Human Body Composition In Vivo Methods, Models, and Assessment BASIC LIFE SCIENCES Ernest H. Y. Chu, Series Editor The University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan Alexander Hollaender, Founding Editor Recent volumes in the series: Volume 46 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE HUMAN GENOME: Innovations and Impact Edited by Avril D. Woodhead and Benjamin J. Barnhart Volume 47 PLANT TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS Edited by OHver Nelson Volume 48 HUMAN ACHONDROPLASIA: A Multidisciplinary Approach Edited by Benedetto Nicoletti, Steven E. Kopits, Elio Ascani, and Victor A. McKusick Volume 49 OXYGEN RADICALS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Edited by Michael G. Slmic, Karen A. Taylor, John F. Ward, and Clemens von Sonntag Volume 50 CLINICAL ASPECTS OF NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY Edited by Ralph G. Fairchild, Victor P. Bond, and Avril D. Woodhead Volume 51 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY Edited by Robert M. Sweet and Avril D. Woodhead Volume 52 ANTIMUTAGENESIS AND ANTICARCINOGENESIS MECHANISMS II Edited by Yuklakl Kuroda, Delbert M. Shankel, and Michael D. Waters Volume 53 DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN HUMAN TISSUES Edited by Betsy M. Sutherland and Avril D. Woodhead Volume 54 NEUTRON BEAM DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND PERFORMANCE FOR NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY Edited by Otto K. Harling, John A. Bernard, and Robert G. Zamenhof Volume 55 IN VIVO BODY COMPOSITION STUDIES: Recent Advances Edited by Seiichl Yasumura, Joan E. Harrison, Kenneth G. McNeill, Avril D. Woo<llead, and F. Avraham Dilmanian Volume 56 NMR APPUCATIONS IN BIOPOLYMERS Edited by John W. Finley, S. J. Schmidt, and A. S. Serianni Volume 57 BOUNDARIES BETWEEN PROMOTION AND PROGRESSION DURING CARCINOGENESIS Edited by Oscar Sudilovsky, Henry C. Pitot, and Lance A. Liotta Volume 58 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MECHANISMS IN MOLECULAR RADIATION BIOLOGY Edited by William A. Glass and Matesh N. Varma Volume 59 PLANT POLYPHENOLS: Synthesis, Properties, Significance Edited by Richard W. Hemingway and Peter E. Laks Volume 60 HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION: In Vivo Methods, Models, and Assessment Edited by Kenneth J. Ellis and Jerry D. Eastman Volume 61 ANTIMUTAGENESIS AND ANTICARCINOGENESIS MECHANISMS Ill Edited by G. Bronzetti, H. Hayatsu, S. De Flora, M. D. Waters, and D. M. Shankel A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further Information please contact the publsher. Human Body Composition In Vivo Methods, Models, and Assessment Edited by Kenneth J. Ellis and Jerry D. Eastman Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publleatlon Data Human bady eampasltlan : In viva methads, madels, and assessment I edlted by Kenneth J. Eiiis and Jerry D. Eastman. p. em. -- (Basle I ife seienee ; v. 60) "Praeeedlngs of an International Sympaslum an In Vlva Bady Camposltlon Studlas hald Navember 10-12, 1992"T.p. versa. Ineludes blbllagraphleal referenees and Index. ISBN 978-1-4899-1270-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-1268-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-1268-8 1. Body eompasltlon--Cangresses. 1. Ellls, Kenneth J. II. East.an. Jerry D. III. International Sy.poslu. on In Vlvo Bady Co.positlon Studles (1992 Houston, Tex.) IV. Ser,es. [DNLM: 1. Body Co.posltlon--congresses. W3 BA255 v.60 1993 I au 100 H9182 19921 OP88.H86 1993 612'.01--dc20 DNLM/DLC for Llbrary of Cangress 93-6385 CIP Proceedings of an International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition Studies, held November 10-12, 1992, in Houston, Texas ISBN 978-1-4899-1270-1 ~1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1993 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfIlming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Organizing Committee K. J. Ellis; S. P. Smith; R. J. Shypailo; J. Eastman; J. P. Pratt; J. Joo; A. Arriola; W. Wong; W. Klish International Committee B. J. Allen (Australia); K. J. Ellis (U.S.A.); C. Hassager (Denmark); W. D. Morgan (U.K.); J. E. Harrison (Canada); S. B. Heymsfield (U.S.A.); W. Evans (U.S.A.); D. R. Chettle (Canada); S. J. S. Ryde (U.K.); V. Y. Zaichick (Russia) Sponsors/Exhibitors Lunar United States Department of Agriculture/ARS Hologic Children's Nutrition Research Center Xitron Baylor College of Medicine EM-Scan Bicron Canberra Special thanks to: B. L. Nichols, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Director S. M. Charboneau, Technical Editing E. R. Klein, Technical Editing A. Gillum, Audio Visual R. Harrell, Registration Assistance L. Foltin, Registration Assistance v PREFACE This book is the compilation of papers presented at the International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition Studies, held in Houston, Texas, November 10-12, 1992. The purpose of this conference was to report on the state-of-the-art techniques for in vivo body composition measurements and to present the most recent human data on normal body composition and changes during disease. This conference was the third in a series of meetings on body composition studies held in North America, and follows the successful meetings at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1986, and the one in Toronto in 1989. A large number of excellent research papers were offered for consideration at this Conference which demonstrates the rapid growth of the field in the last three years. However, we had to limit the presentations to approximately 90 papers which provided a broad spectrum of the applications and recent interest in the subject. The proceedings of the Brookhaven meeting "In Vivo Body Composition Studies", is published by The Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, London. The proceedings of the Toronto meeting "In Vivo Body Composition Studies" was published by Plenum Press in its basic life science series. Both these meetings placed more emphasis on technical aspects while the current Houston meeting tried to emphasize more the emerging clinical applications of these techniques. The general sessions used at the Conference for presentations forms the basis of the order of appearance of the papers in this book. Both oral and poster presentations had been equally presented in the different sections of the book to better reflect the scope of all the papers. In some cases this choice may appear arbitrary, especially when the subject matter of the paper could easily fit several categories. Because of the large number of papers offered for consideration at the Houston meeting it was necessary to ask some authors from the same institution to combine their presentations into a single paper where appropriate. The editors wish to thank the authors for their cooperation and for graciously accepting the minor revisions made to some manuscripts. In addition to the high quality of the presentations, the success of the symposium was most certainly due to the efforts of the International Organizing Committee, the Local Arrangements Committee, and the secretarial and technical staff available from the Children's Nutrition Research Center. Also, the generous support of the many companies and institutions listed below is gratefully acknowledged. vii CONTENTS BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT, MODELS, AND EQUATIONS The Companionship of Lean and Fat ................................................................................... 1 G.B. Forbes Biological Homogeneity and Precision of Measurement: The Boundary Conditions for Normal Body Composition .........................•.................................................................. 15 R.N. Pierson Jr., I. Wang, J.C. Thornton, M.A. Russell, S.B. Heymsfield, M. Mazariegos, R.M. Ma, and D.A. Weber Determination of Body Fluid Compartments with Multiple Frequency Bioelectric Impedance ...................................................................................................................... 23 W.C. Chumlea, S.S. Guo, R.N. Baumgartner, and R.M. Siervogel A Comparison of Body Composition Models ...................................................................... 27 S.S. Guo, W.C. Chumlea, X. Wu, R. Wellens, A.F. Roche, and R.M. Siervogel In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis for Body Fat: Comparisons by Seven Methods..... 31 I. Wang, F.A. Dilmanian, I. Thornton, M. Russell, S. Burastero, M. Mazariegos, S.B. Heymsfield, and R.N. Peirson Jr. Body Composition in the Elderly from MRI: Associations with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors ............................................................ ...................................... ................. 35 R.N. Baumgartner, R.L. Rhyne, P.J. Garry, and W.C. Chumlea Comparison of Proximal and Distal Placements of Electrodes to Assess Human Body Composition by Bioelectrical Impedance ..................................................................... 39 H.C. Lukaski Relative Sensitivities of DXA and IVNAA for the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis ................... 45 C.G. MUller, I.E. Harrison, W.C. Sturtridge, E. Becker, S. Lui, A. Strauss, and S. Goodwin Measurement of Regional Body Fat In Vivo in Humans by Simultaneous Detection of Regional Carbon and Oxygen, Using Neutron Inelastic Scattering at Low Radiation Exposure ..•............................................................................•........................ 49 J.J. Kehayias and H. Zhuang Multicomponent Models in Body Composition Research: Opportunities and Pitfalls ....... 53 T.G. Lohman and S.B. Going ix Assessment of Body Fat: A Comparison of Techniques ..................................................... 59 S.J.S. Ryde, D.W. Thomas, J.L. Birks, P.A. Ali, N.H. Saunders, S. Al-Zeibak, and W.D. Morgan Whole Body Auid and Electrolyte Assays in "Normal" Volunteers .................................. 63 D.W. Thomas, J.L. Birks, P.A. Ali, H. Jenkins, J. Dutton, and C.J. Evans Use of Bioimpedance Spectroscopy to Determine Extracellular Auid, Intracellular Auid,Total Body Water, and Fat-Free Mass ................................................................ 67 M.D. Van Loan, P. Withers, I. Matthie, and P.L. Mayclin Fat-Free Mass and Percent Body Fat Assessments by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry, Densitometry and Total Body Water................................................ 71 R. Wellens, A.F. Roche, S. Guo, W.C. Chumlea, and R.M. Siervogel Measurements of Intra-Abdominal Fat by Ultrasound and Computed Tomography: Predictive Equations in Women .................................................................................... 75 F. Armellini, M. Zamboni, L. Rigo, R. Robbi, T. Todesco, S. Castelli, A. Mino, L. Bissoli, E. Turcato, and 0. Bosello Deuterium Exchange in Humans: Effect of Gender, Body Composition and Age ............ 79 M.I. Goran. E.T. Poehlman, K.S. Nair, and E. Danforth Jr. A Comparison of Different Prediction Equations in Determining Body Composition of Outstanding Female Gymnasts ...................................................................................... 83 A.L. Claessens, J. Lefevre, G. Beunen, H. Maes, V. Stijnen, A.M.J. Veer, and L. Garcet Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese Individuals ..................................... 85 M.I. Goran, E.T. Poehlman, E. Danforth Jr., and K.S. Nair Bone Mineral in Southwest Native American Women....................................................... 87 D. McHugh, R.N. Baumgartner, P.M. Stauber, S. Wayne, V.L. Hicks. and V.H. Heyward Body Composition of Native American Women Estimated by DXA and Hydrodensitometry ......................................................................................................... 89 V.L. Hicks, V.H. Heyward, R.N. Baumgartner. A.J. Aores, L.M. Stolarczyk and E.A. Wotruba The Measurement of Total Body Fat by DXA: Comparison with Skinfold Anthropometry, Bioelectrical Impedance and Total body Potassium ......................... 93 B. Oldroyd, P.N. Bramley, S.P. Stewart, M. Simpson, J.G. Truscott, M. Losowsky, and M.A. Smith Determination of Anatomical Skeletal Muscle Mass by Whole Body Nuclear Magnetic Resonance...................................................................................................................... 95 0. Selberg, W. Burchert, G. Graubner, C. Wenner, C. Ehrenheim, and M.J. MUller Assessment of Regional Body Composition Changes by DXA .......................................... 99 K.E. Friedl, J.A. Vogel, L.J. Marchitelli, and S.L. Kubel Body Composition Analysis of the Pig by Magnetic Resonance Imaging ......................... 105 A.D. Mitchell, P.C. Wang, H.F. Song, and W.F. Schmidt X Aqueous and Mineral Fractions of the Fat-Free Body and their Relation to Body Fat Estimates in Men and Women Aged 49-82 Years....................................................... 109 D.P. Williams, S.B. Going, M.P. Massett, T.G. Lohman, L.A. Bare, and M.J. Hewitt DXA Measurements of Fat and Bone Mineral Density in Relation to Depth and Adiposity ........................................................................................................................ 115 S.A. Jebb, G.R. Goldberg, and M. Elia What Does Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (BIS) Measure? .................................. 121 M. Azcue, D. Wesson, M. Neuman, and P. Pencharz Five-Level Model: Reconstruction of Body Weight at Atomic, Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue-System Levels From Neutron Activation Analysis .......................................... 125 Z. Wang, R. Ma, R.N. Pierson Jr., and S.B. Heymsfield Assessment of Changes in Extracellular Water and Total Body Water Using Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance ...................................................................... 129 P. Deurenberg, F.J.M. Schouten, A. Andreoli, and A. de Lorenzo GROWTH: INFANT, CHILDREN, ADOLESCENT, AND PREGNANCY Noninvasive Methods of Body Composition Analysis in Preterm Infants: -Comparison with Dilution of 2H2180 ................................................................................................. 133 D.C. Wilson, J.M.E. Day, A. Hamilton, G. McClure, and P.S.W. Davies Total Body Nitrogen in Prepubertal Children ...................................................................... 139 L.A. Baur, J.R. Allen, D.L. Waters, and K.J. Gaskin Total Body Nitrogen in Idiopathic Short Stature and Chronic Diseases of Childhood ..... 143 L.A. Baur, B.J. Allen, R. Allen, C.T. Cowell, S.F.A. Dorney, J.F. Knight, and K.J. Gaskin Body Composition of Infants: Human Cadaver Studies ..................................................... 147 K.J. Ellis, R.J. Shypailo, and R.J. Schanler Accuracy of DXA-Based Body Composition Measurements for Pediatric Studies ........... 153 K.J. Ellis, R.J. Shypailo, J.A.P. Pratt, and W.O. Pond Body Composition Analysis by DXA Compared to Chemical Analysis of Fat, Lean and Bone Mass in Small Piglets ................................................................................... 157 J.A. Brunton, H.S. Bayley, and S.A. Atkinson Bone Status and Body Fat of Healthy Newborn Caucasian Infants ................................... 161 G.M. Chan and H. Zhang The Use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) in Newborns: The Need for Standardization ............................................................................................................... 165 A. Gartner, B. Maire, F. Delpeuch, P. Sarda, R.P. Dupuy, and D. Rieu Evaluation of DXA for the Assessment of Body Composition in Anorexic Females....... 169 W.J. Hannan, S.J. Cowen, C.P. Freeman, R.M. Wrate, and J. Barton Bone Mass and Soft Tissue Compartments in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa ......... 173 S.W. Kooh, E. Noriega, K. Leslie, C. MUller, and J. Harrison xi