Human Remains: Another Dimension Human Remains: Another Dimension The Application of Imaging to the Study of Human Remains Edited by David Errickson Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom Tim Thompson Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyrightr2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangements withorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency, canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,or medicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein. Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-804602-9 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:SaraTenney AcquisitionEditor:ElizabethBrown EditorialProjectManager:JoslynChaiprasert-Paguio SeniorProductionProjectManager:PriyaKumaraguruparan Designer:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India DEDICATION For my parents and my grandparents. —DE For Becky (who is incredibly supportive) and Theo and Milo (who, if I am honest, are less fussed but like the cover). —TJUT LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Owen J. Arthurs Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom Thomas Booth Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom Summer Decker University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States Jenna M. Dittmar University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom David Errickson Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom Jonathan Ford University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States Ricardo M. Godinho University of York, York, United Kingdom; University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Samuel J. Griffith University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom Andrew D. Holland University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom Patrick Mahoney University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom Nicholas Márquez-Grant Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom xii ListofContributors Justyna J. Miszkiewicz Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Kieron Niven University of York, York, United Kingdom Paul O’Higgins University of York, York, United Kingdom Julian D. Richards University of York, York, United Kingdom Tom Sparrow University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom Charlotte E.L. Thompson University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom Tim Thompson Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom Priscilla F. Ulguim Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom Jacquie Vallis Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom Rick R. van Rijn Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands; Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Centre for Forensic Science and Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Mayonne van Wijk Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands Marloes E.M. Vester Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands; Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Centre for Forensic Science and Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Andrew S. Wilson University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom ACKNOWLEDGMENT This book is the result of our shared work and interest in new and innovative ways of studying human skeletal remains. It is the outcome of countless discussions and conversations that we both had over the past few years—and we thank everyone who has engaged with us throughout this process. We would like to thank all of the contributors to this volume for their time and their expertise in writing the individ- ual chapters. Likewise, thank you to all of those who helped get this book through the manuscript editing phases. In particular we would like to thank our team of peer—reviewers, including Gordon Taylor Wilson, Kirsty Squires, Alexandra Wink, Matt Adamson, Claire Hodson, Nicholas Higgs, Roslyn DeBattista, Naomichi Ogihara and Nicolene Lottering. We would also very much like to thank both Joslyn Chaiprasert— Paguio and Liz Brown at Elsevier for their continued advice and support from the beginning to the end of this project. Finally, we would just like to note the valuable contribution that the various cafes, coffee shops and tea rooms around Middlesbrough have made during this process. 11 CHAPTER Context Tim Thompson TeessideUniversity,Middlesbrough,UnitedKingdom 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 HUMAN REMAINS—ANOTHER DIMENSION REFERENCES 1.1 INTRODUCTION It is often said that “a picture says a thousand words”; in fact this is a phrase that is repeated so often that it has now slipped into cliché and as such, is rarely considered in any great depth. Although it has been attributed as an ancient Chinese proverb, its first use in the English language occurred just over one hundred years ago in the Syracuse Post Standard newspaper as part of a discussion on journalism and publicity. It has been repeated countless times in countless forms since, but always with the same intent—that displaying something visually is a more effective means of explaining something than describing it verbally or with the written word. Indeed, it is possible to consider many different examples of where this is true. It is the absolute basis for all effective marketing and advertising—a concept which is vividly demonstrated in the M&C Saatchi (2011) training manual, later to be developed into their publi- cation Brutal Simplicity of Thought. Many aspects of our day-to-day lives are also impacted by this philosophy, right down to how we dress as we leave the house—for example, with work showing that the use of imagery and color is vital in the communication of weather informa- tion (Sherman-Morris et al., 2015). However, while this type of associ- ation between imagery and products or concepts is often linked to making money or influencing behavior, in other contexts the use of imagery focusses on helping people to understand. An obvious exam- ple of this would be within the medical context where imaging HumanRemains:AnotherDimension.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804602-9.00001-1 ©2017ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 2 HumanRemains:AnotherDimension modalities have been used and developed for many years with the aim of allowing clinicians to detect, diagnose, and treat a variety of medical conditions and problems which had previously been impossible. Often we think of the use of X-rays or CT scans, but equally, creative use of the more straightforward standard photography also continues to offer much in surgical contexts (Murphy et al., 2016). At a larger scale, the Satellite Sentinel Project (http://www.satsentinel.org/) has allowed those working within international criminal and humanitarian law con- texts to image and visualize sites of mass violence and extrajudicial killings through the use of satellite remote imaging. This has facilitated a greater understanding of conflict at a regional and national level in a way which has not been possible before. Novel approaches to imaging and visualization also have the benefit of allowing nonexperts or those physically distanced from the object a greater chance of understanding it. Museums have been keen to exploit this and a vast array of cultural objects are now available to view and study through online portals (see, e.g., the interactive Smithsonian X 3D facility at https://3d.si.edu/). It must be noted however, that a picture on its own does not always assist one to understand a given topic. Research has demonstrated that without any associated commentary, visualizations of complex data are as difficult to understand as the raw data itself (Stofer, 2016). As a further example, within the learning and teaching context students of human anatomy and physiology who use physical plastic models can achieve higher exam scores than those who use virtual images of the body (Lombardi et al., 2014), while those teaching osteology have consistently argued that digital images are not as effective for learning as actual skeletal specimens (Betts et al., 2011; Niven et al., 2009). As with many new developments, a degree of caution is worthwhile as new methods and techniques are adopted into practice. Across the sciences the development of innovative methods of imag- ing and visualization has led to a greater understanding of our bodies. The anatomical sciences are a wonderful example of this, with the internal workings of the body being recorded first through hand draw- ings, then photography, then microscopic photography, and now full three-dimensional imaging of everything from bone cells up to entire systems (e.g., see the likes of Alers-Hankey and Chisholm, 2006; Rifkin et al., 2006). However, for some disciplines, the very images themselves are open to question. Within the forensic sciences, there has Context 3 historically been much discussion regarding the acceptance and admis- sion of color and then digital photography from crime scenes into the courtroom (Thompson, 2008), while current debate focusses on the admissibility of 3D digitizations largely from the perspective of valida- tion of methods and the CSI Effect on jurors (Errickson et al., 2014). 1.2 HUMAN REMAINS—ANOTHER DIMENSION Human remains are studied and analyzed in a wide range of disciplines as researchers attempt to understand more about our bodies, our past, and our societies. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in new methods and approaches to visualizing aspects of the human body and ways in which this can be applied to new and developing disciplines. The aim of this volume is to explore this new frontier of human study by examining the application of a number of imaging and visualization approaches and methodologies to human remains in varying conditions from diverse contexts. We have three key themes that our contributors have brought together within each chapter—a method of imaging, an interesting context of application, and a practi- cal consideration associated with the visualization of human remains. With this in mind, each chapter explores different methods, contexts, and issues—thus each chapter touches upon different aspects of the three key themes of the book. The human body is a complex structure, and human osteologists have been extremely comfortable in exploiting many new methods of imaging and visualization in order to more effectively study people from modern and ancient contexts. Booth provides a wonderful exam- ple of this through the use of widely available low-powered microscopy to assess bioerosion of buried archeological remains; this is followed by Miszkiewicz and Mahoney who also use this approach to examine bone histology to demonstrate how viewing bone from a different per- spective can allow greater understanding of how a person lived their life; Dittmar then applies high-powered microscopy in the examination of trauma, in this case cut-marks on bone; Vallis then emphasizes the important role of imaging human remains in disaster victim identifica- tion contexts and the considerations of undertaking this; next, the power of digital visualization in field archeology and in the interpreta- tion of taphonomic factors is discussed by Ulguim; Errickson