Human Anatomy Martini Timmons Tallitsch Seventh Edition ISBN 10: 1-292-02644-8 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02644-2 Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk © Pearson Education Limited 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affi liation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-02644-8 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02644-2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Printed in the United States of America 1112322332471460047721175317933737 P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R A R Y Table of Contents Glossary Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 1 ѳѢ∞Foundations∕∞An∞Introduction∞to∞Anatomy Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 21 ѴѢ∞Foundations∕∞The∞Cell Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 47 ѵѢ∞Foundations∕∞Tissues∞and∞Early∞Embryology Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 75 ҐѢ∞The∞Integumentary∞System Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 113 ґѢ∞The∞Skeletal∞System∕∞Osseous∞Tissue∞and∞Skeletal∞Structure Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 141 әѢ∞The∞Skeletal∞System∕∞Axial∞Division Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 167 ‐Ѣ∞The∞Skeletal∞System∕∞Articulations Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 209 ℓѢ∞The∞Skeletal∞System∕∞Appendicular∞Division Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 243 №Ѣ∞The∞Muscular∞System∕∞Skeletal∞Muscle∞Tissue∞and∞Muscle∞Organization Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 277 ѳѲѢ∞The∞Muscular∞System∕∞Axial∞Musculature Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 303 ѳѳѢ∞The∞Muscular∞System∕∞Appendicular∞Musculature Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 327 ѳѴѢ∞Surface∞Anatomy∞and∞CrossџSectional∞Anatomy Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 373 I 443554556666778788318205580269267872717113955993335531 ѳѵѢ∞The∞Nervous∞System∕∞Neural∞Tissue Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 387 ѳҐѢ∞The∞Nervous∞System∕∞The∞Spinal∞Cord∞and∞Spinal∞Nerves Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 411 ѳґѢ∞The∞Nervous∞System∕∞Sensory∞and∞Motor∞Pathways∞of∞the∞Spinal∞Cord Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 437 ѳәѢ∞The∞Nervous∞System∕∞The∞Brain∞and∞Cranial∞Nerves Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 453 ѳ‐Ѣ∞The∞Nervous∞System∕(cid:264)Autonomic∞Nervous∞System Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 501 ѳℓѢ∞The∞Nervous∞System∕∞General∞and∞Special∞Senses Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 521 ѳ№Ѣ∞The∞Endocrine∞System Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 559 ѴѲѢ∞The∞Cardiovascular∞System∕∞Blood Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 585 ѴѳѢ∞The∞Cardiovascular∞System∕∞The∞Heart Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 605 ѴѴѢ∞The∞Cardiovascular∞System∕∞Vessels∞and∞Circulation Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 629 ѴѵѢ∞The∞Lymphoid∞System Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 669 ѴҐѢ∞The∞Respiratory∞System Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 693 ѴґѢ∞The∞Digestive∞System Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 723 ѴәѢ∞The∞Urinary∞System Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 763 Ѵ‐Ѣ∞The∞Reproductive∞System Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 785 ѴℓѢ∞The∞Reproductive∞System∕∞Embryology∞and∞Human∞Development Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 821 Appendix∕∞Foreign∞Word∞Rootsў∞Prefixesў∞Suffixesў∞and∞Combining∞Forms Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 873 Appendix∕∞Eponyms∞in∞Common∞Use Frederic∞HѢ∞MartiniѣMichael∞JѢ∞TimmonsѣRobert∞BѢ∞Tallitsch 875 II 877 Index 877 III IV Glossary of Key Terms abdomen:Region of trunk bounded by the diaphragm and adenine:A purine, one of the nitrogen bases in the nucleic Alzheimer’s disease:Disorder resulting from degenerative pelvis. acids RNA and DNA. changes in populations of neurons in the cerebrum, abdominopelvic cavity:Portion of the ventral body cavity adenohypophysis (ad-e-no(cid:2)-hı(cid:2)-POF-i-sis):The anterior causing dementia characterized by problems with that contains abdominal and pelvic subdivisions. lobe of the pituitary gland, also called the anterior attention, short-term memory, and emotions. abducens (ab-DU(cid:2)-senz):Cranial nerve VI; innervates the pituitaryor the pars distalis. amacrine cells (AM-a-krı(cid:2)n):Modified neurons in the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. adenoid:The pharyngeal tonsil. retina that facilitate or inhibit communication between abduction:Movement away from the midline. adenosine triphosphate (ATP):A high-energy compound bipolar and ganglion cells. abortion:Premature loss or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. consisting of adenosine with three phosphate groups amino acids:Organic compounds whose chemical abscess:A localized collection of pus within a damaged attached; the third is attached by a high-energy bond. structure can be summarized as R—CHNHCOOH. 2 tissue. adhesion:Fusion of two mesenteric layers following amnesia:Temporary or permanent memory loss. absorption:The active or passive uptake of gases, fluids, or damage or irritation of their opposing surfaces. amniocentesis:Sampling of amniotic fluid for analytical solutes. adipocyte (AD-i-po(cid:2)-sı(cid:2)t):A fat cell. purposes; used to detect certain forms of genetic accommodation:Alteration in the curvature of the lens to adipose tissue:Loose connective tissue dominated by abnormalities. focus an image on the retina; decrease in receptor adipocytes. amnion (AM-ne(cid:2)-on):One of the extraembryonic sensitivity or perception following chronic stimulation. adrenocortical hormone:Any of the steroids produced by membranes; surrounds the developing embryo/fetus. acetabulum (a-se-TAB-u(cid:2)-lum):Fossa on lateral aspect of the adrenal cortex. amniotic fluid (am-ne(cid:2)-OT-ik):Fluid that fills the amniotic pelvis that accommodates the head of the femur. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):Hormone that cavity; provides cushioning and support for the acetylcholine (ACh) (as-e-til-KO(cid:2)-le(cid:2)n):Chemical stimulates the production and secretion of glucocorticoids embryo/fetus. neurotransmitter in the brain and PNS; dominant by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; released by amphiarthrosis (am-fe(cid:2)-ar-THRO(cid:2)-sis):An articulation that neurotransmitter in the PNS, released at neuromuscular the anterior pituitary in response to CRF. permits a small degree of independent movement. synapses and synapses of the parasympathetic division. adventitia (ad-ven-TISH-a):Superficial layer of connective amphimixis (am-fi-MIK-sis):The fusion of male and acetylcholinesterase (AChE):Enzyme found in the tissue surrounding an internal organ; fibers are female pronuclei following fertilization. synaptic cleft, bound to the postsynaptic membrane, and continuous with those of surrounding tissues, providing ampulla/ampullae (am-PU(cid:2)L-la):A localized dilation in the in tissue fluids; breaks down and inactivates ACh support and stabilization. lumen of a canal or passageway. molecules. afferent:Toward a central receiving area. amygdala/amygdaloid nucleus (ah-MIG-da-loid):A basal achalasia (ak-a-LA(cid:2)-ze(cid:2)-a):Condition that develops when afferent arteriole:An arteriole bringing blood to the nucleus that is a component of the limbic system and the lower esophageal sphincter fails to dilate, and glomerulus of the kidney. acts as an interface between that system, the cerebrum, ingested materials cannot enter the stomach. afferent fiber:Axons carrying sensory information to the and sensory systems. Achilles tendon:Calcaneal tendon. CNS. amylase:An enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides, acid:A compound whose dissociation in solution releases a agglutination (a-gloo-ti-NA(cid:2)-shun):Aggregation of red produced by the salivary glands and pancreas. hydrogen ion and an anion; an acid solution has a pH blood cells due to interactions between surface anabolism (a-NAB-o(cid:2)-lizm):The synthesis of complex below 7. 0 and contains an excess of hydrogen ions. agglutinogens and plasma agglutinins. organic compounds from simpler precursors. acinus/acini (A-si-nı(cid:2)):Histological term referring to a aggregated lymphoid nodules:Lymphoid nodules beneath anal canal:The distal portion of the rectum that contains blind pocket, pouch, or sac. the epithelium of the small intestine. Also called Peyer’s the anal columns and ends at the anus. acne:Condition characterized by inflammation of Patches. analgesia:Relief from pain. sebaceous glands and follicles; commonly affects agonist:A muscle responsible for a specific movement. anal triangle:The posterior subdivision of the perineum. adolescents and most often involves the face. agranular:Without granules; agranular leukocytesare anaphase (AN-uh-fa(cid:2)z):Mitotic stage in which the paired acoustic:Pertaining to sound or the sense of hearing. monocytes and lymphocytes; the agranular reticulum chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS):A disease is an intracellular organelle that synthesizes and stores the spindle apparatus. caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), carbohydrates and lipids. anastomosis (a-nas-to(cid:2)-MO(cid:2)-sis):The joining of two tubes, characterized by destruction of helper T cells and a AIDS:Seeacquired immune deficiency syndrome. usually referring to a connection between two resulting severe impairment of the immune response. AIDS-related complex (ARC):Early symptoms of HIV peripheral vessels without an intervening capillary bed. acromegaly:Condition caused by overproduction of infection, consisting chiefly of lymphadenopathy, fevers, anatomical position:An anatomical reference position, the growth hormone in the adult, characterized by and chronic nonfatal infections. body viewed from the anterior surface with the palms thickening of bones and enlargement of cartilages and alba, albicans, albuginea (AL-bi-kanz) (al-bu(cid:2)-JIN-e(cid:2)-a): facing forward; supine. other soft tissues. White. anatomy (a-NAT-o(cid:2)-me(cid:2)):The study of the structure of the acromion (a-KRO(cid:2)-me(cid:2)-on):Continuation of the scapular albinism:Absence of pigment in hair and skin caused by body. spine that projects superior to the capsule of the inability of body to produce melanin. anaxonic neuron (an-ak-SON-ik):A CNS neuron that has shoulder joint. albumins (al-BU(cid:2)-minz):The smallest of the plasma many processes but no apparent axon. acrosomal cap (ak-ro(cid:2)-SO(cid:2)-mal):Membranous sac at the tip proteins; function as transport proteins and important androgen (AN-dro(cid:2)-jen):A steroid sex hormone produced of a sperm cell that contains hyaluronic acid. in contributing to plasma oncotic pressure. primarily by the interstitial cells of the testis, and actin:Protein component of microfilaments; forms thin aldosterone:A mineralocorticoid (steroid) produced by the manufactured in small quantities by the adrenal cortex filaments in skeletal muscles and produces contractions zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that stimulates in either sex. of all muscles through interaction with thick (myosin) sodium and water conservation at the kidneys; secreted anemia (a-NE(cid:2)-me(cid:2)-a):Condition marked by a reduction in filaments; seesliding filament theory. in response to the presence of angiotensin II. the hematocrit and/or hemoglobin content of the blood. action potential:A conducted change in the transmembrane aldosteronism:Condition caused by the oversecretion of anencephaly (an-en-SEF-a-le(cid:2)):Development defect potentialof excitable cells, initiated by a change in the aldosterone, characterized by fluid retention, edema, characterized by incomplete development of the cerebral membrane permeability to sodium ions: seenerve and hypertension. hemispheres and cranium. impulse. allantois (a-LAN-to(cid:2)-is):One of the extraembryonic anesthesia:Total or partial loss of sensation from a region active transport:The ATP-dependent absorption or membranes; it provides vascularity to the chorion and is of the body. excretion of solutes across a cell membrane. therefore essential to placenta formation; the proximal aneurysm (AN-u(cid:2)-rizm):A weakening and localized acute:Sudden in onset, severe in intensity, and brief in portion becomes the urinary bladder. dilation in the wall of a blood vessel. duration. alpha cells:Cells in the pancreatic islets that secrete glucagon. angiogram (AN-je(cid:2)-o(cid:2)-gram):An x-ray image of circulatory adaptation:Alteration of pupillary size in response to alpha receptors:Membrane receptors sensitive to pathways. changes in light intensity; in CNS, often used as a norepinephrine or epinephrine; stimulation usually angiography:X-ray examination of vessel distribution synonym for accommodation: physiological responses results in excitation of the target cell. following the introduction of radiopaque substances that produce acclimatization. alveolar sac:An air-filled chamber that supplies air to into the bloodstream. Addison’s disease:Condition resulting from hyposecretion several alveoli. angiotensin I, II:Angiotensin II is a hormone that causes of glucocorticoids, characterized by lethargy, weakness, alveolus/alveoli (al-VE(cid:2)-o(cid:2)-lı(cid:2)):Blind pockets at the end of an elevation in systemic blood pressure, stimulates hypotension, and increased skin pigmentation. the respiratory tree, lined by a simple squamous secretion of aldosterone, promotes thirst, and causes the adduction:Movement toward the axis or midline of the epithelium and surrounded by a capillary network; gas release of ADH; a converting enzyme in the pulmonary body as viewed in the anatomical position. exchange with the blood occurs here. capillaries converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. From Glossary of Human Anatomy,Seventh Edition. Frederic H. Martini, Michael J. Timmons, Robert B. Tallitsch. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. 1 Glossary of Key Terms angiotensinogen:Blood protein produced by the liver that arrhythmias (a-RITH-me(cid:2)-az):Abnormal patterns of automaticity:Spontaneous depolarization to threshold, a is converted to angiotensin I by the enzyme renin. cardiac contractions. characteristic of cardiac pacemaker cells. ankyloglossia (ang-ki-lo(cid:2)-GLOS-e(cid:2)-a):Condition arteriole (ar-TE(cid:2)-re(cid:2)-o(cid:2)l):A small arterial branch that delivers autonomic ganglion:A collection of visceral motor characterized by an overly robust and restrictive lingual blood to a capillary network. neurons outside the CNS. frenulum. artery:A blood vessel that carries blood away from the autonomic nerve:A peripheral nerve consisting of annulus (AN-u(cid:2)-lus):A cartilage or bone shaped like a ring. heart and toward a peripheral capillary. preganglionic or postganglionic autonomic fibers. anorexia nervosa:An eating disorder marked by a loss of arthritis (ar-THRI(cid:2)-tis):Inflammation of a joint. autonomic nervous system (ANS):Centers, nuclei, tracts, appetite and pronounced weight loss. arthroscope:Fiber-optic device intended for visualizing the ganglia, and nerves involved in the unconscious anoxia (an-OK-se-a):Tissue oxygen deprivation. interior of joints; may also be used for certain forms of regulation of visceral functions; includes components of antagonist:A muscle that opposes the movement of an joint surgery. the CNS and PNS. agonist. articular:Pertaining to a joint. autopsy:Detailed examination of a body after death, antebrachium:The forearm. articular capsule:Dense collagen fiber sleeve that usually performed by a pathologist. anteflexion (an-te(cid:2)-FLEK-shun):Normal position of the surrounds a joint and provides protection and autoregulation:Alterations in activity that maintain uterus, with the superior surface bent forward. stabilization. homeostasis in direct response to changes in the local anterior:On or near the front or ventral surface of the articular cartilage:Cartilage pad that covers the surface of environment; does not require neural or endocrine body. a bone inside a joint cavity. control. antibiotic:Chemical agent that selectively kills pathogenic articulation (ar-tik-u(cid:2)-LA(cid:2)-shun):A joint; formation of autosomal (aw-to(cid:2)-SO(cid:2)-mal):Chromosomes other than the microorganisms. words. X or Y chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of antibody (AN-ti-bod-e(cid:2)):A globular protein produced by arytenoid cartilages (ar-i-TE(cid:2)-noyd):A pair of small an individual. plasmocytes that will bind to specific antigens and cartilages in the larynx. avascular (a(cid:2)-VAS-ku(cid:2)-lar):Without blood vessels. promote their destruction or removal from the body. ascending tract:A tract carrying information from the avulsion:An injury involving the violent tearing away of anticoagulant:Compound that slows or prevents clot spinal cord to the brain. body tissues. formation by interfering with the clotting system. ascites (a-SI(cid:2)-te(cid:2)z):Overproduction and accumulation of axilla:The armpit. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (an-tı(cid:2)-dı(cid:2)-u(cid:2)-RET-ik): peritoneal fluid. axolemma:The cell membrane of an axon, continuous with Hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted aseptic:Free from pathogenic contamination. the cell membrane of the soma and dendrites and at the posterior pituitary; causes water retention at the asphyxia:Unconsciousness due to oxygen deprivation at distinct from any glial cell coverings. kidneys and an elevation of blood pressure. the CNS. axon:Elongate extension of a neuron that conducts an antigen:A substance capable of inducing the production of aspirate:To remove or obtain by suction; to inhale. action potential away from the soma and toward the antibodies. association areas:Cortical areas of the cerebrum synaptic terminals. antrum (AN-trum):A chamber or pocket. responsible for integration of sensory inputs and/or axon hillock:Portion of the neural cell body adjacent to the anuria (a-NU(cid:2)-re(cid:2)-a):Cessation of urine production. motor commands. initial segment. anus:External opening of the anal canal. asthma (AZ-ma):Reversible constriction of smooth axoplasm (AK-so(cid:2)-plazm):Cytoplasm within an axon. aorta:Large, elastic artery that carries blood away from the muscles around respiratory passageways, frequently Babinski sign:Reflexive dorsiflexion of the toes following left ventricle and into the systemic circuit. caused by an allergic response. stroking of the plantar surface of the foot; positive aortic reflex:Baroreceptor reflex triggered by increased astigmatism:Visual disturbance due to an irregularity in reflex (Babinski sign) is normal up to age 1.5 years; aortic pressures; leads to a reduction in cardiac output the shape of the cornea. thereafter a positive reflex indicates damage to and a fall in systemic pressure. astrocyte (AS-tro(cid:2)-sı(cid:2)t):One of the glial cells in the CNS. descending tracts. apex (A(cid:2)-peks):A pointed tip, usually referring to a atelectasis (at-e-LEK-ta-sis):Collapse of a lung or a bacteria:Single-celled microorganisms, some pathogenic, triangular object and positioned opposite a broad base. portion of a lung. that are common in the environment. Apgar rating:A test used to assess the neurological status atherosclerosis (ath-er-o(cid:2)-skle-RO(cid:2)-sis):Formation of fatty baroreception:Ability to detect changes in pressure. of a newborn infant. plaques in the walls of arteries, leading to circulatory baroreceptor reflex:A reflexive change in cardiac activity aphasia:Inability to speak. impairment. in response to changes in blood pressure. apnea (AP-ne(cid:2)-a):Cessation of breathing. atresia (a-TRE(cid:2)-ze(cid:2)-a):Closing of a cavity, or its incomplete baroreceptors (bar-o(cid:2)-re(cid:2)-SEP-terz):Receptors responsible apneustic center (ap-NU(cid:2)-stik):Respiratory center whose development; used in the reproductive system to refer to for baroreception. chronic activation would lead to apnea at full the degeneration of developing ovarian follicles. basal nuclei:Nuclei of the cerebrum that are involved in the inspiration. atria:Thin-walled chambers of the heart that receive regulation of somatic motor activity at the subconcious apocrine secretion:Mode of secretion where the glandular venous blood from the pulmonary or systemic circuits. level. cell sheds portions of its cytoplasm. atrial natriuretic peptide (na(cid:2)-tre-u(cid:2)-RET-ik):Hormone base:A compound whose dissociation releases a hydroxide aponeurosis/aponeuroses (ap-o(cid:2)-noo-RO(cid:2)-se(cid:2)z):A broad released by specialized atrial cardiocytes when they are ion (OH(cid:2)) or removes a hydrogen ion from the solution. tendinous sheet that may serve as the origin or insertion stretched by an abnormally large venous return; basement membrane:A layer of filaments and fibers that of a skeletal muscle. promotes fluid loss and reductions in blood pressure attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue. appendicitis:Inflammation of the appendix. and venous return. basilar lamina:Membrane that supports the organ of Corti appendicular:Pertaining to the upper or lower limbs. atrioventricular (AV) node (a(cid:2)-tre(cid:2)-o(cid:2)-ven-TRIK-u(cid:2)-lar): and separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani appendix:A blind tube connected to the cecum of the large Specialized cardiocytes that relay the contractile in the inner ear. intestine. stimulus to the bundle of His, the bundle branches, the basophils (BA(cid:2)-so(cid:2)-filz):Circulating granulocytes (WBCs) appositional growth:Enlargement by the addition of Purkinje fibers, and the ventricular myocardium; similar in size and function to tissue mast cells. cartilage or bony matrix to the outer surface. located at the boundary between the atria and ventricles. B cells:Lymphocytes responsible for the production of aqueous humor:Fluid similar to perilymph or CSF that atrioventricular valve:One of the valves that prevent antibodies, following their conversion to plasmocytes. fills the anterior chamber of the eye. backflow into the atria during ventricular systole. benign:Not malignant. arachnoid granulations:Processes of the arachnoid that atrophy (AT-ro(cid:2)-fe(cid:2)):Wasting away of tissues from lack of beta cells:Cells of the pancreatic islets that secrete insulin project into the superior sagittal sinus; sites where CSF use or nutritional abnormalities. in response to elevated blood sugar concentrations. enters the venous circulation. auditory ossicles:The bones of the middle ear: malleus, beta receptors:Membrane receptors sensitive to arachnoid mater (a-RAK-noyd):The middle meninges incus, and stapes. epinephrine; stimulation may result in excitation or that enclose CSF and protect the central nervous system. auditory tube:A passageway that connects the inhibition of the target cell. arbor vitae:Central, branching mass of white matter inside nasopharynx with the middle ear cavity; also called the bicarbonate ions:HCO–; anion components of the 3 the cerebellum. Eustachian or pharyngotympanic tube. bicarbonate buffer system. arcuate (AR-ku(cid:2)-a(cid:2)t):Curving. autoimmunity:Immune system sensitivity to normal cells bicuspid (bı(cid:2)-KUS-pid):A sharp, conical tooth, also called a areflexia (a-re(cid:2)-FLEK-se(cid:2)-a):Absence of normal reflex and tissues, resulting in the production of canine tooth. responses to stimulation. autoantibodies. bifurcate:To branch into two parts. areola (a-RE(cid:2)-o(cid:2)-la):Pigmented area that surrounds the autolysis:Destruction of a cell due to the rupture of bile:Exocrine secretion of the liver that is stored in the nipple of a breast. lysosomal membranes in its cytoplasm. gallbladder and ejected into the duodenum. areolar:Containing minute spaces, as in areolar connective automatic bladder:Reflex micturition following bile salts:Steroid derivatives in the bile, responsible for the tissue. stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall; seen emulsification of ingested lipids. arrector pili (ar-REK-tor PI(cid:2)-lı(cid:2)):Smooth muscles whose in patients who have lost motor control of the lower bilirubin (bil-e(cid:2)-ROO-bin):A reddish pigment, a product contractions cause piloerection. body. of hemoglobin catabolism. 2 Glossary of Key Terms biopsy:The removal of a small sample of tissue for bursitis:Painful inflammation of one or more bursae. cardiomyopathy (kar-de(cid:2)-o(cid:2)-mı(cid:2)-OP-a-the(cid:2)):A progressive pathological analysis. calcaneal tendon:Large tendon that inserts on the disease characterized by damage to the cardiac muscle bipennate muscle:A muscle whose fibers are arranged on calcaneus; tension on this tendon produces plantar tissue. either side of a common tendon. flexion of the foot; also called the Achilles tendon. cardiopulmonary resuscitation:Method of artificially bladder:A muscular sac that distends as fluid is stored and calcaneus (kal-KA(cid:2)-ne(cid:2)-us):The heelbone, the largest of the maintaining respiratory and circulatory function. whose contraction ejects the fluid at an appropriate tarsal bones. cardiovascular:Pertaining to the heart, blood, and blood time; used alone, the term usually refers to the urinary calcification:The deposition of calcium salts within a vessels. bladder. tissue. cardiovascular centers:Poorly localized centers in the blastocoele (BLAS-to(cid:2)-se(cid:2)l):Fluid-filled cavity within a calcitonin (kal-si-TO(cid:2)-nin):Hormone secreted by reticular formation of the medulla of the brain; includes blastocyst. thyrotropes, or C cells of the thyroid, when calcium ion cardioacceleratory, cardioinhibitory, and vasomotor blastocyst (BLAS-to(cid:2)-sist):Early stage in the developing concentrations are abnormally high; restores centers. embryo, consisting of an outer trophoblast and an inner homeostasis by increasing the rate of bone deposition cardium:The heart. cell mass. and the renal rate of calcium loss, and inhibiting carina (ka-RI(cid:2)-na):A ridge on the inner surface of the base blastodisc (BLAS-to(cid:2)-disk):Later stage in the development calcium uptake at the digestive tract. of the trachea that runs anteroposteriorly, between the of the inner cell mass; it includes the cells that will form calculus/calculi (KAL-ku(cid:2)-lı(cid:2)):Concretions of insoluble two primary bronchi. the embryo. materials that form within body fluids, especially the carotene (KAR-o(cid:2)-te(cid:2)n):A yellow-orange pigment found in blastomere (BLAS-to(cid:2)-me(cid:2)r):One of the cells in the morula, gallbladder, kidneys, or urinary bladder. carrots and in green and orange leafy vegetables; a a collection of cells produced by the division of the callus:A localized thickening of the epidermis due to compound that the body can convert to vitamin A. zygote. chronic mechanical stresses; a thickened area that forms carotid artery:The principal artery of the neck, servicing blood–brain barrier:Isolation of the CNS from the general at the site of a bone break as part of the repair process. cervical and cranial structures; one branch, the circulation; primarily the result of astrocyte regulation calvaria (kal-VAR-e(cid:2)-a):The skullcap, formed of the frontal, internal carotid, represents a major blood supply for of capillary permeabilities. parietal, and occipital bones. the brain. blood clot:A network of fibrin fibers and trapped blood calyx/calyces (KA(cid:2)L-i-se(cid:2)z):A cup-shaped division of the carotid body:A group of receptors adjacent to the carotid cells. renal pelvis. sinus that are sensitive to changes in the carbon dioxide blood pressure:A force exerted against the vascular walls canaliculi (kan-a-LIK-u(cid:2)-le(cid:2)):Microscopic passageways levels, pH, and oxygen concentrations of the arterial by the blood, as the result of the push exerted by cardiac between cells; bile canaliculi carry bile to bile ducts in blood. contraction and the elasticity of the vessel walls. It is the liver; in bone, canaliculi permit the diffusion of carotid sinus:A dilated segment of the internal carotid usually measured along one of the muscular arteries, nutrients and wastes to and from osteocytes. artery whose walls contain baroreceptors sensitive to with systolic pressure measured during ventricular cancer:A malignant tumor that tends to undergo changes in blood pressure. systole, and diastolic pressure during ventricular metastasis. carotid sinus reflex:Reflexive changes in blood pressure diastole. cannula:A tube that can be inserted into the body; often that maintain homeostatic pressures at the carotid sinus, blood–testis barrier:Isolation of the seminiferous tubules placed in blood vessels prior to transfusion or dialysis. stabilizing blood flow to the brain. from the general circulation, due to the activities of the canthus, medial and lateral (KAN-thus):The angles carpus/carpal:The wrist. nurse (Sertoli) cells. formed at either corner of the eye between the upper cartilage:A connective tissue with a gelatinous matrix and boil:An abscess of the skin, usually involving a sebaceous and lower eyelids. an abundance of fibers. gland. capacitation (ka-pas-i-TA(cid:2)-shun):Activation process that castration:Removal of the testes, also called bilateral bolus:A compact mass; usually refers to compacted must occur before a spermatozoon can successfully orchiectomy. ingested material on its way to the stomach. fertilize an egg; occurs in the vagina following catabolism (ka-TAB-o(cid:2)-lizm):The breakdown of complex bone:Seeosseous tissue. ejaculation. organic molecules into simpler components, bowel:The intestinal tract. capillaries:Small blood vessels, interposed between accompanied by the release of energy. brachial:Pertaining to the arm. arterioles and venules, whose thin walls permit the cataract:A reduction in lens transparency that causes visual brachial plexus:Network formed by branches of spinal diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between the impairment. nerves C5–T1en route to innervate the upper limb. plasma and interstitial fluids. catecholamines (kat-e-KO(cid:2)L-am-inz):Epinephrine, brachium:The arm. capitulum (ka-PIT-u(cid:2)-lum):General term for a small, norepinephrine, and related compounds. bradycardia (bra(cid:2)-de(cid:2)-KAR-de(cid:2)-a):An abnormally slow elevated articular process; used to refer to the rounded catheter (KATH-e-ter):Surgical instrument; a tube heart rate. distal surface of the humerus that articulates with the inserted into a body cavity or along a blood vessel or brain stem:The brain minus the cerebrum and cerebellum. radial head. excretory passageway for the collection of body fluids, brevis:Short. caput:The head. blood pressure monitoring, or the introduction of Broca’s center:The speech center of the brain, usually carbohydrase (kar-bo(cid:2)-HI(cid:2)-dra(cid:2)z):An enzyme that breaks medications or radiographic dyes. found on the neural cortex of the left cerebral down carbohydrate molecules. cauda equina (KAW-da ek-WI(cid:2)-na):Spinal nerve roots hemisphere. carbohydrate (kar-bo(cid:2)-HI(cid:2)-dra(cid:2)t):Organic compound distal to the tip of the adult spinal cord; they extend bronchial tree:The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio that caudally inside the vertebral canal en route to lumbar bronchitis (brong-KI(cid:2)-tis):Inflammation of the bronchial approximates 1:2:1. and sacral segments. passageways. carbon dioxide:CO2, a compound produced by the caudal/caudally:Closest to or toward the tail (coccyx). bronchoscope:A fiber-optic instrument used to examine decarboxylation reactions of aerobic glycolysis. caudate nucleus (KAW-da(cid:2)t):One of the basal nuclei, the bronchial passageways. carbonic anhydrase:An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction involved with the subconscious control of muscular bronchus/bronchi:One of the branches of the bronchial H2O (cid:3)CO2→H2CO3; important in carbon dioxide activity. tree between the trachea and bronchioles. transport, gastric acid secretion, and renal pH cavernous tissue:Erectile tissue that can be engorged with buccal (BUK-al):Pertaining to the cheeks. regulation. blood; found in the penis and clitoris. buffer:A compound that stabilizes the pH of a solution by carboxypeptidase (kar-bok-se(cid:2)-PEP-ti-da(cid:2)z):A protease cecum (SE(cid:2)-kum):An expanded pouch at the start of the removing or releasing hydrogen ions. that breaks down proteins and releases amino acids. large intestine. bulbar:Pertaining to the brain stem. carcinogenic (kar-sin-o(cid:2)-JEN-ik):Stimulating cancer cell:The smallest living unit in the human body. bulbo-urethral glands (bul-bo(cid:2)-u(cid:2)-RE(cid:2)-thral):Mucous formation in affected tissues. cell-mediated immunity:Resistance to disease glands at the base of the penis that secrete into the cardia (KAR-de(cid:2)-a):The area of the stomach surrounding through the activities of sensitized T cells that penile urethra; also called Cowper’s glands. its connection with the esophagus. destroy antigen-bearing cells by direct contact or bundle branches:Specialized conducting cells in the cardiac:Pertaining to the heart. through the release of lymphotoxins; also called ventricles that carry the contractile stimulus from the cardiac cycle:One complete heartbeat, including atrial and cellular immunity. bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers. ventricular systole and diastole. cellulitis (sel-u(cid:2)-LI(cid:2)-tis):Diffuse inflammation, usually bundle of His (HISS):Specialized conducting cells in the cardiac glands:Mucous glands characteristic of the cardia involving areas of loose connective tissue, such as the interventricular septum that carry the contracting of the stomach. subcutaneous layer. stimulus from the AV node to the bundle branches and cardiac output:The amount of blood ejected by the left cement orcementum (se-MEN-tum):Bony material then to the Purkinje fibers. ventricle each minute; normally about 5 liters. covering the root of a tooth, not shielded by a layer of bursa:A small sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions cardiac tamponade:Compression of the heart due to fluid enamel. adjacent structures and reduces friction. accumulation in the pericardial cavity. center of ossification:Site in a connective tissue where bursectomy:The surgical removal of an inflamed bursa. cardiocyte (KAR-de(cid:2)-o(cid:2)-sı(cid:2)t):A cardiac muscle cell. bone formation begins. 3