® © 2010 ReferencePoint Press, Inc. For more information, contact: ReferencePoint Press, Inc. PO Box 27779 San Diego, CA 92198 www. ReferencePointPress.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Picture credits: AP Images: 7, 12, 20, 21, 26, 29, 32, 34, 40, 51, 52, 57, 63, 65, 70, 73, 79, 80 Istockphoto.com: 9 Landov: 42, 47, 66 Science Photo Library: 13, 15 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Kallen, Stuart A., 1955– How should the world respond to global warming? / by Stuart A. Kallen. p. cm. — (In controversy series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-60152-410-2 (e-book) 1. Global warming—Juvenile literature. 2. Global warming—Prevention—Juvenile literature. I. Title. QC981.8.G56K35 2009 363.738'74—dc22 2009002282 Contents Foreword 4 Introduction A Scientific and Political Problem 6 Chapter One What Are the Origins of the Global Warming Issue? 11 Chapter Two How Should Developing Nations Respond? 25 Chapter Three How Should Developed Nations Respond? 39 Chapter Four How Should Business and Industry Respond? 54 Chapter Five What Lifestyle Changes Are Needed? 69 Related Organizations 82 For Further Research 87 Source Notes 90 Index 94 About the Author 96 D R Foreword O W E R O F I n 2008, as the U.S. economy and economies worldwide were falling into one of the worst recessions in modern history, most Americans had diffi culty comprehending the complexity, mag- nitude, and scope of what was happening. As is often the case with a complex, controversial issue such as this historic global econom- ic recession, looking at the problem as a whole can be overwhelm- ing and often does not lead to understanding. One way to better comprehend such a large issue or event is to break it into smaller parts. Th e intricacies of global economic recession may be diffi cult to understand, but one can gain insight by instead beginning with an individual contributing factor such as the real estate market. When examined through a narrower lens, complex issues become clearer and easier to evaluate. Th is is the idea behind ReferencePoint Press’s In Controversy series. Th e series examines the complex, controversial issues of the day by breaking them into smaller pieces. Rather than looking at the stem cell research debate as a whole, a title would examine an important aspect of the debate such as Is Stem Cell Research Neces- sary? or Is Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical? By studying the central issues of the debate individually, researchers gain a more solid and focused understanding of the topic as a whole. Each book in the series provides a clear, insightful discussion of the issues, integrating facts and a variety of contrasting opin- ions for a solid, balanced perspective. Personal accounts and direct quotes from academic and professional experts, advocacy groups, politicians, and others enhance the narrative. Sidebars add depth to the discussion by expanding on important ideas and events. For quick reference, a list of key facts concludes every chapter. Source notes, an annotated organizations list, bibliography, and index provide student researchers with additional tools for papers and class discussion. 4 The In Controversy series also challenges students to think critically about issues, to improve their problem-solving skills, and to sharpen their ability to form educated opinions. As Presi- dent Barack Obama stated in a March 2009 speech, success in the twenty-first century will not be measurable merely by students’ ability to “fill in a bubble on a test but whether they possess 21st century skills like problem-solving and critical thinking and en- trepreneurship and creativity.” Those who possess these skills will have a strong foundation for whatever lies ahead. No one can know for certain what sort of world awaits today’s students. What we can assume, however, is that those who are in- quisitive about a wide range of issues; open-minded to divergent views; aware of bias and opinion; and able to reason, reflect, and reconsider will be best prepared for the future. As the international development organization Oxfam notes, “Today’s young people will grow up to be the citizens of the future: but what that future holds for them is uncertain. We can be quite confident, however, that they will be faced with decisions about a wide range of issues on which people have differing, contradictory views. If they are to develop as global citizens all young people should have the op- portunity to engage with these controversial issues.” In Controversy helps today’s students better prepare for tomor- row. An understanding of the complex issues that drive our world and the ability to think critically about them are essential compo- nents of contributing, competing, and succeeding in the twenty- first century. 5 N O A Scientific I T C U D and Political O R T N I Problem I n January 2007 the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) announced that the previous year had been the warmest ever recorded in the United States. Th e year was marked by severe droughts throughout the southern, western, and plains states. In some areas the period between October 2005 and June 2006 was the driest in 111 years of record keeping. Th e droughts intensi- fi ed wildfi res that swept across the West, making 2006 the worst fi re season ever, with 9.8 million acres burned. Meanwhile, in the Northeast and mid-Atlantic states, numerous records were set for heavy rainfall and fl ooding. Summer heat waves had a devastat- ing eff ect in big cities from New York City to Los Angeles, where 225 people died from heat-related problems. When asked to ex- plain the reasons for the deadly weather, Jay Lawrimore, monitor- ing chief for the NCDC stated: “Th ere’s no denying that climate change is occurring, and warmer winters and warmer years are more common for that reason. What we’re seeing is just becoming so much more common.”1 Lawrimore also noted that in 2006 the annual average tem- perature was 55°F (2.8°C), or 2.2°F (1.2°C) above average. And the following year turned out to be the second warmest year in history, with its own share of weather-related disasters. Looking back on weather data from years past, the NCDC determined that 8 of the 10 hottest years on record occurred since 1995. Climate change, also known as global warming, is defi ned as the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s air and the 66 oceans. These average temperatures have been rising since 1955 and are expected to increase well into the future. The United Na- tions Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) claims a 95 percent certainty that the temperature increases are directly caused by human activities that produce carbon dioxide, methane, A firefighter tries to and nitrous oxide. These gases are creating an imbalance in the slow the advance of greenhouse effect, a natural part of Earth’s climate cycle. a massive fire fueled French mathematician Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier was the by hot, dry winds in first to describe the greenhouse effect in 1824. Fourier noted that Southern California Earth’s atmosphere—made up of water and tiny amounts of car- in 2006. Some scientists say global bon dioxide, methane gas, and other components—acts like the warming is to blame glass in a greenhouse. The atmosphere allows solar radiation, or for high heat and sunlight, to warm Earth, and it also prevents about 30 percent drought in the West of that radiation from leaving Earth. This keeps the planet warm and extreme weather enough for human habitation. Without the greenhouse effect, the in other parts of the average temperature on Earth would hover around 0°F (-17.8°C). country. Greenhouse Gases Industrial activity is responsible for increasing the greenhouse gas- es in the atmosphere, and most scientists believe that this has led to a warmer planet. Carbon dioxide, known by its chemical for- mula CO , has gained the most attention as a global warming gas 2 because it makes up about 70 percent of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is generated when fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) are burned to produce electricity, power factories, heat houses, and fuel automobiles. Carbon dioxide is also created when forests are cut down or burned. Scientists have been able to measure the historic amounts of CO in the atmosphere by analyzing tiny air bubbles trapped in 2 Arctic ice. In 2008 atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were higher than at any time in the past 650,000 years. And as energy consumption continues to grow in the coming years, the IPCC predicts that CO emissions will increase anywhere from 35 2 to 450 percent by 2100. This will cause the atmosphere to warm by 2° to 11.5°F (1.1° to 6.3°C). If the IPCC predictions are true, life on Earth will change rad- ically in the coming century. Scientists believe that rising global temperatures will cause sea levels to rise, polar ice caps to melt, and extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, wildfires, and hurricanes to increase. People will also be affected by changes in agricultural production, species extinction, an increase in dis- ease, and threats to economic security. Politics and Science The alarming predictions by the IPCC have motivated many na- tions to implement plans to reduce global warming gas emissions. However, fossil fuels are central to the world economy. Changing the way society performs basic tasks such as traveling, heating and lighting homes, and growing food has proved to be difficult. Japan, the world’s fifth largest producer of CO , is a good ex- 2 ample of a country that has run into resistance when trying to reduce emissions. Since 2004 the Ministry of Environment has made four proposals that would levy a tax on the burning of fossil fuels. This money would be used to institute anti–global warming 8 measures such as planting forests and conducting research into Bare ground stretches clean energy systems. for miles where trees have been cleared for The proposed tax was small, about $21 a ton. It would add industry in Brazil’s only 4.3 cents to the price of a gallon of gas. And Japanese industry Amazon rain forest. would pay about 5 cents for every 2.2 pounds of coal burned. The The loss of trees leads tax proposal would have cost individual consumers about $210 to higher levels of a year. But Japan’s auto, steel, and electricity producers together carbon dioxide, which would have jointly paid about $380 million, and they strongly op- contributes to global warming. posed the measure. Industry leaders stated that the tax would hin- der Japan’s economy and reduce its ability to compete against the growing economies of China and India. Meanwhile, Japanese en- vironmentalists complained that the tax was so small that it would not force industry and consumers to reduce fossil fuel consump- tion. By 2007 the idea of a carbon tax, as it is called, was dropped. The next year Japanese CO production rose to record levels even 2 as government officials pledged to reduce emissions by 6 percent. Researchers predict that climate change could negatively affect Japanese rice, wheat, and fruit production; and rising sea levels might permanently flood parts of the island nation. But Japanese citizens are reluctant to pay more for their energy consumption. 9 Th e environmental struggles in Japan are mirrored in the United States, Eastern Europe, China, India, and elsewhere. In April 2009 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally declared CO and fi ve other heat-trapping gases to be pollutants that endan- 2 ger public health. With this declaration, the United States for the fi rst time begins a process that will lead to regulation of these gases. Th e EPA declaration and the process of adopting new regulations mark a continuation of the political debate over how to respond to global warming. Supporters say new regulations will bring long- term social and economic benefi ts while opponents warn that such regulations will raise energy costs and lead to job losses. With powerful interests on both sides holding such diff erent views, the fi ght against global warming is not only a scientifi c but a political problem as well. While many worry about the damage from global warming, it has been diffi cult for governments to im- plement solutions without harming their economic interests. FACTS • In April 2009 the EPA formally declared that six heat- trapping gases pose a risk to public health. Th e six gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofl uo- rocarbons, perfl uorocarbons, and sulfur hexafl uoride. • Average temperatures have climbed 1.4°F (0.7°C) around the world in recent decades. • Th e years between 1988 and 2008 were warmer than any in the previous 400 years of weather record keeping. 10