Hugo and Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology Hugo and Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology Ninth Edition Edited by Brendan F. Gilmore, BSc, PhD, FRSC, FRSB Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology School of Pharmacy Queen’s University Belfast Belfast, UK Stephen P. Denyer, B. Pharm, PhD, FRPharmS Emeritus Professor of Pharmacy Universities of Brighton and Sussex Brighton, UK This edition first published 2023 © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Brendan F. Gilmore and Stephen P. Denyer to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organisation, website or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organisation, website or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data applied for [PB ISBN: 9781119434498] Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © CNRI/Getty Images Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India v Contents Notes on Contributors vii Preface to the First Edition ix Preface to the Ninth Edition x About the Companion Website xi Part 1 Introducing Pharmaceutical Microbiology 1 1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Microbiology 3 Brendan F. Gilmore and Stephen P. Denyer Part 2 Biology of Microorganisms 11 2 Fundamental Features of Microbiology 13 Norman Hodges and Stephen P. Denyer 3 Bacteria 27 David Allison 4 Fungi 47 Kevin Kavanagh 5 Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents: Characteristics and Control 63 Timofey Skvortsov and Jean- Yves Maillard 6 Protozoa 98 Tim Paget Part 3 Pathogens and Host Response 121 7 Principles of Microbial Pathogenicity and Epidemiology 123 David Allison and Andrew J. McBain 8 Microbial Biofilms: Consequences for Health 135 Brendan F. Gilmore 9 Immunology 147 Mark Gumbleton and Mathew W. Smith 10 Vaccination and Immunisation 174 Gavin J. Humphreys and Andrew J. McBain vi Contents Part 4 Prescribing Therapeutics and Infection Control 191 11 Antibiotics and Synthetic Antimicrobial Agents: Their Properties and Uses 193 Brendan F. Gilmore 12 Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotics and Synthetic Anti- infective Agents 232 Peter Lambert 13 Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics 249 Brendan F. Gilmore and Stephen P. Denyer 14 Clinical Uses of Antimicrobial Drugs 272 Hayley Wickens and Conor Jamieson 15 Antibiotic Prescribing and Antimicrobial Stewardship 289 Rebecca Craig 16 Infection Prevention and Control: Healthcare-a ssociated Infection 304 Elaine Cloutman- Green Part 5 Contamination and Contamination Control 321 17 Microbial Spoilage, Infection Risk and Contamination Control 323 Rosamund M. Baird 18 Chemical Disinfectants, Antiseptics and Preservatives 343 Sean P. Gorman and Brendan F. Gilmore 19 Laboratory Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agents 365 Brendan F. Gilmore and Sean P. Gorman 20 Microbicides: Mode of Action and Resistance 385 Stephen P. Denyer and Jean- Yves Maillard 21 Sterilisation Procedures and Sterility Assurance 403 Alistair K. Brown and Stephen P. Denyer Part 6 Pharmaceutical Production 433 22 Sterile Pharmaceutical Products and Principles of Good Manufacturing Practice 435 Tim Sandle 23 The Manufacture and Quality Control of Immunological Products 462 Tim Sandle 24 Recombinant DNA Technology 480 Miguel Cámara and Stephan Heeb Part 7 Current Trends and New Directions 507 25 The Wider Contribution of Microbiology to the Pharmaceutical Sciences 509 Mathew W. Smith, James C. Birchall and Sion A. Coulman 26 Alternative Strategies to Antibiotics: Priorities for Development 529 Brendan F. Gilmore Index 544 vii Notes on Contributors David Allison Stephen P. Denyer Reader in Pharmacy Education, Division of Pharmacy and Emeritus Professor of Pharmacy, Universities of Brighton Optometry, School of Health Sciences, The University of and Sussex, Brighton, UK Manchester, Manchester, UK Brendan F. Gilmore Rosamund M. Baird Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Former Visiting Senior Lecturer, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK Now Sherborne, Dorset, UK Sean P. Gorman Emeritus Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, James C. Birchall Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy Mark Gumbleton and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Professor of Experimental Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Alistair K. Brown Lecturer in Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Stephan Heeb Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Assistant Professor in Molecular Microbiology, School of Tyne, UK Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Miguel Cámara Norman Hodges Professor of Molecular Microbiology and Co-D irector Former Principal Lecturer, University of Brighton, of the National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School Brighton, UK of Life Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Now Lewes, East Sussex, UK Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Gavin J. Humphreys Elaine Cloutman- Green Lecturer in Medical Microbiology, Division of Pharmacy Consultant Clinical Scientist, Great Ormond Street and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, The University Hospital, London, UK of Manchester, Manchester, UK Sion A. Coulman Conor Jamieson Senior Lecturer, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Regional Antimicrobial Stewardship Lead (Midlands Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Region), NHS England, Birmingham, UK Rebecca Craig Kevin Kavanagh Senior Lecturer (Education), School of Pharmacy, Queen’s Professor of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University Belfast, Belfast, UK Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland viii Notes on Contributors Peter Lambert Tim Sandle Emeritus Professor of Microbial Chemistry, Aston Head of Compliance and Quality Risk Management, Bio University, Birmingham, UK Products Laboratory, Elstree, UK Jean- Yves Maillard Timofey Skvortsov Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School Lecturer in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, University, Cardiff, UK Belfast, UK Andrew J. McBain Mathew W. Smith Professor of Microbiology, Division of Pharmacy and Reader, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Optometry, School of Health Sciences, The University of Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Manchester, Manchester, UK Hayley Wickens Tim Paget Consultant Pharmacist Genomic Medicine, NHS Professor of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Central and South Genomic Medicine Service Alliance, University of Sunderland, UK Southampton, UK