Listen Up, Human Anatomy Students! You paid good money for this book and your human anatomy course, so make MARTINI the most of it! Use the accompanying study tools that will help you pass. TALLITSCH Accurate, credible animations, videos, practice quizzes, the eText, and lab study NATH tools are all available in (www.masteringaandp.com). No H need to randomly search online; you already have everything you need in one place! U MARTINI M TALLITSCH A NATH N A HUMAN N ANATOMY Animation from showing the origins, insertions, Skeleton image from 3 .0 in MasteringA&P. A actions, and innervations of individual muscles in MasteringA&P. T NINTH EDITION O M Please visit us at www.pearsonhighered.com for more Y information. To order any of our products, contact our customer service department at (800) 824-7799, or (201) 767-5021 outside of the U.S., or visit your campus bookstore. www.pearsonhighered.com NINTH EDITION Contents in Brief BODY SYSTEM CHAPTER FOUNDATIONS 1 An Introduction to Anatomy 1 2 The Cell 27 3 Tissues and Early Embryology 49 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 4 The Integumentary System 86 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 5 Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure 107 6 Axial Division 131 7 Appendicular Division 172 8 Joints 203 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 9 Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization 235 10 Axial Musculature 259 11 Appendicular Musculature 282 SURFACE ANATOMY AND CROSS-SECTIONAL ANATOMY 12 Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy 325 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 13 Nervous Tissue 338 14 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 360 15 Sensory and Motor Tracts of the Spinal Cord 387 16 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 403 17 Autonomic Nervous System 449 18 General and Special Senses 471 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 19 The Endocrine System 506 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 20 Blood 528 21 The Heart 545 22 Vessels and Circulation 567 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 23 The Lymphatic System 603 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 24 The Respiratory System 624 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 25 The Digestive System 650 THE URINARY SYSTEM 26 The Urinary System 687 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 27 The Reproductive System 707 28 Embryology and Human Development 739 A00_MART0762_09_SE_IFC.indd 2 10/28/16 2:54 PM CCLLIINNIICCAALL CCAASSEESS SPOTLIGHT FIGURES Using Anatomy to Save a Life 1 2.4 Membrane Permeability: Passive and Active Processes 32 Inheritance from Mom 27 2.13 Functions of the Golgi Apparatus 41 The Tallest in the School 49 2.17 Mitosis 45 Flesh-Eating Bacteria 86 Pushing Beyond Her Limits 107 3.10 Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion 60 The Last Lap 131 5.6 Intramembranous Ossification 115 Double Jeopardy 172 5.7 Endochondral Ossification 116 Why Does My Knee Hurt So Much? 203 8.2 Joint Motion 208 A Case of Asymmetrical Development 235 9.7 Sliding Filament Theory 244 Waking with a Crooked Smile 259 9.13 Levers and Pulleys 254 Hamstrung 282 11.2 Factors Affecting Appendicular Breathing Through Your Neck 325 Muscle Function 284 When Nerves Become Demyelinated 338 13.9 Myelination 346 A Case of the Bends 360 14.8 The Cervical and Brachial Plexuses 370 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 387 14.10 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses 376 A Neuroanatomist’s Stroke of Insight 403 15.2 Organization of Spinal Cord Tracts 390 First Day of Anatomy Lab 449 17.2 An Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 452 Why Am I So Dizzy? 471 17.3 A Review of the Sympathetic Nervous Why Am I So Cold and Tired? 506 System 454 A Surplus of WBCs 528 19.2 Neuroendocrine Integration: The A Broken Heart 545 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 510 In the Absence of Capillaries 567 21.11 The Conducting System and the Fighting a Zoonotic Disease 603 Cardiac Cycle 560 How Long Should This Cough Last? 624 22.1 The Structure of Blood Vessels 570 An Unusual Transplant 650 23.6 Lymphocyte Formation and Immunity 609 This Too Shall Pass 687 24.16 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation 644 A Serious Game of Twister 707 25.10 Anatomy of the Stomach 664 The Least-Alike Twins 739 26.9 The Renal Corpuscle 696 A00_MART0762_09_SE_IFC.indd 3 10/28/16 2:54 PM HUMAN NINTH EDITION ANATOMY FREDERIC H. MARTINI, PH.D. UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA ROBERT B. TALLITSCH, PH.D. AUGUSTANA COLLEGE (IL) JUDI L. NATH, PH.D. LOURDES UNIVERSITY William C. Ober, M.D., Art Coordinator and Illustrator Claire E. Ober, R.N., Illustrator Kathleen Welch, M.D., Clinical Consultant Ruth Anne O’Keefe, M.D., Clinical Consultant Ralph T. Hutchings, Biomedical Photographer 330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013 A01_MART0762_09_SE_FM.indd 1 10/28/16 4:54 PM Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Full-Service Vendor Project Manager: Norine Strang Courseware Portfolio Manager: Cheryl Cechvala Copyeditor: Joanna Dinsmore Content Producer: Caroline Ayres Compositor: Cenveo Publisher Services Managing Producer: Nancy Tabor Contributing Illustrators: Imagineeringart.com; Anita Impagliazzo Courseware Director, Content Development: Barbara Yien Art Coordinator:: Wynne Auyeung, Courseware Sr. Analysts: Suzanne Olivier, Alice Fugate Design Manager: Marilyn Perry Development Editor: Molly Ward Interior Designer: Elise Lansdon Courseware Editorial Assistant: Kimberly Twardochleb Cover Designer: Elise Lansdon Director of Digital Product Development: Lauren Fogel Rights & Permissions Project Manager: Kathleen Zander, Jason Perkins Executive Content Producer: Laura Tommasi Rights & Permissions Management: Cenveo Publisher Services Rich Media Content Producer: Patrice Fabel, Lauren Chen Photo Researcher: Kristin Piljay Content Developer, A&P and Microbiology: Cheryl Chi Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Senior Mastering Media Producer: Katie Foley Executive Marketing Manager: Allison Rona Associate Mastering Media Producer: Kristin Sanchez Cover Illustration Credit: Sebastian Kaulitzki/Science Photo Library/Getty Full-Service Vendor: Cenveo Publisher Services Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text or on page 826. Copyright ©2018, 2015, 2012 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Robert B. Tallitsch, and Judi Nath. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Acknowledgements of third party content appear on page C-1, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page. PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, MasteringA&P®, A&P Flix®, and Practice Anatomy Lab® (PAL®) are exclusive trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries owned by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Martini, Frederic, author. | Tallitsch, Robert B., author. | Nath, Judi Lindsley, author. Title: Human anatomy / Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D., University of Hawaii at Manoa, Robert B. Tallitsch, Ph.D., Augustana College, Rock Island, IL, Judi L. Nath, Ph.D., Lourdes University, Sylvania, OH; with William C. Ober, M.D., art coordinator and illustrator; Claire E. Ober, R.N., illustrator; Kathleen Welch, M.D., clinical consultant: Ruth Anne O’Keefe, clinical consultant; Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical photographer. Description: Ninth edition. | Glenview, IL: Pearson [2018] Identifiers: LCCN 2016033415 | ISBN 9780134320762 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Human anatomy. | Human anatomy—Atlases. Classification: LCC QM23.2 .M356 2018 | DDC 612--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016033415 1 16 ISBN 10: 0-13-432076-X; ISBN 13: 978-0-13-432076-2 (Student edition) ISBN 10: 0-13-429229-4; ISBN 13: 978-0-13-429229-8 (Exam copy) ISBN 10: 0-13-442494-8; ISBN 13: 978-0-13-4424941 (Books a la Carte edition) A01_MART0762_09_SE_FM.indd 2 11/15/16 3:29 PM Author and Illustration Team Frederic (Ric) Martini Robert B. Tallitsch Judi L. Nath Author Author Author Dr. Martini received his Ph.D. from Cornell Dr. Tallitsch received his Ph.D. in physiology Dr. Judi Nath is a biology professor and the University in comparative and functional with an anatomy minor from the University of writer-in-residence at Lourdes University, anatomy for work on the pathophysiology Wisconsin–Madison at the ripe old age of 24. where she teaches at both the undergraduate of stress. In addition to professional Dr. Tallitsch has been on the biology faculty and graduate levels. Primary courses include publications that include journal articles at Augustana College (Illinois) since 1975. anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, medical and contributed chapters, technical reports, His teaching responsibilities include human terminology, and science writing. She received and magazine articles, he is the lead author anatomy, neuroanatomy, histology, and cadaver her Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from of ten undergraduate texts on anatomy and dissection. He is also a member of the Asian Bowling Green State University, which included physiology or anatomy. Dr. Martini is currently Studies faculty at Augustana College, teaching study abroad at the University of Salzburg affiliated with the University of Hawaii at a course in traditional Chinese medicine. in Austria. Her doctoral work focused on Manoa and has a long-standing bond with Dr. Tallitsch has been designated as one of autoimmunity, and she completed her Ph.D. the Shoals Marine Laboratory, a joint venture the “unofficial teachers of the year” by the from the University of Toledo. Dr. Nath is between Cornell University and the University graduating seniors at Augustana 19 out of devoted to her students and strives to convey the of New Hampshire. He has been active in the last 20 years. Dr. Tallitsch is a member intricacies of science in captivating ways that are the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society of the American Association of Anatomists, meaningful, interactive, and exciting. She has (HAPS) for over 24 years and was a member where he serves as a Career Development won the Faculty Excellence Award—an accolade of the committee that established the course Mentor; the American Association of Clinical recognizing effective teaching, scholarship, and curriculum guidelines for A&P. He is now a Anatomists; and the Human Anatomy and community service—multiple times and in 2013 President Emeritus of HAPS after serving as Physiology Society. In addition to his teaching was named as an Ohio Memorable Educator. President-Elect, President, and Past-President responsibilities, Dr. Tallitsch currently serves She is active in many professional organizations, over 2005–2007. Dr. Martini is also a member as a reviewer for the Problem-Based Learning notably the Human Anatomy and Physiology of the American Physiological Society, the Clearinghouse and has served as a visiting Society (HAPS), where she has served several American Association of Anatomists, the faculty member at the Beijing University of terms on the board of directors. Dr. Nath is Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology (Beijing, a coauthor of Fundamentals of Anatomy & the Australia/New Zealand Association of PRC), the Foreign Languages Faculty at Central Physiology, Visual Anatomy & Physiology, Visual Clinical Anatomists, the Hawaii Academy of China Normal University (Wuhan, PRC), and Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, and Anatomy Science, the American Association for the in the Biology Department at Central China & Physiology (published by Pearson); and she Advancement of Science, and the International Normal University (Wuhan, PRC). is the sole author of Using Medical Terminology Society of Vertebrate Morphologists. and Stedman’s Medical Terminology (published by Wolters Kluwer). Her favorite charities are those that have significantly affected her life, including the local Humane Society, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, and the ALS Association. In 2015, she and her husband established the Nath Science Scholarship at Lourdes University to assist students pursuing science-based careers. When not working, days are filled with family life, bicycling, and hanging with the dogs. iii A01_MART0762_09_SE_FM.indd 3 10/28/16 4:54 PM William C. Ober Kathleen Welch Ruth Anne O’Keefe Art Coordinator and Illustrator Clinical Consultant Clinical Consultant Dr. Ober received his Dr. Welch received Dr. O’Keefe did undergraduate degree her B.A. from her undergraduate from Washington the University of studies at Marquette and Lee University Wisconsin–Madison University, attended and his M.D. from and her M.D. from graduate school the University of the University of at the University Virginia. He also Washington in of Wisconsin, studied in the Seattle, and did her and received her Department of residency in Family M.D. from George Art as Applied to Practice at the Washington Medicine at Johns Hopkins University. After University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. University. She was the first woman to study graduation, Dr. Ober completed a residency in Participating in the Seattle WWAMI regional orthopedic surgery at The Ohio State University. Family Practice and later was on the faculty at medical education program, she studied in She did fellowship training in trauma surgery the University of Virginia in the Department Fairbanks, Anchorage, and Juneau, Alaska, at Loma Linda University. She has always been of Family Medicine and in the Department with time in Boise, Idaho, and Anacortes, passionate about global health and has done of Sports Medicine. He also served as Chief Washington, as well. For two years, she served orthopedic surgery in high-need areas around the of Medicine of Martha Jefferson Hospital in as Director of Maternal and Child Health at world, taking her own surgical teams to places Charlottesville, VA. He is currently a Visiting the LBJ Tropical Medical Center in American such as the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Professor of Biology at Washington and Lee Samoa and subsequently was a member of the Peru, Burkina Faso, and New Zealand. She serves University, where he has taught several courses Department of Family Practice at the Kaiser on the board of Global Health Partnerships, a and led student trips to the Galápagos Islands. Permanente Clinic in Lahaina, Hawaii, and group that partners with a clinic serving 50,000 He was on the Core Faculty at Shoals Marine on the staff at Maui Memorial Hospital. She very poor people in rural Kenya. Dr. O’Keefe Laboratory for 24 years, where he taught was in private practice from 1987 until her has enjoyed teaching at all levels and at all the Biological Illustration every summer. Dr. Ober retirement in 2012. Dr. Welch is a Fellow of universities in places where she has lived. She has collaborated with Dr. Martini on all of his the American Academy of Family Practice and now lives in Albuquerque with her Sweet Ed. She textbooks in every edition. a member of the Hawaii Medical Association, is mother of four, grandmother of thirteen, and the Maui County Medical Association, and foster grandmother to many. the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society Claire E. Ober (HAPS). With Dr. Martini, she has coauthored Illustrator Ralph T. Hutchings both a textbook on anatomy and physiology Biomedical Photographer Claire E. Ober, and the A&P Applications Manual. She and R.N., B.A., practiced Mr. Hutchings was Dr. Martini were married in 1979, and they family, pediatric, associated with The have one son. and obstetric Royal College of nursing before Surgeons of turning to medical England for illustration as a 20 years. An engineer full-time career. She by training, he has returned to school focused for years at Mary Baldwin on photographing College, where she received her degree with the structure of distinction in studio art. Following a five-year the human body. The result has been a series apprenticeship, she has worked as Dr. Ober’s of color atlases, including the Color Atlas of partner at Medical & Scientific Illustration Human Anatomy, the Color Atlas of Surface since 1986. She was on the Core Faculty at Anatomy, and The Human Skeleton Shoals Marine Laboratory and co-taught the (all published by Mosby-Yearbook Publishing). Biological Illustration course with Dr. Ober for For his anatomical portrayal of the human body, 24 years. The textbooks illustrated by Medical the International Photographers Association & Scientific Illustration have won numerous chose Mr. Hutchings as the best photographer design and illustration awards. of humans in the twentieth century. He lives in North London, where he tries to balance the demands of his photographic assignments with his hobbies of early motor cars and airplanes. iv Author and Illustration Team A01_MART0762_09_SE_FM.indd 4 11/15/16 3:31 PM Preface Welcome to the ninth edition of Human Anatomy! This edition marks a significant change to the author team with the retirement of Michael Timmons and the addition of a fine colleague and excellent writer, Judi Nath. We have made significant changes to every chapter of the text. As a result, this book—which was already highly visual—is now even more visual and engaging. These changes will enhance students’ understanding of the chapters and the intricacies of the human body. Our new and revised visuals will promote student involvement with the figures. In addition, the author team has revised the chapter narratives to be even more “student friendly” with a lively writing style. We have repositioned figure callouts and tried to place all graphics on the same two- page spread with their anatomical descriptions. New to the Ninth Edition Our goal is to build on the strengths of previous editions while meeting the needs of today’s students. The author team has paid significant attention to the latest research on the science of teaching and learning. Our reading of this research has informed the revision of both the art program and text narratives in this edition. As a result, we believe this edition will prove even more effective for attracting students’ attention, enhancing their understanding, and promoting their retention of anatomical concepts. EVERY ILLUSTRATION has been revised, either partially or totally. EVERY CHAPTER has been extensively rewritten to • Engage students with an informal, friendly approach • Reposition figure callouts for easy reading and understanding • Place figures in a logical design that is both attractive and effective • Place figures as close to their anatomical descriptions as possible • Increase the number of bullet lists and numbered lists to better facilitate student learning • Use standardized terminology of the latest editions of Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Histologica, Terminologia Embryologica, and Stedman’s Medical Dictionary NEW Chapter Opener Clinical Cases have been added to every chapter. These clinical cases increase student interest in the topics and vividly demonstrate the importance of anatomical concepts in the health professions. In addition, all of the existing Clinical Notes features, found within the chapters, have been updated or replaced to reflect current topics and the latest research. NEW Tips & Tools boxes are concise, catchy memory devices to help students easily remember anatomical facts and concepts. NEW Key Points boxes give students a quick summary of the material discussed in the upcoming section of the chapter. Improved text-art integration throughout enhances the readability of figures with the text. NEW MasteringA&P features include the following: • Ready to Go Teaching Modules, created by teachers for teachers, are organized around eight of the toughest topics in human anatomy. They provide suggestions to instructors on which assets in MasteringA&P can best be used before, during, and after class to effectively teach the topic. • A Coaching Activity for the new Spotlight Figure in Chapter 17 on the sympathetic nervous system. • Revised and updated Dynamic Study Modules. v A01_MART0762_09_SE_FM.indd 5 11/15/16 3:34 PM Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions 8 The Skeletal System: Joints In addition to a significant rewriting of every chapter within the The chapter title has been changed from Articulations to text, as outlined above, the following changes have been made in Joints. each chapter of the ninth edition of Human Anatomy: Twenty-one illustrations either are new or have been significantly revised. 1 Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy The sections dealing with darthroses (freely movable synovial joints) and the elbow and radio-ulnar joints were reorganized Nine illustrations either are new or have been significantly revised. and revised. All Clinical Notes within this chapter have been revised. One new Tips & Tools box was added to this chapter. 9 The Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and The section dealing with sectional anatomy was extensively Muscle Organization revised to better facilitate student learning Thirteen illustrations either are new or have been significantly 2 revised. Foundations: The Cell All sections dealing with the microanatomy and the physiology Eight illustrations either are new or have been significantly of skeletal muscle contraction were extensively revised. revised. One new Tips & Tools box was added to this chapter. The sections dealing with the plasma membrane, cellular cytoskeleton and intercellular attachments were reorganized 10 The Muscular System: Axial Musculature and revised to better facilitate student learning. Fourteen illustrations either are new or have been significantly 3 Foundations: Tissues and Early Embryology revised. Sixteen illustrations either are new or have been significantly The organization of the sections dealing with muscles of the vertebral column and muscles of the perineum and the revised. pelvic diaphragm was changed to better facilitate student Four new Tips & Tools boxes were added to this chapter. learning. 4 One new Tips & Tools box was added to this chapter. The Integumentary System Nine illustrations either are new or have been significantly 11 The Muscular System: Appendicular revised. Musculature One new Tips & Tools box was added to this chapter. Thirty illustrations either are new or have been significantly 5 The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Bone revised. Structure Five new Tips & Tools boxes were added to this chapter. Nine illustrations either are new or have been significantly 12 Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional revised. Anatomy The sections dealing with blood and nerve supply to bones and factors regulating growth were reorganized and revised to Eighteen illustrations either are new or have been significantly better facilitate student learning. revised. Four Clinical Note illustrations have been added to this 6 The Skeletal System: Axial Division chapter. Twenty-nine illustrations either are new or have been 13 significantly revised. The Nervous System: Nervous Tissue Two new Tips & Tools boxes were added to this chapter. The chapter title has been changed from Neural Tissue to Nervous Tissue. 7 The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division Sixteen illustrations either are new or have been significantly Twenty-four illustrations either are new or have been revised. significantly revised. The section dealing with synaptic transmission was reorganized One new Tips & Tools box was added to this chapter. and revised to better facilitate student learning. vi Preface A01_MART0762_09_SE_FM.indd 6 10/28/16 4:54 PM 14 21 The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal The Cardiovascular System: The Heart Nerves Twelve illustrations either are new or have been significantly Seventeen illustrations either are new or have been revised. significantly revised. All material describing the anatomy of the pericardium The sections dealing with the spinal meninges and the and the surface anatomy of the heart were revised to better peripheral distribution of spinal nerves were reorganized and facilitate student learning. revised to better facilitate student learning. 22 The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and 15 The Nervous System: Sensory and Motor Tracts Circulation of the Spinal Cord Twenty-six illustrations either are new or have been Seven illustrations either are new or have been significantly revised. significantly revised. The entire chapter was significantly revised to better facilitate One new Tips & Tools box was added to this chapter. student learning. 23 The Lymphatic System 16 The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Seventeen illustrations either are new or have been Thirty-four illustrations either are new or have been significantly revised. significantly revised. All sections dealing with the development and immunological One new Tips & Tools box was added to this chapter. functions of the lymphatic cells, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes were extensively revised. 17 The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System 24 The Respiratory System Eleven illustrations either are new or have been significantly revised. Eighteen illustrations either are new or have been significantly All material describing the anatomy of the sympathetic revised. nervous system was revised to better facilitate student learning The organization of several sections was changed to better A new Spotlight Figure on the sympathetic nervous system has facilitate student learning. been added. 25 New material was added to clarify the anatomy of the The Digestive System sympathetic ganglia Twenty-three illustrations either are new or have been significantly revised. 18 The Nervous System: General and Special Senses 26 Twenty-eight illustrations either are new or have been The Urinary System significantly revised. Thirteen illustrations either are new or have been significantly All sections dealing with the physiology of the general and revised. special senses were extensively revised. All sections dealing with the anatomy of the nephron were revised to better facilitate student learning 19 The Endocrine System All sections dealing with the physiology of the urinary system Eleven illustrations either are new or have been significantly were extensively revised. revised. 27 All sections dealing with the physiology of the endocrine The Reproductive System glands were extensively revised. Twenty-two illustrations either are new or have been All material describing the anatomy of the pituitary gland was significantly revised. reorganized and revised to better facilitate student learning. All sections dealing with the physiology of the male and female reproductive systems were extensively revised 20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood 28 Eight illustrations either are new or have been significantly The Reproductive System: Embryology and Human Development revised. One new Tips & Tools box was added to this chapter. All of the Embryology Summaries have been revised. Preface vii A01_MART0762_09_SE_FM.indd 7 10/28/16 4:54 PM