENGLAND: AN ANALYSIS OF ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE’S ROLE IN THE GOVERNANCE OF THE ANGEVIN EMPIRE A Thesis by MADISON QUESENBERRY Submitted to the Graduate School at Appalachian State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2017 Department of History HUMBLE QUEEN OF ENGLAND: AN ANALYSIS OF ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE’S ROLE IN THE GOVERNANCE OF THE ANGEVIN EMPIRE A Thesis by MADISON QUESENBERRY May 2017 APPROVED BY: Mary Valante, Ph.D. Chairperson, Thesis Committee Scott Jessee, Ph.D. Member, Thesis Committee Edward Behrend-Martinez, Ph.D. Member, Thesis Committee James Goff, Ph.D. Chairperson, Department of History Max C. Poole, Ph.D. Dean, Cratis D. Williams School of Graduate Studies Copyright by Madison Quesenberry 2017 All Rights Reserved Abstract HUMBLE QUEEN OF ENGLAND: AN ANALYSIS OF ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE’S ROLE IN THE GOVERNANCE OF THE ANGEVIN EMPIRE Madison Quesenberry B.A., Emory & Henry College M.A., Appalachian State University Chairperson: Mary Valante Many historians have tackled the subjects of Eleanor of Aquitaine as well as the Angevin Empire. However, few have studied her role in the governance of the Plantagenet lands. This work is an attempt to remedy this situation through the study of Eleanor’s charters and letters during her time as Queen of England. Eleanor’s charters and letters demonstrate that she was a vital figure in the governance of the Angevin Empire as her husband Henry II and her sons Richard I and John I. The charters she issued during her early marriage to Henry II Plantagenet, from her ‘Court of Love’ in Poitou and imprisonment, and after Henry II’s death during the reigns of her sons, Richard I and John I will prove the important role she played in the Angevin Empire. The actions Eleanor took as Queen and the letters both to and from her during her marriage to Henry II will also support this argument. iv Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Mary Valante for her guidance and support throughout the writing process as chairperson. Her advice was invaluable during the completion of this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Scott Jessee and Dr. Edward Behrend-Martinez for their time, suggestions, encouragement, and advice. I must also sincerely thank my family and friends. I would like to thank my parents, Johnny and Vicki Quesenberry, not only for their unfailing support but also for introducing me at a young age to the world of the Middle Ages and encouraging me to follow my dreams. I would not be where I am today without their love and support and for that, I am eternally grateful. I must also express gratitude to my boyfriend, Nick Lamb, for supporting and uplifting me during the writing process. v Dedication Dedicated to my parents, Johnny and Vicki Quesenberry, for their steadfast encouragement and support. vi Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................v Dedication .......................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Aims and Context .............................................................................................4 Methodology ..................................................................................................11 Chapter Layout ...............................................................................................12 Chapter One: The New Queen of England: Eleanor’s Role in the Angevin Government, 1152-1163 ....14 Eleanor’s Life .................................................................................................16 Involvement in Government ...........................................................................21 Eleanor’s Writs and Charters .........................................................................23 Return to France .............................................................................................31 Conclusion ......................................................................................................32 Chapter Two: Duchess of Aquitaine: Eleanor’s Role in the Angevin Government, 1168-1189 ..............34 The Court of Love ..........................................................................................35 The Great Rebellion, 1173-1174 ....................................................................40 Eleanor’s Charters ..........................................................................................45 Conclusion ......................................................................................................51 Chapter Three: Pitiable Queen of England: Eleanor’s Role in the Angevin Government, 1189-1204 ......52 Eleanor’s Life .................................................................................................53 Involvement in Government ...........................................................................58 Letters Charters ..............................................................................................62 Conclusion ......................................................................................................72 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................74 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................76 vii Vita .....................................................................................................................................79 viii INTRODUCTION On April 1, 1204, England lost one of the most powerful women in its history. Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and England, wife of Louis VII of France and Henry II of England, and mother of ten children including Richard the Lionheart and John I, passed away at the Royal Abbey of Our Lady of Fontevrault where she retired after her long and tumultuous life. She was buried there alongside her second husband, Henry II, and her son Richard I. Her tomb is topped with an effigy of the queen wearing a wimple and veil beneath her crown and reading a book that many historians believe is a Bible. This effigy is one of the only confirmed image of Eleanor of Aquitaine in existence. The wimple and veil Eleanor is wearing in the effigy was common in the Middle Ages. Medieval society believed it was unseemly for a married woman to show their hair so married women and widows donned a veil and possibly a wimple, a head covering that developed in the twelfth century worn under the veil around the head, cheeks, and chin, as a symbol of modesty. According to Désirée G. Koslin, the wimple on the sculpture of Eleanor was a true twelfth-century wimple, covering the space between the collar of the tunic and the chin.1 Although Eleanor’s contemporaries often thought of her as immodest or immoral due to her transgressions in her marriages, the sculptor presented her in a modest light, a reverence for the dead even the most “immoral” queens deserved. 1 Désirée G. Koslin, “‘He hath couerd my soule inwarde’: Veiling in Medieval Europe and the Early Church,” in The Veil: Women Writers on its History, Lore, and Politics, ed. Jennifer Heath (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 164. 1 The most fascinating detail about the effigy of Eleanor is the look of tranquility on her face. Eleanor lost her father at a young age and from that moment on her life would never be the same. She was forced to live under the roof of Louis VI to protect her and her inheritance and then to marry Louis VII. Eleanor was forced into the role of Queen of France beside a man with whom she had little in common. On her journey to the Second Crusade, gossips accused Eleanor of having an affair with her uncle. After Eleanor and Louis VII finally received permission to divorce, she married the much younger Henry II, had eight children with him, incited a riot among her sons against their father, and was subsequently held Henry II’s prisoner until his death. Eleanor was released immediately upon Henry’s death but continued to spend the rest of her life helping her sons Richard and John rule during their respective kingships. At the age of 82, Eleanor passed away at the Abbey of Fontevrault. To understand this extraordinary woman, it is important examine every aspect of her life and political career. Not much is known about Eleanor’s childhood but after the death of her brother, Eleanor was Duke William X of Aquitaine’s eldest child and only heir to Aquitaine and Poitou. Fortunately for Eleanor, she grew up in a region of France where women enjoyed many of the same rights as men and a female heir would not have been unheard of. William X groomed Eleanor to rule Aquitaine and as a child she travelled with him through Aquitaine and Poitou to observe the workings of the ducal government. After her father’s death while he was on pilgrimage, Eleanor was sent to live with King Louis VI of France in Paris to protect her from greedy lords seeking her inheritance. Louis VI planned 2