SP TLIGHT FIGURES Contents in Brief 1 Foundations An Introduction to Anatomy 1 2.4 Membrane Permeability: Active and Passive Processes 32 2 The Cell 27 2.13 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus 41 3 Tissues and Early Embryology 49 4 2.17 Mitosis 45 The Integumentary System The Integumentary System 86 The Skeletal System 5 3.10 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion 60 Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure 109 6 Axial Division 133 5.6 Intramembranous Ossification 117 7 Appendicular Division 176 5.7 Endochondral Ossification 118 8 Articulations 207 9 8.2 Joint Motion 212 The Muscular System Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization 239 10 Axial Musculature 263 9.7 Sliding Filament Theory 248 11 Appendicular Musculature 288 9.13 Levers and Pulleys 258 12 Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy 331 11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function 290 13 The Nervous System Neural Tissue 344 14 13.9 Myelination 352 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 366 15 Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord 393 14.9 The Cervical and Brachial Plexuses 376 16 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 409 14.11 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses 382 17 Autonomic Nervous System 457 15.2 Organization of Spinal Cord Tracts 396 18 General and Special Senses 477 19 17.1 An Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 460 The Endocrine System The Endocrine System 512 20 The Cardiovascular System Blood 534 19.2 Neuroendocrine Integration: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 516 21 The Heart 551 21.11 The Conducting System and the Cardiac Cycle 566 22 Vessels and Circulation 575 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels 578 23 The Lymphatic System The Lymphatic System 611 24 23.6 Lymphocyte Formation and Immunity 618 The Respiratory System The Respiratory System 632 25 The Digestive System The Digestive System 658 24.16 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation 652 26 The Urinary System The Urinary System 695 25.10 Anatomy of the Stomach 672 27 The Reproductive System The Reproductive System 715 28 26.9 The Renal Corpuscle 704 Embryology and Human Development 747 # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. 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No. iii C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e A00_MART3322_08_SE_IFC.indd 2-3 Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 01/11/13 2:45 PM SP TLIGHT FIGURES Contents in Brief 1 Foundations An Introduction to Anatomy 1 2.4 Membrane Permeability: Active and Passive Processes 32 2 The Cell 27 2.13 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus 41 3 Tissues and Early Embryology 49 4 2.17 Mitosis 45 The Integumentary System The Integumentary System 86 The Skeletal System 5 3.10 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion 60 Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure 109 6 Axial Division 133 5.6 Intramembranous Ossification 117 7 Appendicular Division 176 5.7 Endochondral Ossification 118 8 Articulations 207 9 8.2 Joint Motion 212 The Muscular System Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization 239 10 Axial Musculature 263 9.7 Sliding Filament Theory 248 11 Appendicular Musculature 288 9.13 Levers and Pulleys 258 12 Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy 331 11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Muscle Function 290 13 The Nervous System Neural Tissue 344 14 13.9 Myelination 352 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 366 15 Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord 393 14.9 The Cervical and Brachial Plexuses 376 16 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 409 14.11 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses 382 17 Autonomic Nervous System 457 15.2 Organization of Spinal Cord Tracts 396 18 General and Special Senses 477 19 17.1 An Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 460 The Endocrine System The Endocrine System 512 20 The Cardiovascular System Blood 534 19.2 Neuroendocrine Integration: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 516 21 The Heart 551 21.11 The Conducting System and the Cardiac Cycle 566 22 Vessels and Circulation 575 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels 578 23 The Lymphatic System The Lymphatic System 611 24 23.6 Lymphocyte Formation and Immunity 618 The Respiratory System The Respiratory System 632 25 The Digestive System The Digestive System 658 24.16 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation 652 26 The Urinary System The Urinary System 695 25.10 Anatomy of the Stomach 672 27 The Reproductive System The Reproductive System 715 28 26.9 The Renal Corpuscle 704 Embryology and Human Development 747 # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. ii C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. iii C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e A00_MART3322_08_SE_IFC.indd 2-3 Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services 01/11/13 2:45 PM HUMAN ANATOMY Eighth Edition Frederic H. Martini, PH.d. University of Hawaii at Manoa MicHael J. tiMMons, M.s. Moraine Valley Community College robert b. tallitscH, PH.d. Augustana College, Rock Island, IL with William C. Ober, M.D. Art Coordinator and Illustrator Claire E. Ober, R.N. Illustrator Kathleen Welch, M.D. Clinical Consultant Ralph T. Hutchings Biomedical Photographer Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. i C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman Project Editor: Nicole George-O’Brien Assistant Editor: Cady Owens Director of Development: Barbara Yien Managing Editor: Mike Early Assistant Managing Editor: Nancy Tabor Project Manager: Caroline Ayres Director of Digital Product Development: Lauren Fogel Executive Content Producer: Liz Winer Senior Content Producer: Aimee Pavy Associate Content Producer: Julia Akpan Production Management and Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services, Inc. Copyeditor: Michael Rossa Art Coordinator: Kristina Seymour Design Manager: Marilyn Perry Interior Designer: Gibson Design Associates Cover Designer: Marilyn Perry Contributing Illustrators: imagineeringart.com; Anita Impagliazzo Photo Researcher: Maureen Spuhler Senior Procurement Specialist: Stacey Weinberger Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo Senior Marketing Manager: Allison Rona Cover Illustration Credit: Bryan Christie Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text or on page 835. Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009, 2006 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Michael J. Timmons, and Robert B. Tallitsch. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. MasteringA&P®, Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™), and A&P Flix™ are trademarks, in the United States and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martini, Frederic. Human anatomy / Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D., University of Hawaii at Manoa, Michael J. Timmons, M.S., Moraine Valley Community College, Robert B. Tallitsch, Ph.D., Augustana College; with William C. Ober, M.D., art coordinator and illustrator, Claire E. Ober, R.N., illustrator, Kathleen Welch, M.D.; clinical consultant, Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical photographer.—Eighth edition. pages cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-88332-2 ISBN-10: 0-321-88332-2 1. Human anatomy. 2. Human anatomy—Atlases. I. Timmons, Michael J. II. Tallitsch, Robert B. III. Title. QM23.2.M356 2015 611—dc23 2013036907 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOW— 17 16 15 14 13 ISBN 10: 0-321-88332-2 (Student edition) ISBN 13: 978-0-321-88332-2 (Student edition) ISBN 10: 0-321-90913-5 (Exam copy) ISBN 13: 978-0-321-90913-8 (Exam copy) # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. ii C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services text and illustration team Frederic (Ric) Martini Michael J. Timmons Robert B. Tallitsch Author Author Author Dr. Martini received his Ph.D. from Cornell Michael J. Timmons received his degrees Dr. Tallitsch received his Ph.D. in physiology University in comparative and functional from Loyola University, Chicago. For more with an anatomy minor from the University anatomy for work on the pathophysiology than three decades he has taught anatomy to of Wisconsin–Madison at the ripe old age of stress. In addition to professional nursing, EMT, and pre-professional students of 24. Dr. Tallitsch has been on the biology publications that include journal articles at Moraine Valley Community College. faculty at Augustana College (Illinois) and contributed chapters, technical reports, He was honored with the Professor of the since 1975. His teaching responsibilities and magazine articles, he is the lead author Year Award by MVCC and the Excellence include Human Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, of ten undergraduate texts on anatomy Award from the National Institute for Staff Histology, and Cadaver Dissection. He is and physiology or anatomy. Dr. Martini is and Organizational Development for his also a member of the Asian Studies faculty currently affiliated with the University of outstanding contributions to teaching, at Augustana College, teaching a course in Hawaii at Manoa and has a long-standing leadership, and student learning. He is the Traditional Chinese Medicine. Dr. Tallitsch bond with the Shoals Marine Laboratory, recipient of the Excellence in Teaching has been designated numerous times as a joint venture between Cornell University Award by the Illinois Community College one of the “unofficial teachers of the year” and the University of New Hampshire. He Board of Trustees. Professor Timmons, by the graduating seniors at Augustana. has been active in the Human Anatomy a member of the American Association Dr. Tallitsch is a member of the American and Physiology Society (HAPS) for 20 years of Anatomists, has authored several Physiological Society (APS); American and was a member of the committee that anatomy and physiology lab manuals and Association of Anatomists, where he serves established the course curriculum guidelines dissection guides. His areas of interest as a Career Development Mentor; American for A&P. He is now a President Emeritus include biomedical photography, crafting Association of Clinical Anatomists, where of HAPS after serving as President- illustration programs, and developing he is a member of the Educational Affairs Elect, President, and Past-President over instructional technology learning systems. Committee; and the Human Anatomy 2005–2007. Dr. Martini is also a member He chaired the Midwest Regional Human and Physiology Society. In addition to of the American Physiological Society, the Anatomy and Physiology Conference and his teaching responsibilities at Augustana American Association of Anatomists, the is also a national and regional presenter at College, Dr. Tallitsch has served as a visiting Society for Integrative and Comparative the League for Innovation Conferences on faculty member at the Beijing University Biology, the Australia/New Zealand Information Technology for Colleges and of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology Association of Clinical Anatomists, the Universities and at Human Anatomy and (Beijing, PRC), the Foreign Languages Hawaii Academy of Science, the American Physiology Society meetings. Faculty at Central China Normal University Association for the Advancement of Science, (Wuhan, PRC), and in the Biology and the International Society of Vertebrate Department at Central China Normal Morphologists. University (Wuhan, PRC). # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. iii C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services iivv TTeexxtt aanndd IIlllluussttrraattiioonn TTeeaamm William C. Ober apprenticeship, she has worked as Dr. Ober’s Ralph T. Hutchings Art Coordinator and Illustrator partner in Medical & Scientific Illustration Biomedical Photographer since 1986. She was on the Core Faculty at Dr. Ober received Mr. Hutchings Shoals Marine Laboratory and co-taught the his undergraduate was associated Biological Illustration course with Dr. Ober degree from with The Royal for 24 years. The textbooks illustrated by Washington and College of Medical & Scientific Illustration have won Lee University Surgeons of numerous design and illustration awards. and his M.D. from England for the University of Kathleen Welch 20 years. An Virginia. He also engineer by Clinical Consultant studied in the training, he Dr. Welch received Department of has focused for her B.A. from Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins years on photographing the structure of the the University University. After graduation, Dr. Ober human body. The result has been a series of Wisconsin– completed a residency in Family Practice of color atlases, including the Color Atlas of Madison, her and later was on the faculty at the University Human Anatomy, the Color Atlas of Surface M.D. from the of Virginia in the Department of Family Anatomy, and The Human Skeleton (all University of Medicine and in the Department of Sports published by Mosby-Yearbook Publishing). Washington in Medicine. He also served as Chief of Medicine For his anatomical portrayal of the human Seattle, and did of Martha Jefferson Hospital in Charlottesville, body, the International Photographers her residency in VA. He is currently a Visiting Professor of Association has chosen Mr. Hutchings Family Practice at the University of North Biology at Washington and Lee University, as the best photographer of humans in Carolina in Chapel Hill. Participating in the where he has taught several courses and led the twentieth century. He lives in North Seattle WWAMI rural medical education student trips to the Galapagos Islands. He London, where he tries to balance the program, she studied in Fairbanks, was on the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine demands of his photographic assignments Anchorage, and Juneau, Alaska, with time Laboratory for 22 years, where he taught with his hobbies of early motor cars and in Boise, Idaho, and Anacortes, Washington, Biological Illustration every summer. Dr. Ober airplanes. as well. For two years, she served as Director has collaborated with Dr. Martini on all of his of Maternal and Child Health at the LBJ textbooks in every edition. Tropical Medical Center in American Samoa Claire E. Ober and subsequently was a member of the Illustrator Department of Family Practice at the Kaiser Permanente Clinic in Lahaina, Hawaii, and Claire E. Ober, on the staff at Maui Memorial Hospital. R.N., B.A., She has been in private practice since 1987 practiced family, and is licensed to practice in Hawaii and pediatric, and Washington State. Dr. Welch is a Fellow of the obstetric nursing American Academy of Family Practice and a before turning member of the Maui County Medical Society to medical and the Human Anatomy and Physiology illustration as a Society (HAPS). With Dr. Martini, she has full-time career. coauthored both a textbook on anatomy She returned to and physiology and the A&P Applications school at Mary Baldwin College, where Manual. She and Dr. Martini were married in she received her degree with distinction 1979, and they have one son. in studio art. Following a five-year # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. iv C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services Preface In this eighth edition of Human Anatomy, we have made a highly visual book even more visual in an effort to support student understanding of the intricacies of the human body. The new visuals are especially apparent in the new Spotlight Figures. Student learning is further supported by new highly visual and interactive activities in MasteringA&P®, the online homework, tutorial, and assessment system. New to the Eighth Edition To build on the strengths of previous editions while meeting the needs of today’s students, the author team and the publisher conducted student focus groups and gathered input from numerous instructors who teach the human anatomy course. The changes presented below reflect advancements resulting from the invaluable input of students and instructors. • NEW Spotlight Figures are one- and two-page presentations that seamlessly integrate text and visuals to guide students through complex topics. With the explanations built directly into the illustrations, students can find everything they need to understand a topic in one place—with no page flipping. Students study the Spotlight Figures in the book, and then instructors can assign them in MasteringA&P. The 22 new Spotlight Figures are listed on the inside front cover of this book. • NEW QR Codes in the chapters on the skeletal and muscular systems let students use their smartphones to link directly from figures in the book to figures in the Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) virtual anatomy program, giving students additional views to help them learn bones (Chapters 6 and 7) and muscles (Chapters 10 and 11). • NEW Learning Outcomes on each chapter-opening page indicate to students what they should be able to do after studying the chapter. These Learning Outcomes are coordinated by number to the main chapter headings, creating a predictable one-to-one correspondence and allowing students to check their understanding by both Learning Outcomes and chapter topics. The Learning Outcomes correlate with the Concept Check questions that close out each main section and ask students to pause and check their understanding before moving to the next section. (The answers are at the back of the book.) Additionally, the assessments in MasteringA&P are organized by these Learning Outcomes, allowing instructors to assign homework, assess understanding, and demonstrate teaching results by Learning Outcomes. • NEW Visual Study Outlines at the end of each chapter have memory-triggering visuals to help students remember chapter content. • NEW MasteringA&P activities include the following: • NEW Spotlight Figure Coaching Activities are highly visual, assignable activities designed to bring interactivity to the one- and two-page Spotlight Figure presentations in the book. Multi-part activities include the ranking and sorting types that ask students to manipulate the visuals. • NEW Dynamic Study Modules help students acquire, retain, and recall information faster and more effectively than before. The modules are available as a self-study tool or can be assigned by the instructor. They can be easily accessed with smartphones. • NEW Bone Videos (29 total) and Dissection Videos (16 total) Coaching Activities with hints and specific wrong answer feedback help students preview or review for lab exercises involving bone and dissection identification. # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. v C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services vi Preface Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions Specific chapter-by-chapter revisions include: 1 6 Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy The Skeletal System: Axial Division • Eight new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • Three new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • Presentation of the material throughout the chapter was revised to • Seventeen QR codes linking to related Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL) better facilitate student learning and comprehension. human cadaver images were added to figures throughout the chapter. • Chapter material was revised for easier comprehension and to better 2 Foundations: The Cell facilitate student learning. • Three new Spotlight Figures were added. 7 The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. • Ten new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • Five illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • The presentation of material throughout the chapter was revised to • Eight QR codes linking to related Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL) better facilitate student learning and comprehension. human cadaver images were added to figures throughout the chapter. • New material was added, and existing material has been clarified to 3 better facilitate student learning. Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology 8 • One new Spotlight Figure was added. The Skeletal System: Articulations • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. • One new Spotlight Figure was added. • Ten new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • Three illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • Changes were made in terminology according to the Terminologia Anatomica (TA) and Terminologia Histologica (TH). • New material was added and existing material clarified for better student comprehension. • The presentation order of some material was rearranged in order to facilitate student learning. 9 • New material was added to update the chapter according to current The Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and histological research. Muscle Organization 4 • Two new Spotlight Figures were added. The Integumentary System • Eleven illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • Eight new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • Material within the chapter was revised to better facilitate student • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. comprehension and learning. • Changes were made in terminology according to the TA and TH. 10 The Muscular System: Axial Musculature • Existing chapter material was revised for easier comprehension and to better facilitate student learning. • Eleven illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. 5 • Four QR codes linking to related Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL) The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal human cadaver images were added to figures throughout the chapter. Structure • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. • Two new Spotlight Figures were added. • The presentation of all the material within this chapter was revised and reorganized to better facilitate student comprehension and • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. learning. • Four new or significantly revised illustrations were added. • New material was added to the discussion of bone remodeling and repair, and the existing material was revised for easier reading and comprehension. • New material was added to the discussion of the cells of bone to match current histological terminology and research. # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. vi C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services Preface vii 11 16 The Muscular System: Appendicular Musculature The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves • One new Spotlight Figure was added. • Eleven illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • Eighteen QR codes linking to related Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL) • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. human cadaver images were added to figures throughout the chapter. 17 • Three QR codes linking to related A&P Flix animations were added The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System to the Spotlight Figure 11.2. • One new Spotlight Figure was added. • Twenty-six illustrations are either new or have been significantly • Eight illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. revised. • All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, to • The presentation of all the material within this chapter was revised better facilitate student comprehension. and reorganized to better facilitate student comprehension and learning. 18 The Nervous System: General and Special Senses 12 Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy • Fifteen illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. • Four illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, to • Clinically relevant material was added to the Surface Anatomy better facilitate student comprehension. illustrations throughout the chapter. 19 13 The Endocrine System The Nervous System: Neural Tissue • One new Spotlight Figure has been added. • One new Spotlight Figure was added. • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. • Five illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • Nine illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, to • The sections entitled “Neuroglia of the CNS” and “Synaptic better facilitate student comprehension. Communication” were updated in order to match current research findings in the field. 20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood 14 The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal • Three illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. Nerves • All sections of this chapter were updated in order to match current research findings in the field. • Two new Spotlight Figures were added. • Nine illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. 21 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart • The discussion of the sectional anatomy of the spinal cord was expanded, with particular emphasis on the revision of the section on • One new Spotlight Figure was added. “Organization of the Gray Matter.” • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research information. • The section on “Spinal Nerves” has been rewritten in order to • Four illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. facilitate student learning and comprehension. • New material dealing with the histology of cardiac muscle has been rewritten in order to reflect new research findings. 15 The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts • The section discussing the anatomy of the mediastinum and of the Spinal Cord pericardial sac was revised in order to better facilitate student comprehension. • One new Spotlight Figure was added. 22 • The Hot Topics feature was updated with new research The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation information. • Five illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • One new Spotlight Figure was added. • All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, to • A new Clinical Note on Repair of an Aortic Aneurysm was added. better facilitate student comprehension. • Seven illustrations are either new or have been significantly revised. • At the request of reviewers, a section dealing with Higher-Order • All sections of this chapter were revised, either partially or totally, in Functions has been added to the chapter. order to better facilitate student comprehension. # 109314 Cust: Pearson / BC / CA / SF Au: Martini Pg. No. vii C/M/Y/K S4DcESIGaN SrERVlICiESS OlF e Title: Human Anatomy / 8e Server: Short / Normal / Long Publishing Services