Table Of Content

HP Computer Systems Training Course HP-UX Network Administration II Student Workbook Version A.03 H1690S Student Printed in USA 06/99 Notice The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. HEWLETT-PACKARD PROVIDES THIS MATERIAL “AS IS” AND MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. HEWLETT-PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ERRORS CONTAINED HEREIN OR FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOST PROFITS IN CONNECTION WITH THE FURNISHING, PERFORMANCE OR USE OF THIS MATERIAL WHETHER BASED ON WARRANTY, CONTRACT, OR OTHER LEGAL THEORY). Some states do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties or the limitations or exclusion of liability for incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitations and exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. Hewlett-Packard assumes no responsibility for the use or reliability of its software on equipment that is not furnished by Hewlett-Packard. This document contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced or translated to another language without the prior consent of Hewlett-Packard Company. UNIX UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Limited. Worldwide Customer Educational Services Professional Services Organization 100 Mayfield Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 U.S.A. © Copyright 1998 by the Hewlett-Packard Company Contents Overview Course Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Student Performance Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Student Profile and Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Curriculum Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Module 1 — Introduction Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1. SLIDE: What You Already Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-2. SLIDE: New Components in This course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1-3. SLIDE: Coverage in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 1-4. SLIDE: Tasks You Will Be Able to Perform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 Module 2 — Serial Line Protocols Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-1. SLIDE: Point-to-Point Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-2. SLIDE: Point-to-Point Protocol Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2-3. SLIDE: Point-to-Point Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2-4. SLIDE: PPP Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2-5. SLIDE: Phases of a PPP Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 2-6. SLIDE: LCP Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 2-7. SLIDE: IPCP Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16 2-8. SLIDE: PPP and SLIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18 2-9. SLIDE: Serial-Line Throughput Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20 2-10. SLIDE: PPP Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 2-11. SLIDE: PPP Configuration Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24 2-12. SLIDE: Create Device Files for the Serial Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26 2-13. SLIDE: Increase the Number of IP Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28 2-14. SLIDE: Configuring Your Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 2-15. SLIDE: Configuring Outbound Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31 2-16. SLIDE: Configuring Inbound Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34 2-17. SLIDE: Testing the Outbound Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36 2-18. SLIDE: Migrating from SLIP to PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38 2-19. SLIDE: IP Routing over PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40 2-20. SLIDE: Security over PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43 2-21. LAB: Point-to-Point Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46 Module 3 — Troubleshooting of Common TCP/IP Problems Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1. SLIDE: The TCP/IP Network Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 iii H1690S A.03 ©Hewlett-Packard Co. 3-2. SLIDE: Connection Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3-3. SLIDE: Recognizing a Bad Physical Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 3-4. SLIDE: MTU-Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 3-5. SLIDE: IP Addressing Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 3-6. SLIDE: Network and Broadcast Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 3-7. SLIDE: Subnetting Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 3-8. SLIDE: Routing Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 3-9. SLIDE: Reverse Name Resolution Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18 3-10. SLIDE: Multihomed Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20 3-11. LAB: Finding and Resolving Network Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22 3-12. SLIDE: The syslog Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25 3-13. SLIDE: Computer Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27 3-14. SLIDE: syslog Computer Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29 3-15. SLIDE: syslog Message Recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31 3-16. SLIDE: /etc/syslog.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32 3-17. LAB: System Logging Daemon—syslogd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33 3-18. SLIDE: The Network Tracing and Logging Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35 3-19. SLIDE: The Network Tracing and Logging Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37 3-20. SLIDE: The Network Tracing and Logging Formatter . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40 3-21. SLIDE: Filter Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42 3-22. SLIDE: Using nettladm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44 3-23. LAB: Using nettl, netlfmt, and nettladm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46 Module 4 — Routing Tables and Dynamic Routing Protocols Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1. SLIDE: Routing Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-2. SLIDE: IP Routing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4-3. SLIDE: IP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4-4. SLIDE: Static Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 4-5. SLIDE: Proxy ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10 4-6. SLIDE: Setting Up a Proxy ARP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 4-7. SLIDE: ICMP Redirect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14 4-8. SLIDE: Router Discovery Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 4-9. SLIDE: Overview of Dynamic Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 4-10. SLIDE: Autonomous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 4-11. SLIDE: Vector Distance Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21 4-12. SLIDE: Link State Routing Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 4-13. SLIDE: gated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24 4-14. SLIDE: Routing Information Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25 4-15. SLIDE: Example of RIP and EGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27 4-16. SLIDE: Common Configuration Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28 4-17. SLIDE: RIP Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30 4-18. SLIDE: Point-to-Point Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32 4-19. SLIDE: Troubleshooting gated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33 4-20. LAB: RIP Configuration—Default Rerouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35 4-21. SLIDE: OSPF Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38 4-22. SLIDE: Example of OSPF Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40 4-23. SLIDE: OSPF Internal Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41 4-24. SLIDE: OSPF Area Border Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43 4-25. SLIDE: Exporting Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44 H1690S A.03 iv ©Hewlett-PackardCo. Module 5 — Managing the NIS Environment Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5-1. SLIDE: The Network Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-2. SLIDE: Generating NIS Maps with make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5-3. SLIDE: The Automounter and NIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 5-4. SLIDE: Overview of Creating New NIS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8 5-5. SLIDE: Step 1: Editing the NIS Source Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 5-6. SLIDE: Step 2a: Editing /var/yp/Makefile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 5-7. SLIDE: Step 2b: Editing /var/yp/Makefile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 5-8. SLIDE: Step 3: Creating New NIS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14 5-9. SLIDE: Propagating NIS Maps with ypxfr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16 5-10. SLIDE: ypxfr Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17 5-11. LAB: NFS Automount Using NIS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19 Module 6 — NIS+ Administration Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6-1. SLIDE: Overview of NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6-2. SLIDE: Advantages of NIS+ over NIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 6-3. SLIDE: Disadvantages of NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 6-4. SLIDE: Structure of the NIS+ name space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 6-5. SLIDE: Structure of a NIS+ Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 6-6. SLIDE: How NIS+ Information is Stored and Propagated . . . . . . . . . . 6-9 6-7. SLIDE: NIS+ Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11 6-8. NIS+ Authentication and Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 6-9. NIS Compatibility Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 6-10. Planning the NIS+ name space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16 6-11. Setting Up the Root Master Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18 6-12. Populate the NIS+ Tables on the Master Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 6-13. Adding Administrators to the NIS+ admin Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24 6-14. Setting Up NIS+ Client Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26 6-15. Setting UP NIS+ Replica Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29 6-16. Initializing NIS+ Client Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-32 6-17. Setting Up a NIS+ Subdomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-34 6-18. Using BIND With NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37 6-19. Allowing a NIS+ User Authenticated Access to Another Domain . . . . . . . 6-39 6-20. Managing NIS+ Objects and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41 6-21. Managing NIS+ Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-45 6-22. User, Group, Host and Domain Management in NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48 6-23. Security Management in NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-53 6-24. LAB: Administering NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-55 Module 7 — Network and NFS Performance Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7-1. SLIDE: Network Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 7-2. SLIDE: Protocol Overhead and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 7-3. SLIDE: Fragmentation of IP Datagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 7-4. SLIDE: Using Path MTU Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7 7-5. SLIDE: Switching PMTU Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9 v H1690S A.03 ©Hewlett-Packard Co. 7-6. SLIDE: Optimizing Memory Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11 7-7. SLIDE: Performance Measurement Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14 7-8. SLIDE: ndd – – A Network Tuning Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18 7-9. SLIDE: Remote Monitoring Management Information Base (RMON MIB) . . 7-20 7-10. SLIDE: Embedded Advanced Sampling Environment (HP EASE) . . . . . . . 7-22 7-11. LAB: Using Network Performance Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24 7-12. SLIDE: Understanding NFS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25 7-13. SLIDE: NFS Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-28 7-14. SLIDE: Typical NFS Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-30 7-15. SLIDE: Synchronous Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31 7-16. SLIDE: Changing the Number of biods and nfsds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-33 7-17. SLIDE: Timeouts and Retransmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-35 7-18. SLIDE: Attribute Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-39 7-19. SLIDE: Attribute Caching Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-41 7-20. SLIDE: Server Disk I/O Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-43 7-21. SLIDE: Strategies for Applications on NFS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-44 7-22. LAB: Optimizing NFS Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-46 Module 8 — Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8-1. SLIDE: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8-2. SLIDE: Review of BOOTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 8-3. TEXTPAGE: BOOTP Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 8-4. SLIDE: The bootptab Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7 8-5. SLIDE: States of a DHCP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13 8-6. SLIDE: DHCP Architecture on HP-UX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15 8-7. SLIDE: DHCP Pool and Device Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17 8-8. SLIDE: Configuring a DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19 8-9. SLIDE: The dhcptab Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22 8-10. SLIDE: Configuring an HP-UX DHCP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27 8-11. SLIDE: DHCP Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-29 8-12. SLIDE: Updating Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31 8-13. LAB: DHCP Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-34 Module 9 — Configuring and Maintaining the Domain Name Service Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9-1. SLIDE: Hostname Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 9-2. SLIDE: Reverse Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 9-3. SLIDE: Overview of DNS Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9-4. SLIDE: Standard Resource Record Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 9-5. SLIDE: DNS Record Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8 9-6. SLIDE: The db Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10 9-7. SLIDE: The db.cache File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12 9-8. SLIDE: The db.127.0.0 File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14 9-9. SLIDE: The db.domain_name File: Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15 9-10. SLIDE: The db.network_number File: Address Resolution . . . . . . . . . 9-17 9-11. SLIDE: The MX Record Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-20 9-12. SLIDE: The named.boot File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-22 9-13. SLIDE: Building DNS Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-25 9-14. SLIDE: Debugging BIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-28 H1690S A.03 vi ©Hewlett-PackardCo. 9-15. SLIDE: nslookup Options and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30 9-16. SLIDE: Examining Query and Response Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-32 9-17. SLIDE: Simulating the Resolver with nslookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-34 9-18. SLIDE: Zone Transfers with ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-36 9-19. SLIDE: Maintaining DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-37 9-20. SLIDE: DNS Client Setup: Resolvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39 9-21. SLIDE: Host Name Resolution Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-41 9-22. LAB: Configuring and Maintaining the DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-47 Module 10 — Configuring sendmail Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10-1. SLIDE: sendmail Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 10-2. SLIDE : The Many Roles of sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 10-3. SLIDE: UNIX Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 10-4. SLIDE: UNIX Address Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 10-5. SLIDE: Address Encoding and Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 10-6. SLIDE: sendmail as a Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 10-7. SLIDE: sendmail as a Routing Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 10-8. SLIDE: The Configuration File sendmail.cf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 10-9. SLIDE: Configuration File Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19 10-10. SLIDE: Rulesets and Mailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21 10-11. SLIDE: Defining a Mailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23 10-12. SLIDE: Ruleset Example: Avoiding Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-26 10-13. SLIDE: Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-30 10-14. SLIDE: Local and Remote SMTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-32 10-15. SLIDE: Overview of sendmail Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35 10-16. SLIDE: Site Hiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36 10-17. SLIDE: DNS and e-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-38 10-18. SLIDE: The MX Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40 10-19. SLIDE: MX and the Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42 10-20. SLIDE: Sending Mail Through a Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-43 10-21. SLIDE: Internal Domain Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44 10-22. SLIDE: Configuring a Mail Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-45 10-23. SLIDE: Mail Servers and Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-48 10-24. SLIDE: /etc/hosts – Based Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-50 10-25. SLIDE: Basic sendmail Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51 10-26. SLIDE: sendmail Diagnostic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-54 10-27. SLIDE: The Mail Statistics File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-56 10-28. SLIDE: sendmail’s Logfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-58 10-29. SLIDE: sendmail’s Mail Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-62 10-30. SLIDE: Checking Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-65 10-31. LAB: Configuring a Mail Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-67 Appendix A — IBM AIX Operating System Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A-1. SLIDE: AIX UNIX Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 A-2. SLIDE: Configuring More AIX Networking Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 A-3. SLIDE: Main AIX Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5 A-4. SLIDE: Configuring BIND under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7 A-5. SLIDE: The AIX BIND Boot File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9 vii H1690S A.03 ©Hewlett-Packard Co. A-6. SLIDE: Debugging BIND under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11 A-7. SLIDE: sendmail under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13 A-8. SLIDE: sendmail Configuration under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14 A-9. SLIDE: Compiling and Rereading the sendmail.cf File . . . . . . . . . . . A-15 A-10. SLIDE: Creating System Mail Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-16 A-11. SLIDE: Managing the Mail Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-18 A-12. SLIDE: Managing Mail Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19 A-13. SLIDE: Managing the NLS Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-21 A-14. SLIDE: AIX: Serial Line Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22 A-15. SLIDE: Steps for Configuring an AIX SLIP Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . A-23 A-16. SLIDE: Network Tuning under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-26 A-17. SLIDE: Setting Buffer Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-27 Appendix B — Sun Solaris and SunOS Operating System Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B-1. SLIDE: Solaris UNIX Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2 B-2. SLIDE: Solaris Network Configuration — Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 B-3. SLIDE: Configuring BIND under Solaris 2.X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6 B-4. SLIDE: The /etc/nsswitch.conf file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7 B-5. SLIDE: Debugging BIND under Solaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-8 B-6. SLIDE: sendmail Configuration under Solaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10 B-7. SLIDE: Components of Solaris sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11 B-8. SLIDE: sendmail Configuration under SunOS 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-13 B-9. SLIDE: Components of SunOS sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-14 B-10. SLIDE: Solaris 2.3 Serial Line Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-15 B-11. SLIDE: Setting Up Solaris PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-16 B-12. SLIDE: The /etc/asppp.cf Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-18 B-13. SLIDE: Starting PPP and Error Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-20 B-14. SLIDE: Network Tuning Under Solaris UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-22 B-15. SLIDE: ndd Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-24 B-16. SLIDE: snoop Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-26 B-17. SLIDE: NIS+ Administration Under Solaris 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-28 B-18. SLIDE: NIS+ Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-29 B-19. SLIDE: Setting Up the Root Domain NIS+ Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-30 B-20. SLIDE: Populating NIS+ Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-32 B-21. SLIDE: Administering Access Rights within NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-35 B-22. SLIDE: Setting Up an NIS+ Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-38 Appendix C — Digital UNIX Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C-1. SLIDE: Digital UNIX Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 C-2. SLIDE: Digital UNIX Network Configuration — Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . C-3 C-3. SLIDE: Configuration of BIND under Digital UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5 C-4. SLIDE: The /etc/svc.conf file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-7 C-5. SLIDE: Debugging BIND under Digital UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 C-6. SLIDE: sendmail Configuration under Digital UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9 C-7. SLIDE: Components of Digital UNIX sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-10 C-8. SLIDE: Serial Line Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-13 C-9. SLIDE: The slattach command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15 C-10. SLIDE: The Protocol Analyzer tcpdump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-17 H1690S A.03 viii ©Hewlett-PackardCo. Solutions ix H1690S A.03 ©Hewlett-Packard Co. H1690S A.03 x ©Hewlett-PackardCo.

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HP-UX System and Network Administration II. Student Workbook PDF

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HP Computer Systems Training Course HP-UX Network Administration II Student Workbook Version A.03 H1690S Student Printed in USA 06/99 Notice The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. HEWLETT-PACKARD PROVIDES THIS MATERIAL “AS IS” AND MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. HEWLETT-PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ERRORS CONTAINED HEREIN OR FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING LOST PROFITS IN CONNECTION WITH THE FURNISHING, PERFORMANCE OR USE OF THIS MATERIAL WHETHER BASED ON WARRANTY, CONTRACT, OR OTHER LEGAL THEORY). Some states do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties or the limitations or exclusion of liability for incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitations and exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. Hewlett-Packard assumes no responsibility for the use or reliability of its software on equipment that is not furnished by Hewlett-Packard. This document contains proprietary information which is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be photocopied, reproduced or translated to another language without the prior consent of Hewlett-Packard Company. UNIX UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Limited. Worldwide Customer Educational Services Professional Services Organization 100 Mayfield Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 U.S.A. © Copyright 1998 by the Hewlett-Packard Company Contents Overview Course Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Student Performance Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Student Profile and Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Curriculum Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Module 1 — Introduction Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1-1. SLIDE: What You Already Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-2. SLIDE: New Components in This course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 1-3. SLIDE: Coverage in Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 1-4. SLIDE: Tasks You Will Be Able to Perform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 Module 2 — Serial Line Protocols Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2-1. SLIDE: Point-to-Point Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2-2. SLIDE: Point-to-Point Protocol Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2-3. SLIDE: Point-to-Point Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2-4. SLIDE: PPP Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2-5. SLIDE: Phases of a PPP Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 2-6. SLIDE: LCP Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 2-7. SLIDE: IPCP Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16 2-8. SLIDE: PPP and SLIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18 2-9. SLIDE: Serial-Line Throughput Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20 2-10. SLIDE: PPP Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 2-11. SLIDE: PPP Configuration Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24 2-12. SLIDE: Create Device Files for the Serial Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26 2-13. SLIDE: Increase the Number of IP Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28 2-14. SLIDE: Configuring Your Modem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 2-15. SLIDE: Configuring Outbound Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31 2-16. SLIDE: Configuring Inbound Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34 2-17. SLIDE: Testing the Outbound Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36 2-18. SLIDE: Migrating from SLIP to PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38 2-19. SLIDE: IP Routing over PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40 2-20. SLIDE: Security over PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43 2-21. LAB: Point-to-Point Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46 Module 3 — Troubleshooting of Common TCP/IP Problems Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3-1. SLIDE: The TCP/IP Network Protocol Stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 iii H1690S A.03 ©Hewlett-Packard Co. 3-2. SLIDE: Connection Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3-3. SLIDE: Recognizing a Bad Physical Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 3-4. SLIDE: MTU-Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 3-5. SLIDE: IP Addressing Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 3-6. SLIDE: Network and Broadcast Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 3-7. SLIDE: Subnetting Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 3-8. SLIDE: Routing Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 3-9. SLIDE: Reverse Name Resolution Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18 3-10. SLIDE: Multihomed Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20 3-11. LAB: Finding and Resolving Network Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22 3-12. SLIDE: The syslog Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25 3-13. SLIDE: Computer Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27 3-14. SLIDE: syslog Computer Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29 3-15. SLIDE: syslog Message Recipients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31 3-16. SLIDE: /etc/syslog.conf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-32 3-17. LAB: System Logging Daemon—syslogd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33 3-18. SLIDE: The Network Tracing and Logging Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35 3-19. SLIDE: The Network Tracing and Logging Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37 3-20. SLIDE: The Network Tracing and Logging Formatter . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40 3-21. SLIDE: Filter Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42 3-22. SLIDE: Using nettladm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44 3-23. LAB: Using nettl, netlfmt, and nettladm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46 Module 4 — Routing Tables and Dynamic Routing Protocols Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4-1. SLIDE: Routing Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4-2. SLIDE: IP Routing Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4-3. SLIDE: IP Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4-4. SLIDE: Static Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 4-5. SLIDE: Proxy ARP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10 4-6. SLIDE: Setting Up a Proxy ARP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 4-7. SLIDE: ICMP Redirect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14 4-8. SLIDE: Router Discovery Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 4-9. SLIDE: Overview of Dynamic Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 4-10. SLIDE: Autonomous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 4-11. SLIDE: Vector Distance Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21 4-12. SLIDE: Link State Routing Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23 4-13. SLIDE: gated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24 4-14. SLIDE: Routing Information Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25 4-15. SLIDE: Example of RIP and EGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27 4-16. SLIDE: Common Configuration Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28 4-17. SLIDE: RIP Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30 4-18. SLIDE: Point-to-Point Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32 4-19. SLIDE: Troubleshooting gated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33 4-20. LAB: RIP Configuration—Default Rerouting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35 4-21. SLIDE: OSPF Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38 4-22. SLIDE: Example of OSPF Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40 4-23. SLIDE: OSPF Internal Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41 4-24. SLIDE: OSPF Area Border Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43 4-25. SLIDE: Exporting Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44 H1690S A.03 iv ©Hewlett-PackardCo. Module 5 — Managing the NIS Environment Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5-1. SLIDE: The Network Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 5-2. SLIDE: Generating NIS Maps with make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5-3. SLIDE: The Automounter and NIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 5-4. SLIDE: Overview of Creating New NIS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8 5-5. SLIDE: Step 1: Editing the NIS Source Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 5-6. SLIDE: Step 2a: Editing /var/yp/Makefile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 5-7. SLIDE: Step 2b: Editing /var/yp/Makefile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12 5-8. SLIDE: Step 3: Creating New NIS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14 5-9. SLIDE: Propagating NIS Maps with ypxfr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16 5-10. SLIDE: ypxfr Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17 5-11. LAB: NFS Automount Using NIS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19 Module 6 — NIS+ Administration Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6-1. SLIDE: Overview of NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6-2. SLIDE: Advantages of NIS+ over NIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 6-3. SLIDE: Disadvantages of NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 6-4. SLIDE: Structure of the NIS+ name space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 6-5. SLIDE: Structure of a NIS+ Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 6-6. SLIDE: How NIS+ Information is Stored and Propagated . . . . . . . . . . 6-9 6-7. SLIDE: NIS+ Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11 6-8. NIS+ Authentication and Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 6-9. NIS Compatibility Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 6-10. Planning the NIS+ name space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16 6-11. Setting Up the Root Master Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18 6-12. Populate the NIS+ Tables on the Master Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21 6-13. Adding Administrators to the NIS+ admin Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24 6-14. Setting Up NIS+ Client Hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26 6-15. Setting UP NIS+ Replica Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29 6-16. Initializing NIS+ Client Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-32 6-17. Setting Up a NIS+ Subdomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-34 6-18. Using BIND With NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37 6-19. Allowing a NIS+ User Authenticated Access to Another Domain . . . . . . . 6-39 6-20. Managing NIS+ Objects and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41 6-21. Managing NIS+ Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-45 6-22. User, Group, Host and Domain Management in NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48 6-23. Security Management in NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-53 6-24. LAB: Administering NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-55 Module 7 — Network and NFS Performance Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7-1. SLIDE: Network Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 7-2. SLIDE: Protocol Overhead and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 7-3. SLIDE: Fragmentation of IP Datagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 7-4. SLIDE: Using Path MTU Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7 7-5. SLIDE: Switching PMTU Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9 v H1690S A.03 ©Hewlett-Packard Co. 7-6. SLIDE: Optimizing Memory Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11 7-7. SLIDE: Performance Measurement Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14 7-8. SLIDE: ndd – – A Network Tuning Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18 7-9. SLIDE: Remote Monitoring Management Information Base (RMON MIB) . . 7-20 7-10. SLIDE: Embedded Advanced Sampling Environment (HP EASE) . . . . . . . 7-22 7-11. LAB: Using Network Performance Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24 7-12. SLIDE: Understanding NFS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25 7-13. SLIDE: NFS Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-28 7-14. SLIDE: Typical NFS Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-30 7-15. SLIDE: Synchronous Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31 7-16. SLIDE: Changing the Number of biods and nfsds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-33 7-17. SLIDE: Timeouts and Retransmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-35 7-18. SLIDE: Attribute Caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-39 7-19. SLIDE: Attribute Caching Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-41 7-20. SLIDE: Server Disk I/O Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-43 7-21. SLIDE: Strategies for Applications on NFS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-44 7-22. LAB: Optimizing NFS Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-46 Module 8 — Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8-1. SLIDE: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8-2. SLIDE: Review of BOOTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 8-3. TEXTPAGE: BOOTP Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 8-4. SLIDE: The bootptab Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7 8-5. SLIDE: States of a DHCP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13 8-6. SLIDE: DHCP Architecture on HP-UX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15 8-7. SLIDE: DHCP Pool and Device Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-17 8-8. SLIDE: Configuring a DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19 8-9. SLIDE: The dhcptab Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22 8-10. SLIDE: Configuring an HP-UX DHCP Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27 8-11. SLIDE: DHCP Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-29 8-12. SLIDE: Updating Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31 8-13. LAB: DHCP Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-34 Module 9 — Configuring and Maintaining the Domain Name Service Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9-1. SLIDE: Hostname Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 9-2. SLIDE: Reverse Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 9-3. SLIDE: Overview of DNS Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9-4. SLIDE: Standard Resource Record Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 9-5. SLIDE: DNS Record Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8 9-6. SLIDE: The db Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10 9-7. SLIDE: The db.cache File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12 9-8. SLIDE: The db.127.0.0 File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14 9-9. SLIDE: The db.domain_name File: Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15 9-10. SLIDE: The db.network_number File: Address Resolution . . . . . . . . . 9-17 9-11. SLIDE: The MX Record Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-20 9-12. SLIDE: The named.boot File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-22 9-13. SLIDE: Building DNS Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-25 9-14. SLIDE: Debugging BIND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-28 H1690S A.03 vi ©Hewlett-PackardCo. 9-15. SLIDE: nslookup Options and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-30 9-16. SLIDE: Examining Query and Response Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-32 9-17. SLIDE: Simulating the Resolver with nslookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-34 9-18. SLIDE: Zone Transfers with ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-36 9-19. SLIDE: Maintaining DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-37 9-20. SLIDE: DNS Client Setup: Resolvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39 9-21. SLIDE: Host Name Resolution Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-41 9-22. LAB: Configuring and Maintaining the DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-47 Module 10 — Configuring sendmail Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10-1. SLIDE: sendmail Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 10-2. SLIDE : The Many Roles of sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 10-3. SLIDE: UNIX Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7 10-4. SLIDE: UNIX Address Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 10-5. SLIDE: Address Encoding and Decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 10-6. SLIDE: sendmail as a Daemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 10-7. SLIDE: sendmail as a Routing Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15 10-8. SLIDE: The Configuration File sendmail.cf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 10-9. SLIDE: Configuration File Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19 10-10. SLIDE: Rulesets and Mailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21 10-11. SLIDE: Defining a Mailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23 10-12. SLIDE: Ruleset Example: Avoiding Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-26 10-13. SLIDE: Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-30 10-14. SLIDE: Local and Remote SMTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-32 10-15. SLIDE: Overview of sendmail Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-35 10-16. SLIDE: Site Hiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-36 10-17. SLIDE: DNS and e-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-38 10-18. SLIDE: The MX Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-40 10-19. SLIDE: MX and the Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-42 10-20. SLIDE: Sending Mail Through a Firewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-43 10-21. SLIDE: Internal Domain Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-44 10-22. SLIDE: Configuring a Mail Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-45 10-23. SLIDE: Mail Servers and Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-48 10-24. SLIDE: /etc/hosts – Based Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-50 10-25. SLIDE: Basic sendmail Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-51 10-26. SLIDE: sendmail Diagnostic Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-54 10-27. SLIDE: The Mail Statistics File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-56 10-28. SLIDE: sendmail’s Logfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-58 10-29. SLIDE: sendmail’s Mail Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-62 10-30. SLIDE: Checking Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-65 10-31. LAB: Configuring a Mail Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-67 Appendix A — IBM AIX Operating System Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A-1. SLIDE: AIX UNIX Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 A-2. SLIDE: Configuring More AIX Networking Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 A-3. SLIDE: Main AIX Configuration Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5 A-4. SLIDE: Configuring BIND under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7 A-5. SLIDE: The AIX BIND Boot File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9 vii H1690S A.03 ©Hewlett-Packard Co. A-6. SLIDE: Debugging BIND under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11 A-7. SLIDE: sendmail under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13 A-8. SLIDE: sendmail Configuration under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14 A-9. SLIDE: Compiling and Rereading the sendmail.cf File . . . . . . . . . . . A-15 A-10. SLIDE: Creating System Mail Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-16 A-11. SLIDE: Managing the Mail Queue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-18 A-12. SLIDE: Managing Mail Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19 A-13. SLIDE: Managing the NLS Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-21 A-14. SLIDE: AIX: Serial Line Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22 A-15. SLIDE: Steps for Configuring an AIX SLIP Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . A-23 A-16. SLIDE: Network Tuning under AIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-26 A-17. SLIDE: Setting Buffer Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-27 Appendix B — Sun Solaris and SunOS Operating System Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B-1. SLIDE: Solaris UNIX Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2 B-2. SLIDE: Solaris Network Configuration — Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 B-3. SLIDE: Configuring BIND under Solaris 2.X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6 B-4. SLIDE: The /etc/nsswitch.conf file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-7 B-5. SLIDE: Debugging BIND under Solaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-8 B-6. SLIDE: sendmail Configuration under Solaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10 B-7. SLIDE: Components of Solaris sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11 B-8. SLIDE: sendmail Configuration under SunOS 4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-13 B-9. SLIDE: Components of SunOS sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-14 B-10. SLIDE: Solaris 2.3 Serial Line Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-15 B-11. SLIDE: Setting Up Solaris PPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-16 B-12. SLIDE: The /etc/asppp.cf Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-18 B-13. SLIDE: Starting PPP and Error Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-20 B-14. SLIDE: Network Tuning Under Solaris UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-22 B-15. SLIDE: ndd Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-24 B-16. SLIDE: snoop Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-26 B-17. SLIDE: NIS+ Administration Under Solaris 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-28 B-18. SLIDE: NIS+ Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-29 B-19. SLIDE: Setting Up the Root Domain NIS+ Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-30 B-20. SLIDE: Populating NIS+ Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-32 B-21. SLIDE: Administering Access Rights within NIS+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-35 B-22. SLIDE: Setting Up an NIS+ Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-38 Appendix C — Digital UNIX Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C-1. SLIDE: Digital UNIX Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 C-2. SLIDE: Digital UNIX Network Configuration — Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . C-3 C-3. SLIDE: Configuration of BIND under Digital UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5 C-4. SLIDE: The /etc/svc.conf file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-7 C-5. SLIDE: Debugging BIND under Digital UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 C-6. SLIDE: sendmail Configuration under Digital UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9 C-7. SLIDE: Components of Digital UNIX sendmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-10 C-8. SLIDE: Serial Line Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-13 C-9. SLIDE: The slattach command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-15 C-10. SLIDE: The Protocol Analyzer tcpdump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-17 H1690S A.03 viii ©Hewlett-PackardCo. Solutions ix H1690S A.03 ©Hewlett-Packard Co. H1690S A.03 x ©Hewlett-PackardCo.

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