HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB WORKBOOK SEMESTER I Contents Anatomy Academy _______________________________________2 Microscope _____________________________________________3 The Cell ________________________________________________6 The Cell Cycle ___________________________________________9 Appendicular skeleton ____________________________________16 Axial Skeleton ___________________________________________35 Skull ___________________________________________________47 Muscular System _________________________________________56 Head and Torso Muscles ______________________________61 Upper Limb Muscles _________________________________65 Lower Limb Muscles __________________________________70 The Nervous System ______________________________________78 Spinal Nerves ________________________________________81 Spinal Cord __________________________________________93 Brain _______________________________________________98 Eye ________________________________________________109 Ear ________________________________________________122 Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab workbook Semester I 2nd Edition Somerset Community College Biology Faculty Elaine Kohrman – Editor Shawn Stratmann, Clint Hayes – Photos Rose Kohrman – Design 1 INTERACTIVE ACTIVITIES FOR THIS LAB BOOK CAN BE FOUND ON BLACKBOARD IN THE ANATOMY ACADEMY ECOMMUNITY. Log in to BlackBoard. Click on the eCommunity tab at the top of the page. Search for ‘Anatomy Academy’ using the Organization Search Module. Enroll yourself in the Anatomy Academy by clicking enroll in the drop box by the organization ID. 2 3 MICROSCOPE CARE AND USE (cid:1) Know the names of the parts of the microscope. USE OF MICROSCOPES (cid:1) Be able to calculate the total magnification based on the lens used. 1. Before plugging in the microscope, make sure the light is turned CARE OF MICROSCOPES off. • Always carry microscopes upright with one hand on neck and 2. Plug in the microscope and turn the light source all the way up. other hand under base. 3. Start with the scanning power (4X) objective lens. • Only use lens cleaner paper to clean lenses and slides. 4. Put a slide on the stage and secure it with the holder. Do NOT • Before putting away the microscope, push the slide UNDER the holder. • Remember to remove the slide. 5. Center the slide under the light using the mechanical stage • Reset the lens to scanning power. controls next to the right side of the stage. • Turn off the light. 6. Focus using the knobs on the side of the base. Start with course • Unplug the microscope by pulling on the plug, not the focus and then fine focus. cord. 7. Adjust the light level using the light source dial, the iris • Always place the dust cover back on the microscope. diaphragm, and raising and lowering the condenser lens. • Put the microscope in the cabinet with the ocular lens 8. Higher magnification requires more light which increases going in first. resolution. • Put the power cord away in one of the top drawers next 9. Recenter the slide on the point of interest. to your seat. 10. Increase magnification to low power (10X). 11. Focus and recenter. MAGNIFICATION 12. Increase magnification to high power (40X or 45X). Under high Total magnification is the magnification of the ocular lens (10X) power, use the fine focus knob only, course focus adjustment can multiplied by the objective lens in use. At low power, total magnification is break the slide. 100X (10X x 10X). 4 5 6 CELL STRUCTURE MODULE BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE MAJOR STRUCTURES AND ORGANELLES OF THE CELL Plasma/cell membrane- outer phospholipid bilayer membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum- located near nucleus, contains of the cell ribosomes Cilia- hair like processes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- located further from nucleus, does NOT contain ribosomes Flagella- tail-like process Golgi apparatus- the “Shipping and Distribution Center” of Cytoplasm- all cellular components inside the membrane, but the cell (UPS Warehouse) outside the nucleus Lysosomes- vesicles with digestive enzymes Nucleus Mitochondria- small bean shaped organelles that produce Nuclear envelope (membrane) ATP Nucleolus Nucleoplasm Centrioles- rod-shaped bodies Spindle fibers- formed by centrioles at beginning of mitosis Ribosomes- small organelles, function in protein synthesis 7 mitochondrion Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus vacoule Smooth endoplasmic reticulum centriole cytoplasm nucleolus Rough Nuclear endoplasmic membrane reticulum ribosome lysosome 8