HOW TO DEVELOPB MEMORY DOMINIC O'BRIEN .,. ?;i,*P,2T -",.n, ,. G.LL,,.,w7 Tel: 24C!i;l ~ . r :2 25.1 ---- ""O<J it.::tc v, c-._~ __ PAVILION To my dear mother Pamcla who ir forcvcr nayin& 'How dm, hc do it? Thc author would like to thank Jon Stock for his invaluahlc auisancr in mcpating this book. Fint cat Brici" in 1993 by Pavilion Books irmrcu, zu upper Ground, London SEI 9Pu Thc moral right ol thc author har bccn asscncd. Dcripd by Peter Bridgcwatrr All rightp rcrcrvcd. No pan ofrhir publication may br rcproduccd, stored in a retrieval nystrm, or transmitted, in a form or by any mcans, clcctronic, mechanical, photocop* recordinq or othc-se, without thr prior permission a" of copyright holder. Thc Fhn ofrk Bndc spcech by Richard Curtis and Rowan Atkinwn is rrpraduced by bind pcrmirsion of ?he Percrs, Eraser 61 Dunlop Grouo Lrd and PJB Mana~mr A CIP catdoplc rccord fo r this book ir am ilable from the Bri"! ih Library. ISBN 185793 1068 Printcd and bound in Great Btitein by Butler 81 Tanner Ltd, Frame and London. ?his boak may bc ordered by post dirc.3 from thc publlrher. Plcav conocf thc Marketing Dcpamnenr. But mi your bookhop 6nf. Dominic O'Bticn'r Managemcnr Company: Bob England, Hurricane, 17 Bull Plain. Henford, Hcnr SG14 IDX. Tclcphonc number: 0992 5W818. HOW T O D E V E L O P A P E R F E C T M E M O R Y C O N T E N T S 1: Introduction I 2: How to remember lists 3: Jl'hat's in a name? 4: How to remember numbers I. 5: The mental diary 6: The mental in-tray 7: Memory and job interviews 8: How to remember speeches 9: How to remember directions i 10: Learning the twentieth century calf: ndar 1 I: How to recall 'lost' chapters of you r life 12: How to learn languages 13: How to remember geographical facts 1 14 How to remember history 15: Popular mnemonics 16: How to memorize a pack of playing cards 17: How to win (always) at TTnirial Pursuit 18: Memory and sport I 19: How memory can improve your golf swing 20: How memory can improve ynur chess game 21: hlorc on cards how to memorizc thirty-five decks - 22: Number crunching i 23: Remembering binary numbers 24: How to win at blackjack 25: How to beat quiz machines 26: Memory and the Greeks 27: Famous memory men > 28: Conclusion Appendix A: Name and face exercises Sclected Bibliography I N T R O D U C T I O N I know what it is like to forget someone's name. In my time, I have forgot- ten appointments, telephone numbers, speeches, punch lines of jokes, Idi rections, even whole chapters of my life. Up until recently, I was the most absent-minded, forgetful person you could imagine. I once saw a cartoon of two people dancing rather awkwardly at the Amnesiacs' Annual Ball. The man was saying to the woman, 'Do I come here often?' I knew how he felt. \\'ithin the last four years, I have become the World Memory Champion. I regularly appear on television and tour the country as a celebrity 'Memory Man', rather like Leslie Welch did in the 1950s. There's no mckery in what I do no special effects or electronic aids. I just sat down one day and decided - enough was enough: I was going to train my memory. L E A R N I N G H O W TO USE Y O U R B R A I N Imagine going out and buying the most powerful computer in the world. You stagger home with it, hoping that it will do everything for you, even write your letters. Unfortunately, there's no instruction manual and you don't know the first thing about computers. So it just sits there on the kitchen table, staring back at you. You plug it in, fiddle around with the keyboard, walk around it, kick it, remember how much money it cost. Try as you might, you can't get the stupid thing to work. It's much the same with your brain. The brain is more powerful than any computer, far better than anything money can buy. Scientists barely understand how a mere ten per cent of it works. They know, however, that it is capable of storing and recalling enor- mous amounts of information. If, as is now widely acceptcd, it contains an esti- mated 10~2ne urons, the number of possible combinations between them (which is the way scientists think information is stored) is greater than the number of particles in the universe. For most of us, however, the memory sits up there unused, like the computer on the kitchen tahle. There are various ways of getting it to work, some based on theory, some on practice. What you are about to read is a method I havr developed inde- pendently over the last five years. H O W TO DEVELOP A PERFECT M E M O R Y Throughout this hook, you will be asked to create images for everything you want to remember. These images will come from your imagination; often hizarre, they are based on the principles of association (we are reminded of one thing by its relation to another). Don? worry that your head may become too cluttered by images. They are solely a means of making information more I palatablc for your memory and will fade once the data has been stored. It is essential, however, that you form your own images. I have given exam- ples throughout the book, but they are not meant to be copied verbatim. Your own inventions will work much bctter for you than mine. I BETTER Q U A L I T Y O F LIFE I have a stuhborn streak, which kept me going through the long hours of trial and error, and I am pleased to say that my method is all grounded in personal ~merience.T hose techniques that didn't work were altercd until they did, or n out. In other words, thc method works, producing some remarkable 1 ; in a short space of time. ie most dramatic change has been the improvemcnt in the overall quality or my life. And it's not just the little things, like never needing to write down phone numbers or shopping lists. I can now he introduced to a hundred new I people at a party and rememher all their names perfectly. Imagine what that 1 does for your social confidence. I ,My memory has also helped me to lead a more organized life. I don't need to use a diary anymore: appointments are all stored in my head. I can givc I speeches and talk? without referring to any notes. I can absorh and recall huge amounts of information (particularly useful if you are revising for exams or ! learning a new language). And I have used my memory to earn considcrahle amounts of money at the blackjack tahle. W H A T I H A V E DONE. Y O U C A N D O Some people have asked me whether they need to be highly intelligent to have a good memory, sensing that my achievements might be based on an excep- tional IQ. It's a flattering idea, hut not true. '"crything I have donc could be equally achieved by anyone who is prepared to train their memory. 1 didn't excell at school. Far from it. I got eight mediocre 0 levels and dropped out hefore taking any A levels. I couldn't concentrate in class and I wasn't an avid reader. At one point, my tcachers thought I was dyslexic. I was certainly no child prodigy. Howe\,er, training my memory has made me more switchcd on, mentally alert, and ohservant than I rver was. R E A S S U R I N G PRECEDENTS During the course of writing this hook, I have discovered that my method hears many similarities with the classical art of memory. Thc Greeks, and later the Romans, possessed some of the most awesome memories the civilized world has ever scen. N T R O D U C T O N There are also some striking resemblances between my appmach and the techniques used by a Russian named Shereshevsky hut known simply as S. Born at the end of the nineteenth century he was a constant source of hewil- derment and fascination for Russian psychologists. To all intents and purposes, he had a limitless memory. I can't help thinking that there must he validity in my method when such similar techniques have been developed independently of each other by people from such different cultures and times. P R A C T I C E M A K E S P E R F E C T No method, however, produces results unless you are prepared to put in a Lit- tle time and effort. The more you practise the techniques I describe, the quicker you will become at applying them. And remember, an image or a thought that might take a parag~apht o describe can he created in a nanosec- ond by the human brain. Have faith in your memory and see this book as your instruction manual, a way of getting it to work. H O W TO DEVELOP A PERFECT M E M O R Y P T E P now TO REMEMBER LISTS A T R I P DOWN MEMORY LANE A list of ten items, whatever they are, should not prcsent a challenge to our memory, and yet it does. Take a simple shopping list, for example. Try memorizing the following, without writing any of it down, within one I minute. . I . fish football margarine . ladder II . chess set clock . milk tape measure light bulb dog howl Most people can remember somewhere between four and seven items. And there was I announcing. in the introduction that you have an amazing memo- ry. It wasn't an idle boast. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to remember any ten items perfectly in order, even backwards in under one minute. To prove my point, try doing the following two simple exercises. ! I REMEMBERING THE FORGETTABLE 1, Think back over what you have done so far today. What time did you get up? What was on the radio or television? Can you remember your journey into work? \Vhat mood were you in when you arrived? Did you g-o anywhere on foot, or in a car? Who did you meet? Frustrating., isn't it? Your memory has no problem at all recalling these everyday, mundane experiences (ironically, the forgettable things in life) and yet it can't rccall a simple shopping list when required. If you were to take this H O W TO R E M E M B E R L I S T S exercise a sta~gef urther and write down merydzing you could rememher about today, however trivial or tedious, you would be amazed at the hundreds of memories that cam? flooding back. Some things are undouhtedly easier to remember than others, events that involve travel, for example. When I think back over a day, or perhaps a holi- day, the most vivid memories are associated with a journey. Perhaps I waq on a train, or walking through the park, or on a coach; I can remember what happcned at certain points along the way. A journey gives structure to the oth- erwise ramshackle collection of memories in your head; it helps you to keep them in order, like a filing cabinet. REMEMBERING THE SUBLIME If, like me, you found thc first exercise a little depressing, revealing more about the ordinariness of your life than ahout your memory, you should enjoy this experinlent. Try to imagine a day. Exaggerate and distort your normal routine. .. Wake up in an enormous, frathenoft bed to the sound of birdsong; a heauti- ful lovcr is lying asleep beside you; pull back the curtains to reveal sun-soaked hills rolling down to a sparkling sea. An enormous schooner is at anchor in the bay, itc fresh, white linen sails flapping in the Mediterranean breeze. Breakfast has been made; the post comes and, for once, you decide to open the envelope saying 'You have won a LI million.' You have! etc, etc. Your dream day might he quite different from mine, of course. But if you were to put this hook down and I werr to ask you in an hour's time to recall the fruits of your wild imagination, you should he able to rememher everything you dreamt up. Imagined cvents are almost as easy to recall as real ones, par- ticularly if they are exa~gerateda nd pleasurahle. (No one likes to rememher a had dream.) This is because the imagination and memory are both concerned with the forming of mental images. Returning from the suhlime to the ridiculous, you are now in a position to rcmemher the ten items on our shopping list, armed with the results of these rwo experiments. Kcep an open mind as you read the following few paragraphs. THE METHOD To remember the List, 'place' each item of shopping at individual stages along a familiar journcy - it might be around your house, down to the shops, or a hus route. For these sinLplarly horing items to become memorable, you are going to have to exaggerate them, creating bizarre mental images at each stage of the journey. Imagine an enormous, gulping fish flapping around your bedroom, for example, covering the duvet with slimy scales. Or picture a bath full of margarine, every time you turn on the taps, more warm margarine comes ooz- ing out! This is the basis of my entire mrmory system: H O W TO DEVELOP A PERFECT MEN,-.., I I THE &lY TO A PERFECT MEMORY IS YOUR IhUGINATION. Later on, when you need to remember the list, you are going to 'walk' around the journey, moving from stage to stage and recalling each object as you go. The journey provides order, linking items together. Your imagination makes each one memorable. THE JOURNEY Choose a familiar journey. A simple route around your house is as good as any. If there are ten items to remember, the journey must consist of ten stages. Give it a logical starting point, places along the way and a finishing point. Now learn it. Once you have committed this to memory, you can use it for remembering ten phone numbers, ten people, ten appointments, ten of any- thing, over and over again. YOUR MAP: Stqe I: your bedroom Stage 6: kitchen Stage 2: bathroom Stage 7: front door Stage 3: spare room SInge 8: front garden Stqe 4: stairs Stogc 9: road Stage 5: lounge SIage 10: house opposite At each stage on the map, close your eyes and visualize your own home. For the purposes of demonstration, I have chosen a simple two-up, two-down house. If you live in a flat or bungalow, replace the staim with a corridor or another room. Whatever rooms you use, make sure the journey has a logical direction. For instance, I would not walk from my bedroom through the front garden to get to the hathroom. The sequence must be obvious. It then becomes much easier to preserve the natural order of the list you intend to memorize. If you are having difficulty, try to imagine younelf floating through your house, visualizing as much of the layout at each stage as you can. Practise this a few times. When you can remember the journey without having to look at your map, you are ready to attempt the shopping list itself. This time, I hope, with markedly different results. That shopping list again: Item I: fish Iton 6: football Item 2: margarine Itn 7: ladder Item 3: chess set Ifem 8: clock Itm 4: milk Itn 9: tape measure Itn 5: light bulb Itn 10: dog howl BIZARRE IMAGES Using your imagination, you are going to repeat the journey, but this time 'placing' each object at the corresponding stage. The intention, remember, is to create a series of bizarre mental images, so out of the ordinary that you H O W TO R E M E M B E R L I S T S can't hrlp rememhering them. Have you ever seen chess pieces standing six fcct high and shouting at each other, in your sparr room? And what are all those hundreds of smashcd milk bottlzs doing on the stairs? Make the scrncs as unusual as possible. Use all your senses; taste, touch, smrll, hear and see everything. The morc senses you can bring to hear, the more mrmc- rahle the image d he. (For instance, if we want to rememher a word on a page, we often say it out aloud.) Movement is also important, and so is sex. Don't hc embarrassed hy your own creativity. There are no rules whcn it comes to exploring your imagination. You are the only memhcr of the audi- mce. Shock yourselt? You will remember the scene more vividly. The more wild and rxaggerated, the easier it will be to remember. Let your imagination run riot; it is the only thing limiting your memory PLACING THE OBJECTS To show you what I mean, here is how I would memorize the list: Stage I: I wake up in my bedroom to find that I am holding a fishing rod. At the end of the line is a huge slimy fish flapping frantically at the foot of my bed. I use all my senses: I sre the rod arcing, I hear the spool clicking, I feel the pull of the line, I smell the foul, lishy odour, I touch its scales. Stage 2: I go to the hathroom to take a shower. Instead of hot water, a thick mar- garine oozes from the shower head and drips all over me. I feel the warm, sticky texture and see the bright, fluorescent yellow colour. Siqe 3: I walk into the spare room and discover a giant chess set. Like something out of Alire's Adurnlure.< in il'onderknd, the pieces are coming alive. I can hear them shouting obscenities at each other, insulting each other's king and quern. Stage 4: The staircase is cluttered with hundrcds of milk bottles, some of them, half empty, even broken. The milkman is standing at the bottom of the stairs, apolo~izingfo r the mess. I pick my way down the stairs, smelling the stench of deca+ng milk. I hear the noise of crunching glass, and the squelch of curdlrd milk underfoot. \%at was the milkman doing thcre in the first place? The more mental 'hooks' and asso- ciations you gather, the greater your chances of recalling the item. Sla,qe 5: I open the lounge door. Instead of seeing the lightbulb danding unobtru-