HOW PHILOSOPHY WORKS US_001_Half_Title.indd 1 11/02/2019 11:01 US_002-003_Title_page.indd 2 11/02/2019 11:01 HOW PHILOSOPHY WORKS THE CONCEPTS visually explained Consultant editor Marcus Weeks US_002-003_Title_page.indd 3 11/02/2019 11:01 S Senior editor Andrew Szudek Project editor Sam Kennedy R US editor Kayla Dugger Project art editor Renata Latipova Editors Richard Gilbert, Victoria Pyke, Laura Sandford, Alison Sturgeon O Designers Laura Gardner, Vanessa Hamilton Managing editor Gareth Jones Senior managing art editor Lee Griffiths Jackets designer Tanya Mehrotra T Senior Jackets designer Suhita Dharamjit Managing jackets editor Saloni Singh Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal Jackets editorial coordinator Priyanka Sharma U Publisher Liz Wheeler Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf Art director Karen Self Jacket designer Surabhi Wadhwa-Gandhi B Jacket editor Emma Dawson Jacket design Sophia MTT development manager Pre-production producer Robert Dunn Senior producer Rachel Ng I First American Edition, 2019 R Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Broadway, Suite 801, New York, NY 10018 Copyright © 2019 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 19 20 21 22 23 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 T 001–312721–Aug/2019 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a N retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog record for this book O is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4654-8222-8 Printed and bound in China C A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com US_004-009_Contents.indd 4 22/02/2019 12:54 Marcus Weeks (consultant editor) studied Music and S Philosophy at Sheffield University and worked as a teacher, piano restorer, and trombonist before settling into a career as an author. He has written and contributed to numerous books on philosophy, R psychology, music, and the arts, including several titles in the Dorling Kindersley “Big Ideas” series. Roxana Baiasu has taught philosophy to students from all O around the world at universities including Oxford, Vienna, and Birmingham. She has published in the areas of European Philosophy, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, feminist philosophy, and the philosophy of religion. T Robert Fletcher has written on political developments for journals such as Talking Politics and Politics Review. He has taught at Oxford University, and he currently specializes in the Philosophy of Mind, U in which he is working toward a PhD. Andrew Szudek is a writer and editor who studied philosophy at Cambridge University, where he specialized in Wittgenstein and the B Philosophy of Mind. He has worked on numerous nonfiction titles, ranging from travel guides to military history. Marianne Talbot has taught philosophy for the colleges of Oxford I University for 32 years. Her philosophy podcasts have been downloaded more than 8 million times. R T N O C US_004-009_Contents.indd 5 11/02/2019 11:02 S T N E T N O C US_004-009_Contents.indd 6 11/02/2019 11:02 Introduction 10 FOUNDATIONS S The source of everything 16 Cosmic origins 18 T Sacred geometry 20 All is flux 22 All is one 23 Zeno’s paradoxes 24 N Elements and forces 26 ANALYTIC Immortal seeds 28 Atomic theory 30 PHILOSOPHY Examining ideas 32 Platonic realms 34 Plato’s allegory of the cave 36 What does a word mean? 86 E One world only 38 Russell’s theory of descriptions 88 Form is function 40 Picturing the world 90 An Earth-centered cosmos 42 Meaning and observation 92 Purposes in nature 44 Dispensing with metaphysics 94 T Scholastic philosophy 46 A private language is impossible 96 Transubstantiation 48 Wittgenstein’s language-games 98 Occam’s razor 49 Science and falsification 100 The scientific revolution 50 The nature of scientific truth 102 Doubting the world 52 Words as actions 104 N Mind and body 54 Scientific revolutions 106 The body as a machine 56 Points of view 108 The one substance 58 Feminist epistemology 110 The blank slate 60 An infinity of minds 62 O Facts and ideas 64 Shaping the world with the mind 66 Kinds of truth 68 Reality as a process 70 C The end of history 72 Class conflict in history 74 Useful truths 76 The value of truth 78 Ideas as tools 80 US_004-009_Contents.indd 7 11/02/2019 11:02 CONTINENTAL RIGHT AND PHILOSOPHY WRONG Objects in the mind 116 Rules and principles 168 Phenomenology 118 Ethics and the law 170 PHILOSOPHY Time consciousness 120 Free will? 172 What is it like to be human? 122 Do we have moral OF MIND Life before death 124 knowledge? 174 Freedom and identity 126 Does moral truth exist? 176 The “other” 128 The fact-value distinction 178 Gender identity 130 Dualism 146 Aristotle’s virtue ethics 180 The lived body 132 The limits of language 148 Humean ethics 182 Critical theory 134 Behaviorism 150 Deontology 184 Power plays 136 The mind-brain Utilitarianism 186 Deconstruction 138 identity theory 152 Existentialist ethics 188 Feminist postmodernism 140 Eliminative materialism 154 Animal rights 190 Functionalism 156 Euthanasia 192 Biological naturalism 158 Cloning 194 Panpsychism 160 The nature of the body 162 US_004-009_Contents.indd 8 11/02/2019 11:02