How Australians Live For Jessica & Holly and Konrad, David & Wanda How Australians Live Social Policy in Theory and Practice Adam Graycar Commissioner for the Ageing, South Australia and Adam Jamrozik Senior Research Fellow Social Welfare Research Centre The University of New South Wales M Copyright © Adam Graycar and Adam Jamrozik 1989 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without permission. First published 1989 by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF AUSTRALIA PTY LTD 107 Moray Street, South Melbourne 3205 6 George Place, Artarmon 2064 Associated companies and representatives throughout the world National Library of Australia cataloguing in publication data How Australians live : social policy in theory and practice. Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-333-47877-6 ISBN 978-1-349-10522-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10522-9 1. Social policy. 2. Social service-Australia. 3. Australia- Social policy. I. Graycar, Adam. II. Jamrozik, Adam. 361.6'1'0994 Set in Plantin by Vera-Reyes, Inc., Philippines Contents List of Tables and Figures viii Preface xi 1 The Welfare of Australians 1 The Welfare Context Theoretical Orientation and Content of the Book 2 Characteristics of the Australian Population 12 Population Families Disability and Illness The Labour Force Immigrant Australians Poverty Inequality 3 Social Policy, Social justice and the Social Wage 43 Social Orientation Social Justice Social Policy Allocations Governments and Markets The Social Wage vi Table of Contents 4 The Shaping of Policy and Policy Analysis 75 Policy Issues Interest Groups Research and Policy Policy Planning Policy Formulation Policy Implementation Policy Evaluation 5 Government Welfare 106 Federalism The Commonwealth The States Local Government 6 Non-Government Welfare 132 Background Classification Staffing Funding Accountability 7 Employment in the Welfare State 155 Importance of Employment as 'Primary Welfare' Changes in the Australian Labour Market, 1966--1986 Employment in the Public Sector Employment in Community Services The Effects of Changes in the Labour Market Inequalities in the Labour Market Employment Benefits: Welfare for the Employed Unemployment: A 'Diswelfare' of the Workforce Table of Contents vii 8 The Welfare of Families and Children 192 Changes in the Family Structure Social Policy and the Family Three-Level Intervention in Child and Family Welfare Immigrant Families 9 The Welfare of Young People 225 Young People in Society Young People as a Subject of Social Concern Employment and Unemployment Education Policies in Employment and Education Policies in the States 10 The Welfare of Elderly People 248 The Notion of Ageing and Old Age Older People in Contemporary Australia Competition for Resources Dependency Policy Responses Ageing and Life Enrichment 11 The Future of the Australian Welfare State 274 The Welfare State in Historical Perspective The Welfare State in Australia, 1966-1986 The Welfare State in Research Perspectives The Future of the Welfare State in Australia Bibliography 298 Index 311 List of Tables and Figures Tables Chapter 2 2.1 Population by Age, 1966-2006 13 2.2 Dependent Age Ratios 1966-2006 14 2.3 Estimated Resident Population by State and Territory, 1966-2006 IS 2.4 Australian Families 1982 16 2.5 Disabled Persons: Age and Disability Condition, 1981 18 2.6 Incidence of Health Related Actions, 1983 19 2.7 Changes in the Labour Force, Australia, 1966-1986 19 2.8 Preliminary Estimates of the Extent of Poverty in Australia, 1981-82 and 1985-86, by Type of Income Unit 34 2.9 Preliminary Estimates of the Composition of Income Units in Poverty in Australia, 1981-82 and 1985-86 35 2.10 Recipients of Main Government Pensions and Benefits, 1986 37 2.11 Distribution of Income - Married Couples with Dependent Children, 1973-74, 1981-82, 1985-86 39 2.12 1984 Household Expenditure Survey- Average Income, Benefits and Taxes by Gross Household Income Deciles 40 2.13 Composition of the Consumer Price Index 1973-1986 41 Chapter 3 3.l(a) Commonwealth Budget Outlays, 1966-67 to 1985-86 (at Constant Prices) 66 3.1(b) Commonwealth Budget Outlays, 1966-67 to 1985-86 (at Current Prices) 67 Chapter 5 5.1 Estimated Social Outlays by Portfolio Allocation, 1987-88-Commonwealth Government Budget Estimates 116 5.2 NSW Department of Youth and Community Services, Expenditure for 1986-87 126 Vlll List of Tables and Figures IX 5.3 Local Government per Capita Expenditure by Function by State, 1982-83 129 Chapter 6 6.1 Classification of NGWO Function 140 6.2 NGWO Income by Function 148 6.3 NGWO Income - Mean Proportion of Total Income Received by Function 149 6.4 NGWO Income Sources - Mean Proportion of Total Income Recorded by State 150 Chapter 7 7.1 Employment and Unemployment, Australia, 1966--86 158 7.2 Changes in Employment Structure, Australia, 1966--86 160 7.3 Sex/Gender Divisions in Employment, Australia, 1986 161 7.4 Part Time Employment, Australia, 1966 and 1986 162 7.5 Educational Attainment and Labour Force Status, 1986 164 7.6 Educational Qualifications of Employed Persons, 1986 166 7.7 Occupations and Weekly Earnings, Australia, 1986 174 7.8 Occupational Structure of Two Sectors of Industry Employing the Highest Proportion of Women 177 7. 9 Employment in Australia - Australian-born and Immigrants, 1986 179 7.10 Employment Benefits Received by Employees, 1986 183 7.11 Employment Benefits Received and Weekly Earnings, 1986 184 7.12 Employment Benefits: Occupational Distribution, 1986 185 Chapter 8 8.1 Type of Family Units, Australia, 1969-1986 193 8.2 Recipients of Widows' Pension and Supporting Parent Benefits, Australia, 1986 194 8.3 Married Couple Income Units, 1986 196 8.4 Labour Force Status of Married Couple Families, 1986 198 8.5 Notifications of Child Abuse and Neglect in Three States, 1985-86 207 8.6 Child Care Arrangements, Australia, 1984 213