The Project Gutenberg eBook, How Paper Boxes Are Made, by Robert Francis Salade This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: How Paper Boxes Are Made Author: Robert Francis Salade Release Date: January 4, 2021 [eBook #64212] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW PAPER BOXES ARE MADE*** E-text prepared by deaurider, Susan Carr, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/howpaperboxesare00sala How Paper Boxes are Made A PRACTICAL AND INSTRUCTIVE BOOK TELLING HOW THE BEGINNER MAY MANUFACTURE ALL KINDS OF PAPER BOXES, WITH SPECIAL CHAPTERS ON THE PRINTING DE- PARTMENT FOR PAPER BOX PLANTS, EMBOSSING, GOLD- LEAFING, LABEL WORK, ETC. WITH 100 ILLUSTRATIONS By ROBERT F. SALADE Author of “Plate Printing and Die Stamping,” “How to Make Cutouts,” “Newspaper Men of the Night,” etc. PUBLISHED BY THE SHEARS PUBLISHING COMPANY LAFAYETTE, INDIANA 1920 Copyright, 1920 SHEARS PUBLISHING COMPANY LaFayette, Indiana LIST OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introduction. Great Growth of the Paper Box Industry. The Field for Attractive and High Quality Boxes. Creating Orders by Submitting New Ideas for Boxes. Plain “Set-up” Paper Boxes—Kinds of Materials Used. How “Set-up” Boxes Are Made. Kinds of Machines Used, etc. Page 7 CHAPTER II Plain “Set-up” Boxes (continued). Modern Methods of Working. Various Kinds of Cover Paper. Gold- Edged Paper Boxes. The Stokes & Smith Automatic Wrapping Machine. Extension Bottom Boxes. Properly Grouping the Machines to Save Time and Labor. Larger Size Paper Boxes With Flanges and Mitered Corners. Page 21 CHAPTER III Plain Paper Boxes With Flanges. Effecting a Saving of Stock. How the Blanks Are Mitered. Efficiency in the Production of Hand-Made Paper Boxes. Kinds of Paste and Glue Used. Equipment Required for a Small Paper Box Plant. The Advantages of Specializing. Page 37 CHAPTER IV Druggists’ Pill and Powder Boxes. Round Pill and Powder Boxes. Round, Shouldered Pill Boxes With Projecting Edges. Plain, Round, Shouldered Magnesia Boxes. How the Tubes, or “Barrels,” for Round Boxes Are Made. Page 51 CHAPTER V Druggists’ Pill and Powder Boxes (continued). Covering Paper for Round Boxes. Cutting Round and Oval Pieces of Box-Board for Tops and Bottoms. Oval Shouldered Pill Boxes With Projecting Edges. Round Face Powder Boxes With Dome Tops. The Doming Machine. Odd-Shaped Face Powder Boxes. Plain Oblong Powder Boxes. Sliding Boxes for Powders and Lozenges. Oblong Shouldered Powder Boxes. Square Shouldered Boxes. Square Telescope Boxes. Suppository Boxes With Partitions. Page 65 CHAPTER VI Candy Boxes. The Increasing Demand. Specializing in Fancy Candy Boxes. How the Machines May Be Arranged to Speed Production. Plain Paper Candy Boxes. Telescope Candy Boxes. Lacing. Shouldered Candy Boxes With Extension Tops and Bottoms. Trays for Candy Boxes. Flat Candy Boxes. Round Candy Boxes With Extension Edges. Large, Round Candy Boxes With Dome Tops. Large, Odd-Shaped Candy Boxes. Art Candy Boxes. Page 81 CHAPTER VII Miscellaneous Paper Boxes. Wedding, Party and Banquet Boxes. Jewelry Boxes. Handkerchief, Garter, Suspender, Necktie and Collar-Button Boxes. Cut-out Inserts. Cigarette Boxes. Stocking Boxes. Oyster and Ice Cream Boxes. Oyster Pails. Paper Dishes. Suit, Hat and Flower Boxes. Graining Board for Boxes. Round Hat Boxes. Suit Cases and Traveling Bags. Pocket Cigar Cases. Boxes for Hardware, Glass, Tools, Picture Frames, Toys, etc. Page 101 CHAPTER VIII Folding Boxes and Cartons. Equipment Required for a Small Cutting and Creasing Plant. Kinds of Stock Used for Folding Boxes. Making the “Dummy” for a Folding Box. Kinds of Furniture Used in Blanking Out the Steel Rule Dies. Steel Cutting Rules and Creasing Rules. Work-Bench for the Folding Box Maker. Steel Rule Cutting and Bending Machines. Page 117 CHAPTER IX Folding Boxes and Cartons (continued). Making a Cutting and Creasing Die. Blanking Out the Steel Die. Making Steel Dies for Cut-Outs. Cutting and Creasing on Platen Presses. Making Ready a Steel Cutting and Creasing Die. Putting on the Feeding Guides. Corking the Steel Die Form. Feeding the Sheets of Box-Board. Stripping. Gluing Folding Boxes. The Gluing Machine. Cutting and Creasing on Cylinder Presses. Making Ready a Steel Cutting Die for Advertising Novelties, etc. Page 137 CHAPTER X The Printing Department for a Box-Making Plant. Equipment Necessary for a Medium-Size Printing Department. Kinds of Machines. The Type Equipment. Hartford and John Thomson Platen Printing Presses. Cylinder Presses. The Kidder Automatic Printing Press. C. & P. Press With Miller Feeder. Kinds of Work Done in the Printing Department of a Paper Box Plant. Page 159 CHAPTER XI [Pg 3] [4] [5] [6] The Printing Department (continued). Time-Saving Suggestions. Printing in Gold Size and Bronzing Box Wrappers. Burnishing. Printing in Gold Ink. Gold Leafing for Box Wrappers. Embossing on Platen Presses. The Hartford Electric Plate Heater. Making the Male Die for Hot or Cold Embossing. Kinds of Composition Used for Male Dies. Making Ready for Embossing. Special Process for Printing Glazed Box Wrappers. Imitation Plate Printing and Steel Die Stamping. Patented Printing Base for Cylinder Presses. Page 179 CHAPTER XII Corrugated and Fibre Products. The Great Field for Corrugated Boxes and Paper Cans. The Making of Paper Cans. The Equipment Required for Making Paper Cans. How Corrugated Paper Boxes Are Made. Various Kinds of Machines Used. Regular Slotted Carton. Center Special Slotted Carton. Overlap Slotted Carton. Full Flap Slotted Carton. Half Slotted Carton With Separate Cover. Double-Wall Carton. Double Cover Box. Telescope Box. Double Lined Slide Box. Single Lined Slide Box. Double Slide Box. One-Piece Folder. Two-Piece Folder. Corrugated Paper Tubes. Partitions. Printing Cartons. The End. Page 199 W HOW PAPER BOXES ARE MADE CHAPTER I ITHIN the last few decades the paper box manufacturing industry of the United States has grown to tremendous proportions, due of course to the ever-increasing demand for paper boxes of every kind imaginable. The manufacturers have kept in steady progress with the times, and so efficiently have they organized and managed the industry that today it ranks among the largest and most important in the country. The business is rapidly developing on every side. New uses for paper boxes are constantly being discovered. In many instances, paper boxes, on account of their neatness, lighter weight and economy, are taking the places of those made of wood or tin. Comparatively few people outside the industry ever stop to consider the fact that the paper box business has been responsible for the success of many another business. Manufacturers of the many different varieties of packaged-goods which are sold over the counters of retail stores, advertising experts and salesmen, know well that attractive, graceful paper boxes help wonderfully in selling the goods. But, the buying public in general gives little thought to this truth. With the exception of advertising and first class printed matter, handsome paper boxes today are one of the greatest selling forces in business. It has been only during recent years that manufacturers, advertising men and salesmen have been giving closer attention to the selling power of high grade paper boxes. In days gone by the quality and appearance of paper boxes received little consideration. Some years ago, a plain, commonly-made box was considered good enough for the purpose, but not so in these days. In this age the average buyer would not be interested in a nationally-advertised product if it were packed in a mean-looking box, no matter how excellent the product may be. This explains why we see such a large number of display advertisements on bill-boards, in the street cars, and in newspapers and magazines, including the statement, “Packed in a Neat Box.” In the present time, after a large manufacturing concern has perfected all arrangements for making perhaps, a new breakfast food, a new perfume, toilet soap, candy, tooth paste, or some other desirable article, the next step that is taken to market the product is in organizing a good sales force. Then, the manufacturers consult with one of the big advertising agencies for the purpose of launching a national advertising campaign. Among the first features of the campaign to receive close study by the advertising experts is the style and appearance of the paper boxes which are to contain the product in question. Often, many different shapes and colors for the containers are planned and tested before the right design and color scheme are decided upon. The broad-minded manufacturer will not object to paying substantial prices for attractive paper boxes any more than he would object to paying high prices for advertising in newspapers and magazines, as the advertising men can easily prove to him the fact that beautiful paper boxes will help in selling the goods. QUALITY IS ESSENTIAL. This does not mean that any manufacturer could succeed with the aid of attractive paper boxes in selling anything that is not of good quality. He would possibly sell an inferior article, by means of advertising and appealing paper boxes, for a limited time, but the public would soon learn whether the article was good or not. But, the manufacturer of a high grade product may always depend on good advertising and attractive paper boxes to help him in making a success of his business, and this is the point that the writer wants to make clear to the reader. The psychology of a handsome paper box is something wonderful. Women, particularly, delight in buying candy, perfumes, and many other things packed in beautiful paper boxes and tied with colored ribbons. Men, too, derive pleasure through buying goods packed in attractive boxes. All of us like dainty packages, whether we admit the truth or not. When paper boxes are made and used for the purpose of carrying goods to retail dealers, in cases where the dealers unpack the merchandise and sell it in loose form to the public, it is not necessary, of course, to have such fine boxes as those which go into the possession of the buying public. Large size shirt and hosiery boxes, for example, seldom pass into the hands of customers of retail stores. Boxes of this class should be neat, strong and of good appearance, but there is no reason for having them expensively finished. The larger-size boxes which are to be found upon the shelves of retail shops are usually covered with glazed paper, in colors such as buff, red, light blue, pink, etc. Store-keepers prefer boxes covered with glazed, colored paper for the reason that colors, and the high gloss of the paper help in making their sales-room look attractive. These are very important facts that every paper box manufacturer must keep in mind, and the more attention that is given to the aesthetic side of paper box making, the better for the business in general. The field for fine and fancy paper boxes, as well as for plain boxes, is without limitations. It is a rich, fertile field, and the manufacturer with new ideas and good business management can “plant and grow” all the orders for paper boxes that he may care to handle. The box-maker with ideas does not have to wait for orders to come to him. Hundreds of manufacturers in various [7] [8] [9] [10] lines of business are willing and ready to consider suggestions in the way of unique and handsome paper boxes which may mean increased sales of the goods or articles that they are marketing. The demand for “dust-proof,” “germ-proof,” “damp-proof,” and the trade-marked folding paper boxes is without end. Box-makers who are in a position to offer new-style containers of this character will have no reason for complaining about “slack seasons.” The fiber container field also offers unlimited possibilities to the manufacturer of fiber products. This is the age of progress. Creative salesmanship is now needed in every line of business. The box manufacturer in these days must give more of his time and thought than in the past to the subject of creative salesmanship. He should work hand-in-hand with merchants, sales managers and advertising experts when big selling campaigns are being planned. The United States is just entering the greatest period of prosperity in the history of the country, and without question the paper box industry is to enjoy its proper share of this prosperity, but the box-maker who fails in keeping abreast with the times will be in danger of “falling by the wayside.” IMPORTANT QUESTIONS. Creative salesmanship, standard cost systems, efficient plant management, and the matter of procuring a sufficient supply of skilled labor are among the most important questions of today which must receive deep study from the box manufacturers in general. With these serious questions in mind, the writer has prepared this text book on the subject of Paper Box Making for the purpose of helping the progress of the industry in every way possible. Before attempting this work, the writer spent considerable time in several of the modern paper box factories, studying the mechanical equipment, labor-saving methods, ordinary working operations, etc. Several of the larger plants where paper box machinery is designed and made, were also visited. In this manner, valuable data for this book were secured. The main purpose of this book is to teach beginners, or apprentices, the practical work of paper box making. We are not so egotistical as to believe that we can make a trained paper box maker with the aid of printed matter, but at least we can try to offer simple, practical information which we hope will be helpful to beginners. We shall try to do our very best in making the technical facts plain and understandable, and if we succeed in giving the reader a clear, general idea of how paper boxes are made, we will be well satisfied. May we suggest to employers, superintendents and foremen in the paper box industry to place this book in the hands of apprentices for study? It may even be possible to present copies of the book to young men and young women who are not working in the industry, but who may desire, after reading this volume, to engage in the interesting work of paper box making. This is merely a suggestion, but it may be of some value in gaining new apprentices. This book will include information on Plain Paper Boxes, Fancy Paper Boxes, Round, Oval and Odd-shaped Boxes, Cutting and Creasing for Cartons, The Label Printing Department, Fiber Containers, and on other subjects of this character. It would be almost impossible for anyone to describe all of the many different kinds of plain, fancy and folding boxes that are being made at the present time, so we will merely describe the regular line of paper boxes that are considered as standard in the trade. PLAIN “SET-UP” PAPER BOXES. The term “set-up,” applies to paper boxes which are covered with separate lids. Folding boxes do not come under this term for the reason that they are glued together at one side, and remain in flat form until the time when they are used as containers, cut out sections of the sheet then being folded to serve as “lids.” In other words, a folding box is complete in one piece, while a set-up box (a shoe box, for example), is of two parts, the box and the lid. A set-up box must be cut, creased, folded, stayed and covered before it is complete. The lid also must be cut, creased, folded, stayed and covered. Various kinds of boxboard are used for the making of plain paper boxes, but the three principal kinds used are called “Chip-board,” “News-board” and “Straw-board.” Chip-board is made from pulp formed of all kinds of waste paper. News-board is made from pulp formed of old newspapers. Straw-board is made from straw. These three different kinds of boxboard come from the paper dealers, or from the mills, in various sizes and thicknesses to meet all of the requirements of the box factory. Chip-board is more generally used for all kinds of plain paper boxes. It is of gray color, and it has rather a rough surface. When the boxes are to be of good quality, like a candy box for instance, the chip-board is lined on one side with white news paper, or white book paper. This lining is done before the boxboard is cut and creased in shape for making the boxes. Many of the larger box-makers do their own lining on a special machine called the Parry Liner, which has been designed especially for the purpose. Other box-makers send the boxboard to outside concerns who make a specialty of lining board for the trade. Chip-board, news-board or straw-board, when used for the making of ordinary boxes—shoe boxes, for example— is not lined. Better-class boxes, such as are used for holding collars and cuffs, silk shirts, handkerchiefs, neckwear, writing paper, and “white goods” of many varieties, should be lined with white book paper. The first step toward the making of a paper box is in deciding on the proper measurements. The specifications must indicate the length, width and depth of the box, as well as the length, width and depth of the lid. The length and width of a lid, for a plain set-up box, must of course be slightly larger than the length and width of the box. To ascertain the correct sizes of both the box and its lid, the box-maker first makes models, and after these have been approved, the [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] regular work of making quantities of the boxes is commenced. Robinson Double Rotary Cutter and Creaser. The full-size sheets of boxboard are fed into a scoring machine which cuts and creases the sheets to the proper dimensions. Several pieces of board, of the size required for the boxes, or lids, are cut from the sheet with one operation. The machine is equipped with a series of rotary knives and rotary scorers, which can be moved and adjusted to the positions desired. The rotary scorers are like dull knives, and are set up a little higher than the cutting knives; thus they score the sheet instead of cutting completely through it. Single scoring machines, which score and cut the sheets of boxboard in only one direction, are used in some of the box-making plants. In other plants double scoring machines, which score and cut the sheets in both directions, are in service. The double scoring machine is naturally a big time-saver on large orders for the simple reason that it cuts and scores, both ways, on the sheet without it being necessary for the operator to feed the sheets through the machine a second time. The cut and scored blanks, when in flat form ready for cornering and folding, appear like this: Figure 1. Showing blank for paper box, cut to proper size, scored, but with corner-pieces not yet removed. The next operation is in removing the corner pieces from the blanks. This work is performed with the aid of a cornering machine. There are single, double and quadruple cornering machines in some of the larger plants, but the single and double cornering machines seem to be the most popular. The single cornering machine removes only one corner from the blank with one operation; the double cornering machine cuts out two corners with a single operation and the quadruple machine removes all four corners with one operation. Power Double Cornering Machine. The cornering devices are equipped with cutting knives, arranged so that they may easily be adjusted. The guides may be adjusted so that many different sizes of corners may be cut out of the blank stock. As many as twenty or more blanks may be placed under the knives at one time. The double cornering machine has two sets of knives and guides which are adjustable to provide for the various sizes of blanks. In the same manner the knives and guides of the quadruple machine are adjustable to provide for many different sizes of stock and also various sizes of corners. When feeding the blanks into the single cornering machine, it is necessary, of course, for the operator to feed the sheet four times before all of the corner pieces have been removed. When the four corner-pieces have been removed from a sheet of stock, the blank has the following appearance: Figure 2. Showing blank for paper box, cut to proper size, scored for folding, and with corner-pieces removed. Some of the box-makers who make a specialty of fine, small-size set-up boxes for the drug trade, jewelers, etc., have machines which score the blanks, and cut out the corner-pieces simultaneously. This device is for small work only, and its principal advantage is accuracy. When scoring and cornering small-size blanks separately, it is often difficult to have this scoring line in perfect alignment with the corners. On this special type of scoring and cutting machine it is necessary for the operator to feed one blank at a time. Cutting and creasing of this kind can also be done on cutting and creasing presses, with dies formed of steel cutting and creasing rules. This process will be explained in another article. After the blanks have been cut, scored and the four corner-pieces removed, the blanks are then bent upwards on all four sides so as to put them in form for the staying machine operation. Several of the blanks can be bent partly into shape with one operation. The operator of the staying machine then takes each blank and properly shapes it into the form of a box as the stay paper is applied to each corner. The staying machine is equipped with a roll of narrow Kraft paper which is gummed on one side. The machine is also equipped with a water-pan and a roller which moistens the gummed paper as it passes along. The operator places one corner of the box in position on the machine; the head of the machine descends and affixes a strip of the stay paper on the outside corner of the box. The operator then turns the box in rapid succession while the machine “stays” the other three corners of the box. The cutting of the stay paper to the proper size is an automatic operation, and the device can be adjusted to cut off any length of stay paper. The stay paper placed on the outside corners of the box, holds the box together. Power Corner-Staying Machine. In the case of very small boxes and lids, the stay paper is attached by hand, although the machine is adapted to small-size as well as large-size boxes. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] A CHAPTER II PLAIN “SET-UP” BOXES (Continued) FTER the work of staying the corners of a plain set-up paper box, and its lid, has been completed, the next operations are to cover the sides of the box, and the sides of the lid, with paper of the desired weight, color and finish. The kinds of paper which are generally used for covering plain paper boxes are, white glazed, cheviot, and colored glazed. This stock may be bought from the manufacturers in either the form of large rolls, or in the form of flat sheets. When the ordinary power covering machine is used, the paper is applied to the sides of the boxes from rolls of the proper width. The slitting and rewinding machine is used for the purpose of cutting the large rolls of paper into rolls of various sizes. The cutting wheels on the slitting and rewinding machine can be “spaced apart” to any width required. They may be set as close together as ½ inch apart. Conveniently located on the machine is a steel bar containing a scale, marked off into inches and fractional parts of inches. This scale makes it an easy matter for the operator to fix the slitting wheels in the positions wanted for cutting the large roll of paper into smaller rolls. As the wide sheet of paper unrolls and passes the slitters, the smaller strips of paper are rewound on spindles. There are several good slitting and rewinding machines on the market which may be operated by hand or power, as desired. Cameron Cutting and Rewinding Machine. When the sides of paper boxes are to be covered with the aid of a covering machine, a roll of paper of the necessary size and kind is first placed on the machine. The width of the roll of paper is about an inch wider than that of the surface of the box which is to be covered, for the reason that about one-half inch of the paper is turned in and over on the inside of the box, and about one-half inch of the paper is turned in over the bottom of the box. One operator attends to the covering operation, while another performs the work of “turning-in.” Knowlton Power Covering Machine. SOME OPERATORS CARELESS. The standard covering machine is equipped with a glue-pan, heating apparatus, gluing roller, glue scraper, a table, and a cut-off device. The gluing roller revolves in the glue pot, in such a manner as to apply the glue to one side of the paper as the paper passes over the surface of the roller. The glue pan may be heated by steam, gas or electricity. The scraping device regulates the amount of glue applied to the paper. When the machine is in action the operator simply wraps the strip of paper around the four sides of the box, allowing a “lap-over” of the paper, at one corner of the box, of about one inch. Some operators are careless, and they often allow “lap-overs” of several inches of paper, which of course results in considerable wastage of paper during the course of a day. The carefully-trained operator will try to save as much paper as possible. Another important point which the efficient operator will consider is in having the “lap- over” occur at one corner of the box, and not in the center of one side of the box. When the “lap-over” is made at one corner of the box, the work looks neat and finished, but when the seam is made on one side of the box, the work presents a poor appearance. Long, narrow set-up paper box. Size, 3¹⁰⁄₁₆ × ⁴⁄₁₆ in. Used by the medical profession for holding hypodermic needles. It is also very important that the work of “turning-in” should be done as neatly as possible. The “turner-in” works on a table near the covering machine. As the operator of the covering machine finishes wrapping a box, it is passed to the second operator who turns in the corners and edges of the paper. A wad of cheese-cloth, or a soft, clean cloth of any kind, is useful in the work of turning-in, the corners and edges of the paper being rubbed down firmly and smoothly. Some operators of covering machines also use a cloth in smoothing the paper as it is applied to the sides of the box. Others use merely the palm of the hand. Attached to the machine is a receptacle for holding tallow which many workers make use of for keeping their hands free from glue. On the new model covering machines the cut-off device is adjustable, up and down, by means of screws, and it can be moved to and from the box-spindle in any desired position, without it being necessary for the operator to leave his or her seat. The cut-off device may be operated by hand by means of a lever. TIME SAVING SYSTEM. In a large number of paper box making plants tables are placed near the covering machines, and the work of “turning-in” is done on these tables. Near the covering machines are the topping machines. The work is handled in such a manner, that one operator passes the boxes on to another, until finally the boxes and the lids are completed and assembled. The boxes are then packed in cases ready for immediate shipment. This system is the means of saving time, [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] labor and expense, as it makes it unnecessary for the operators of the various machines to leave their seats. One operator does the covering of boxes, the second operator covers the sides of the lids; the third attends to the work of “turning-in”; the fourth is in charge of the topping machine. Girls or boys then assemble the boxes and lids, and pack them in the cases. Many set-up paper boxes, in addition to being covered with white glazed, cheviot, or colored glazed paper, are finished with gold-paper edges. Some have a gold edge at the top of the lid, and a gold edge at the bottom of the box; others have four gold edges; still others are covered with colored glazed paper, and have four edges of white glazed paper. Paper boxes of this variety may properly be placed under the heading, “fancy,” but we want to mention them here on account of the edging-work being done on covering machines in about the same way as plain covering work. Let us take the case of a gold-edged paper box for example: The narrow roll of gold paper is placed on the covering machine, along with the wider roll of glazed, or cheviot paper. Both the gold strip and the other strip are applied to the box, or lid, simultaneously, the gold strip being placed underneath the main strip. The main strip of paper is a size that when applied to the box, or lid, (over the gold strip) it allows the gold edging to show. Only the gold strip is “turned in,” either over the top or bottom of the box, or over the top and edge of the lid. With work of this character the operator must be careful to have the two strips of paper run straight and even as one is glued over the other. The topping machine operates much on the same principle as the covering machine, and it is used for applying paper to the tops of box-lids, after the sides of the lids have been covered. The better class of set-up boxes are covered on the bottom in addition to having the tops of their lids covered, but ordinary, plain set-up boxes are not covered on the bottom. The writer has before him a set-up box which had been used for holding a dozen linen collars. The board for this box has been lined with newspaper, making it neat and clean on the inside. The lid is covered and topped with pale yellow glazed paper. The sides of the box are covered with glazed paper of the same color as the lid, but at the top the edges are trimmed with white glazed paper. The bottom of the box is covered with white book paper. This is that kind of box which should have the bottom covered, although the bottom piece of paper is not absolutely necessary. Writing paper boxes should also be covered on the bottom. The question of covering the bottoms of set-up boxes should be determined by considering the general qualities of the box, and the purpose for which it is to be used. There is no reason for covering the bottoms of common set-up boxes. One of the smallest set-up paper boxes manufactured. Size 1⁷⁄₁₆ × ⁷⁄₁₆ in. Sides ³⁄₁₆ in. Used by the medical profession. One of the best power topping machines on the market is that made by the Hobbs Manufacturing Company, of Worcester, Mass. This machine has an automatic cut-off device, and it is equipped, of course, with a work table, glue pan, gluing roller, etc. A roll of paper, nearly the same width of the lid, or box-bottom, which is to be covered, is placed on the machine. Glue is applied to one side of the paper as it is drawn over the surface of the gluing roller. When the strip of paper has been stretched across the top of the lid, or the bottom of the box, the operator depresses the adjustable lever at one side of the machine, and the paper is cut off to the required size. On top of the work-table is a locating projection which holds the box in place. A locating gauge is also provided so that the vertical adjustment of the table can easily be made. It is only fair to state that there are other efficient topping machines in general use, some being operated by hand, others by power. Many set-up paper boxes, which are made for heavy usage, such as for holding hardware, tools, toys, glassware, etc., are wire stapled at the corners instead of having the corners strengthened with Kraft paper, or stay paper. Some box manufacturers are making all of their set-up boxes with wire-stapled corners. There are several wire stitching machines now being made by well-known concerns which have been especially built for use in the paper box industry, and they have proved very satisfactory. The boxes and their lids, after having been fastened at the corners with copper, or wire devices, are covered and topped with paper in the usual manner. The wire stitching machine is operated in much the same way as the staying machine, each corner of the box, and of the lid, being “stitched” with wire in rapid succession. For an exceptionally strong paper box which is to have rough usage, the wire-staying will be found more practical than paper-staying. Figure 3. Diagram shows shape of wrapper used on Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine. Perhaps the most remarkable machine ever invented for use in the paper box industry is the Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine which automatically places glued paper on all kinds of paper boxes. One of the great advantages of this device is that it completely wraps the box, or its lid, with a single sheet of paper. In other words, it “covers” and “tops” at the one operation. Flat sheets of paper, cut out at the corners like the diagram shown on page 29 are necessary when using this machine. Stokes and Smith Wrapping Machine. For cutting the sheets of paper to this special shape, a Stokes & Smith Double Cornering Machine is essential. The sheets are first cut square, or oblong, to the size desired, and the odd-shaped corners are cut out afterwards. The Double Corner Cutter will cut two corners from a pile of the sheets simultaneously. In about an hour’s time a sufficient [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] quantity of the wrappers can be cut to provide for a day’s run of work on the Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine. Extension bottom boxes, or to use the old term, boxes with “French edges,” may also be wrapped on the Stokes & Smith device, but for this class of work wrappers of still another shape than that shown by Figure 3 are necessary. Again, for work of this character, the machine must be equipped with an Extension Bottom Covering Attachment. The change in the shape of the wrappers is made by equipping the Double Corner Cutter with the proper sub-presses, knives, and dies. Another advantage of the Stokes & Smith Wrapping Machine is that it will apply printed or lithographed wrappers to the paper boxes, therefore making it unnecessary to have printed labels pasted on the boxes after they have been covered. These facts are not presented for advertising the Stokes & Smith Company. In offering these facts we merely desire to acquaint the reader with all that is new in the way of paper box machinery, and were we to omit mention of the Stokes & Smith Wrapping machine, we would feel that this series of articles would not be complete. HOW WORK IS HANDLED. In plants where this machine is in operation, the work is handled as follows: First, the sheets are cut square or oblong to the required size. Second, the corners for regular paper boxes, or the corners for extension bottom work, are cut from the paper. Third, the wrappers are fed through a gluing machine, which by means of rollers, places a thin coating of glue on one side of the paper. Fourth, the sheets, with the glue-side up, are placed on a revolving table which is really a part of the wrapping machine. Fifth, from the revolving table the operator of the wrapping machine lifts up a wrapper with one hand, and with the other hand takes an uncovered box, placing it bottom down on the glued paper, being careful to see that the bottom of the box is accurately centered between the cut out corners of the wrapper. Sixth, the box and wrapper are then placed on a form on the wrapping machine. The action of the machine thereafter is “almost human.” The box and its wrapper pass down through a series of brushes and rollers which draw the wrapper closely to the sides of the box, neatly folding the paper at the corners and ends, and turning in the edges of the wrapper on the inside of the box. At the end of a complete revolution of the machine the box emerges from the machine in a finished condition. In some of the larger paper box manufacturing plants, where Stokes & Smith machines are being used, a great deal of time is being saved by grouping the machines, and by working the operators in teams. For example, two wrapping machines and two gluing machines are so arranged that the boxes and the lids are finished, inspected and assembled with all of the work being done in one small “department.” In not a few shops the boxes and lids are covered on machines which are located a considerable distance apart, resulting in a waste of time when the boxes and lids are assembled. The accompanying illustration will give the reader an idea of how the machines may be properly grouped so as to eliminate unnecessary handling: Figure 4. Illustrating how time and labor may be saved in the plant by grouping the machines properly, and by working the operators in teams. SHOULD STUDY FLOOR PLANS. Paper box manufacturers should devote time and study to floor plans of this character. With the shorter work-day being adopted in all parts of the country, and with skilled labor becoming more scarce every day, it behooves the manufacturer to work out plans by which time and labor may be saved, and which will make an increased amount of output possible. This may be accomplished through following plans that will effect real efficiency in the factory. No matter what kinds of machines the manufacturer may be using, they may be grouped in such a way as to make it possible for the various operators to work closely together in teams. Within the last few months the writer visited a paper box making plant where the staying machines were located at one end of a spacious room, and where the covering machines were located at the other end of the room. In about the center of the room the topping machines were placed. Think of the great number of unnecessary foot-steps which are made by the workers in this shop during the course of a day! Consider the large amount of time that is being wasted every day in carrying the material from one machine to another! The reader can readily understand that by grouping the staying machines, the covering machines, and the topping machines in small “departments,” so to speak, the boxes and lids could be finished, inspected and assembled simply by passing the work from one operator to another as the different processes are completed. The larger sizes of plain paper boxes, such as those used for holding envelopes, shoes, etc., are not made from the same shapes of blanks as are used for the making of the smaller sizes of boxes. In the majority of cases the board used for the larger-size boxes consists of three separate pieces. The main piece contains flanges with mitered corners. After the main piece of box-board has been cut to the required size, and after it has been scored and the corners mitered, the board is folded or bent to form the bottom and two sides of a box, having flanges at either end. Separate side pieces are then glued to these flanges, making the box complete as to form. The principal reason why the larger-size boxes are made in this fashion is because it prevents wastage of box-board. [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] I CHAPTER III SIDE-SET PAPER BOXES. F a single piece of box-board were to be used for the making of a large-size set-up paper box, (a hat box, for example) it would necessitate the cutting out of four corner pieces which would be as large in size as the two side walls of the box, therefore the reader can readily understand that it would not be economical to cut out corners of stock which is to be used for the larger-sized boxes. Another advantage of the side-set paper box is in the ends being stronger than the ends of a one-piece box. While this strong feature of construction would not been needed in a small- size box—a pound size candy box, for instance—it is an advantage for a larger size box such as is used for holding 500 No. 10 envelopes. For this kind of a box, the chip-board, news-board, or straw-board is cut and scored to the size required on either a single or double scoring and cutting machine. This refers to the body-piece of the box. The side pieces may be cut to the desired size, in stacks of fifty or more sheets at a time, on an ordinary power paper cutter, or of course, the side pieces may be cut from large-size sheets of box-board on a scoring and cutting machine, or on a rotary board cutter. In many of the big paper box plants the rotary board cutter is being used for neck-pieces, side-pieces for side-set boxes, and for other plain cutting where no scoring is to be done in connection with it. The main advantage of the rotary board cutter is in the smooth, clean edges left on the box-board after it has been cut into the various sizes. The smooth, clean edges could not be procured on an ordinary paper cutting machine, but in the case of common paper boxes, the rough edges of end-pieces would not be a serious matter. For the better grade of boxes the edges of the end-pieces should be smooth and free from small particles of the board, especially when the box is to be covered, as the rough edges would show plainly from under the covering. Fig. 5. Showing the construction of the flange style of paper box. Note the mitered corners of the flanges. Fig. 6. Shows the end-pieces glued to the flanges. Mitering for stock that is to form the body-pieces for side-set boxes is done on a machine such as the Hobbs Duplex Corner Cutting and Mitering Machine which is also used for cutting the corners for one-piece set-up boxes. The Hobbs machine is so constructed that two corners may be cut from box-board on one side, and two miters cut from box- board on the other side. In other words, it is a quadruple machine which will permit two operators to work upon it at the same time, the operator on one side doing corner cutting, and the operator on the other side doing mitering. Either side of the machine may be used independently of the other, and all sizes of corners up to 3 inches, and all sizes of miters up to 1 inch in depth, can be done by making the necessary adjustments of the dies, sub-presses, and gages. The two miters may be spaced as wide apart as 22 inches, and the two corners as wide as 20 inches. Some of the paper box manufacturers are making the side-set boxes by hand, but the majority of box-makers are using Ending Machines for this kind of work. The hand method of construction is very simple: The operators are seated on each side of a long table; one operator “turns in” the flanges of the body-pieces, and shapes them ready for receiving the end-pieces; another operator applies glue to the end-pieces and keeps a supply of the glued end-pieces, arranged in rows, ready for the next operator who places the body of each box on a form, and then applies the end-pieces. It requires care for the operator to place the end-pieces in true register with the bottom and sides of the box. The scoring lines made for the flanges are followed as guides for putting on the end-pieces squarely. The form is simply a smooth block of wood, the size of the interior of the box that is being fashioned. The amount of work which a force of skilled hand-workers can turn out during the course of a day is really surprising. HOW EFFICIENCY IS ACCOMPLISHED. Efficiency in the production of hand-made paper boxes, as well as efficiency in the production of machine-made boxes, is accomplished by keeping the workers, or the machines, abundantly supplied with material, and by having boys or girls carry the material to and from the tables or machines, instead of having experienced operators attend to such work. When a force of operators start work at a table, or at a group of machines, there should be a steady flow of material to keep them constantly employed. This is the system now being followed in the leading box-making factories, and it is a system which should be adopted by every box manufacturer, no matter how small his shop may be. Keep your skilled help plentifully supplied with material. Do not allow your best operators to waste time in carrying stock from place to place when boys or girls, with the aid of light trucks, can do this class of work just as well. This leads up to still another important suggestion which we will offer to the manufacturers in general: Do not keep your apprentices working for long periods at menial tasks, such as carrying stock, sweeping floors, running errands, etc. Push the apprentices ahead as rapidly as possible. Train them to become first-class box-makers. A brief description of the Hobbs Automatic Ending Machine will doubtless give the reader an idea of how end- pieces are attached to the flanges of boxes mechanically: This machine is equipped with a form, pasters, a hopper and a feeder, all being adjustable to provide for paper boxes of various sizes. The machine is designed to apply end-pieces to the bottom and sides of a box, causing the ends to adhere to the in-turned flanges at either end of the box. The body of the box is placed upon the form by the operator with the flanges lying flat upon the surface. The end-pieces are placed [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] in a hopper, and the machine automatically feeds the undermost end-piece forward, applies paste to three edges as it is being fed, registers the end accurately with the box-body upon the form, and then presses the end-piece firmly to the flanges. This completes the ending operation. VARIOUS KINDS OF ADHESIVES. Various kinds of paste and glue are used for ending work. White Dextrine is recommended for this purpose by many box-makers. Stein, Hall & Company, of New York City, make a Dry Ending Gum, as well as Dry Gums for all classes of paper box work. The “Mikah Cold Glues,” manufactured by the National Glue and Gelatine Works, of New York City, are also well recommended. There are other good glues and pastes on the market. In addition to the Hobbs Automatic Ending Machines there are several other ending machines in general use which are rendering first class service. The Kingsbury & Davis Double Ending and Quadruple Staying Machine is another “wonder-worker” which is worthy of special mention. It is said that one of these machines will do the same amount of work that can be done on five single enders or stayers. Some of the larger-size paper boxes which are constructed with flanges and end-pieces, have a strong linen thread running around the sides of the box, near the top, for the purpose of strengthening the corners, the paper covering of the box concealing the thread. Other paper boxes with flanges and end-pieces, have the corners stayed on the outside with Kraft paper in the same way as the smaller-size set-up boxes. Others still have the four top edges and the four corners of the lid stayed with Kraft paper, also the four bottom edges and the four corners of the box stayed with the same material. This makes a box and lid of very strong construction, and as a rule, a box and lid of this kind are not covered with glazed paper, or in fact, paper of any kind, the box-board being allowed to show in its natural color. Many of the larger-size envelope boxes are made in this manner, the corners and edges stayed, but no covering paper applied to either the inside or the outside of the box or lid. Shoe boxes, in nearly all instances, are stayed at the corners, and afterwards are covered with white glazed paper of an inexpensive grade. MANY TWO-PIECE BOXES. Although the great majority of paper boxes of the larger sizes seem to be made on the plan of the flange construction with separate end-pieces, there are also many boxes made from two pieces of box-board—one continuous side-piece, folded and joined at one corner, and a “set-in” bottom-piece. A square-shaped box containing a “neck”, such as is used by manufacturing chemists for magnesia, etc., is often made on this pattern. Writing paper boxes, and other boxes which are high and square in form, are also made in this way. When a paper box is made on this plan—with one continuous side-piece and a set-in bottom-piece—there is practically no wastage of box-board, for the reason that no corner-pieces are cut out of the stock as would be the case with a one-piece set-up box. The continuous side-piece is scored at three corners, and is joined and stayed at one corner. The body is then set on a form, of the same size as the interior of the box, and while the body remains on the form, the bottom-piece is set in. Strips of stay paper are then pasted to the four edges of the bottom-piece, and to the four bottom edges of the box, so as to hold the body and bottom-piece together. When an extra strong box of this design is wanted, gummed linen tape is used instead of stay paper for holding the body and bottom-piece together. Sometimes the stay paper, or linen tape, is pasted on both the inside and the outside of the box, along the edges of the bottom-piece and body, for the purpose of making an exceptionally strong box. Paper boxes of the kind which have been described in the last few paragraphs are usually covered, after the staying material has been applied to the corner and at the bottom of the box, with cheviot paper, or with glazed paper in white or color. A large-size, high and square box of this type looks particularly han...