How We Got the NEW TESTAMENT Text, Transmission, Translation STANLEY E. PORTER K Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd iii 9/3/13 1:11 PM © 2013 by Stanley E. Porter Published by Baker Academic a division of Baker Publishing Group P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287 www.bakeracademic.com Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Porter, Stanley E., 1956– How we got the New Testament : text, transmission, translation / Stanley E. Porter. pages cm. — (Acadia studies in Bible and theology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8010-4871-5 (pbk.) 1. Bible. New Testament—History. I. Title. BS2315.P67 2013 225.486—dc23 2013021059 Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are from the King James Version of the Bible. Scripture quotations labeled TNIV are from the Holy Bible, Today’s New International Ver- sion®. TNIV®. Copyright © 2001, 2005 by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide. www.zondervan.com 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd iv 9/3/13 1:11 PM To Lionel Pye, Burt Hamilton, Nina Thomas, and all of my other colleagues at McMaster Divinity College who kept the college running smoothly while I was temporarily medically incapacitated. Thank you. God is good. Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd v 9/3/13 1:11 PM Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd vi 9/3/13 1:11 PM Contents Preface ix Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1. The Text of the New Testament 9 Introduction 9 Is There a Text of the Greek New Testament? Or, What Is the Goal of Textual Criticism? 12 The History of the Printed Greek Text of the New Testament 36 Bart Ehrman and Misquoting Jesus 65 Eclectic or Single Manuscript? 72 Conclusion 76 2. The Transmission of the New Testament 77 Introduction 77 The Manuscripts of the Greek New Testament 79 A Reconstructed History of the Transmission of the Greek New Testament before the Major Codexes 84 The Major Codexes 124 Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament vii Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd vii 9/3/13 1:11 PM viii Contents Minuscules and Lectionaries 138 A Proposal regarding Textual Transmission of the Greek New Testament 141 Conclusion 146 3. The Translation of the New Testament 147 Introduction 147 The History of Translation of the New Testament 148 Major Issues in Translation of the New Testament 173 Conclusion 209 Conclusion 211 Index of Ancient Sources 214 Index of Modern Authors 219 Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd viii 9/3/13 1:11 PM Preface I was honored to have been invited to offer these lectures on October 20–22, 2008, at Acadia Divinity College in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, as the Hayward Lecturer for that year. I wish to thank those responsible for this invitation, especially my good friend Dr. Craig Evans, along with the rest of the faculty at Acadia Divinity College. I was honored not only to give these lectures but also to be invited to preach in the morning worship service in Manning Memorial Chapel on October 22 on the campus of Acadia University. Danny Zacharias was also a great help in managing the technical logistics. I enjoyed the opportu- nity to talk less formally with a number of students. I have previously been a part of the Hayward Lectures at Acadia Divinity College, the first time in 2002 responding to the major set of lectures by Professor I. Howard Marshall, and the second time in 2006 as a contributor to a volume on the origins of the Bible. The first was published as “Hermeneutics, Biblical Interpretation, and Theology: Hunch, Holy Spirit, or Hard Work?” in Beyond the Bible: Moving from Scripture to Theology, by I. Howard Marshall, with essays by Kevin J. Vanhoozer and Stanley E. Porter, Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2004), 97–127. The second was published as “Paul and the Process of Canonization,” in Exploring the Origins of the Bible: Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective, edited by Craig A. Evans and Emanuel Tov, Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology (Grand Rapids: Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament ix Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd ix 9/3/13 1:11 PM x Preface Baker Academic, 2008), 173–202. I have made some use of this second paper in another form in chapter 2 on the transmission of the New Testament in this volume. Those two occasions were very profitable times, as I was fortunate to engage in interesting discussion of these topics and to enjoy tre- mendous hospitality in the company of both colleagues and students. I wish to thank several of the students of Acadia Divinity College with whom I spoke after delivering my paper in 2006 for prompting me to think further about the topic of formation of the Pauline canon. It is largely because of their prompting, as well as the encouragement of Craig Evans, that I chose this set of topics for my lectures in 2008. I was pleased to be able to return to Wolfville to offer these lectures on particular issues arising within the broader topic of how we got the New Testament. I have broken the topic down into three subfields to bring together several areas that are not always considered in concert in treatment of this broad topic. Matters of textual criticism have been brought once more to the fore on the basis of some recent work by those who have raised doubts about the nature and reliability of the text of the New Testament, including questioning the viability of an original or autograph text. The question of how the New Testament has been transmitted continues to be a subject of widespread and intense debate, as there are so many different theories of the dark or tunnel period before the assembling of our major codexes. The subject of translation may seem the most far-fetched in relation to the other two topics. However, from almost the advent of Christianity the New Testament has been translated into other languages, and so translation itself is a part of the transmission process of the New Testament text. Most of us who use the Bible use it in a translated form, so I thought it wise to say some things about the nature of the translation process and how it affects the New Testament that we use. All of my Hayward experiences have been rewarding, as they have offered me opportunities to pursue a number of different areas of re- search. This latest experience provided the occasion for me to further pursue a topic of abiding personal interest and to make a number of proposals that I have not seen in print before. The audiences at all of these events were gracious in their responses and probing in their questions. The manuscript that I prepared in advance of the lectures was too long for delivery in its entirety, so I needed to abridge the Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd x 9/3/13 1:11 PM Preface xi individual presentations. This volume includes the complete lectures, essentially as they were prepared, but corrected and enhanced as they benefited from constructive comments and suggestions by those who heard and responded to them, and as I have had further occasion to think more about these important topics. My hope is that they will be as rewarding to read as they have been to research, deliver, and write. I wish to thank Dr. Craig Evans for his suggestions on making the lectures into a book; Nathan Hui for reading the manuscript and making some suggestions; Hughson Ong for helping to correct and revise the manuscript; and my friends at Baker, Jim Kinney and James Ernest, for their patience and steadfast encouragement. Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd xi 9/3/13 1:11 PM Stanley E. Porter, How We Got the New Testament Baker Academic, a division of Baker Publishing Group, © 2013. Used by permission. (Unpublished manuscript—copyright protected Baker Publishing Group) Porter_HowWeGotNT_BB_kf.indd xii 9/3/13 1:11 PM