Housing and Belonging in Latin America Cedla Latin America Studies (CLAS) General Editor Michiel Baud, Cedla Series Editorial Board Anthony Bebbington, Clark University Edward F. Fischer, Vanderbilt University Anthony L. Hall, London School of Economics and Political Science Barbara Hogenboom, Cedla Barbara Potthast, University of Cologne Rachel Sieder, University of London Eduardo Silva, Tulane University Patricio Silva, Leiden University Cedla Centrum voor Studie en Documentatie van Latijns Amerika Centro de Estudios y Documentación Latino-Americanos Centro de Estudos e Documentação Latino-Americanos Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation Cedla conducts social science and history research, offers university courses, and has a specialized library for the study of the region. The Centre also publishes monographs and a journal on Latin America. Roetersstraat 33 1018 WB Amsterdam The Netherlands www.cedla.uva.nl [For information on previous volumes published in this series, please contact Cedla at the above address.] VOLUME 98 Latin America Facing China: South-South Relations beyond the Washington Consensus Edited by Alex E. Fernández Jilberto and Barbara Hogenboom VOLUME 99 Foodscapes, Foodfields and Identities in Yucatán Steffan Igor Ayora-Diaz VOLUME 100 Urban Residence: Housing and Social Transformations in Globalizing Ecuador Christien Klaufus VOLUME 101 Environment and Citizenship in Latin America: Natures, Subjects and Struggles Edited by Alex Latta and Hannah Wittman VOLUME 102 Central America in the New Millennium: Living Transition and Reimagining Democracy Edited by Jennifer L. Burrell and Ellen Moodie VOLUME 103 Dignity for the Voiceless: William Assies’s Anthropological Work in Context Edited by Ton Salman, Salvador Martí i Puig and Gemma van der Haar VOLUME 104 Enhancing Democracy: Public Policies and Citizen Participation in Chile Gonzalo Delamaza VOLUME 105 Housing and Belonging in Latin America Edited by Christien Klaufus and Arij Ouweneel H ousing and B elonging l a in atin meriCa Edited by Christien Klaufus and Arij Ouweneel berghahn N E W Y O R K (cid:127) O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com Published in 2015 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2015 Christien Klaufus and Arij Ouweneel All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Housing and belonging in Latin America / edited by Christien Klaufus and Arij Ouweneel. -- First Edition. pages cm. -- (CEDLA Latin America studies; 105) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-78238-740-4 (hardback: alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-78238- 741-1 (ebook) 1. City planning--Latin America. 2. Housing--Latin America. 3. Urban policy--Latin America. I. Klaufus, Christien, editor. II. Ouweneel, Arij, 1957- editor. HT169.L3H68 2015 307.1’216098--dc23 2015003075 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78238-740-4 (hardback) E-ISBN 978-1-78238-741-1 (ebook) Contents List of Figures and Tables viii Preface xi Introduction. Taking up Residency: Spatial Reconfigurations and the Struggle to Belong in Urban Latin America 1 Christien Klaufus Part I: The Latin American Context Chapter 1. The Consolidation of the Latin American City and the Changing Bases for Social Order 23 Bryan R. Roberts Chapter 2. Proximity, Crime, Politics and Design: Medellín’s Popular Neighbourhoods and the Experience of Belonging 43 Gerard Martin and Marijke Martin Part II: Family and Belonging in Consolidated Settlements Chapter 3. Debe Ser Esfuerzo Propio: Aspirations and Belongings of the Young Generation in the Old Barriadas of Southern Lima, Peru 81 Michaela Hordijk Chapter 4. On Housing, Inheritance and Succession Among Pioneer Squatters and Self Builders: A Mexican Case Study 104 Erika Denisse Grajeda – v – vi | Contents Chapter 5. Favela Modelo: A Study on Housing, Belonging and Civic Engagement in a ‘Pacified’ Favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 123 Palloma Menezes Part III: Spaces of the Urban Middle Class Chapter 6. Housing Policy in the City of Buenos Aires: Some Reflections on the Programa Federal 149 Fernando Ostuni and Jean-Louis Van Gelder Chapter 7. The Boom of High-rise Apartment Buildings in Buenos Aires: New Spaces of Residentiality or a Motor of Disintegration? 164 Jan Dohnke and Corinna Hölzl Chapter 8. Living With Style in My Casa GEO: Large-scale Housing Conjuntos in Urban Mexico 181 Cristina Inclán-Valadez Part IV: Architectural and Spatial Representations Chapter 9. Illiterate Modernists: Tracking the Dissemination of Architectural Knowledge in Brazilian Favelas 209 Fernando Luiz Lara Chapter 10. Towards Belonging: Informal Design and Dwelling Practices in Northern Colombia 223 Peter Kellett Chapter 11. (Re)Building the City of Medellín: Beyond State Rhetoric vs. Personal Experience – A Call for Consolidated Synergies 241 Jota (José) Samper and Tamera Marko Part V: Reflections Chapter 12. Home and Belonging: Reflections From Urban Mexico 275 Ann Varley Contents | vii Chapter 13. One Block at a Time: Performing the Neighbourhood 294 Arij Ouweneel List of Contributors 321 Index 325 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Mother with memorial for killed son 56 2.2 Medellín seen from the hills 65 3.1 Neighbourhood consolidation and new fences in Trebol Azul – Pampas de San Juan (Lima) 87 3.2 Professional services now on offer in Trebol Azul – Pampas de San Juan (Lima) 89 5.1 Pico residents in protest 134 5.2a & b The Morro Santa Marta tramway 138 5.3a & b The Morro Santa Marta as a tourist attraction 139 5.4 Mocidade Unida de Santa Marta Samba School crowded with people from outside the favela 141 6.1 Location of housing projects developed by the Programa Federal in the City of Buenos Aires’ neighbourhoods 156 8.1 Material objects 199 9.1 Diagram of the favela construction process 210 9.2 Favela da Serra, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 210 9.3 A middle-class modernist house in Belo Horizonte, Brazil 213 – viii – Figures and Tables | ix 9.4 A construction worker drawing with a piece of ceramic brick on the floor to explain his decision process 215 10.1a & b O lga, Jesus and their family outside their house in 1991 and 2008 224 10.2a & b D wellings in the early stages are made from temporary and recycled materials (left). A household who have been unable to consolidate still live in a dwelling of temporary materials (right) 228 10.3a, b & c Well-consolidated dwellings 232 10.4a & b M any recent facades are more colourful and use more playful forms 234 10.5a, b & c T he changing house of Nancy and Leopoldo: 1986, 1989 and 2008 237 11.1 Homicide rate in Colombia vs. Medellín from 1975 to 2012 247 12.1 Rental housing in San Mateo, Guadalajara 283 12.2 ‘Even under the bed’: Some of the plants in Maria’s house in Los Encinos 287 12.3 Home and ilusión: Dreaming of a car in Los Encinos 290 13.1 Two models of urban development in Latin America after Borsdorf et al. 305 Tables 3.1 Squatter settlement: Progressive development 83 3.2 Consolidation of the houses in 1997 and 2010 90 3.3 Possession of artefacts, 1997 and 2010 94 3.4 Percentage of second generation and still living with parents, in age classes (2010) 95 x | Figures and Tables 4.1 Household structures and characteristics in consolidated self-help settlements: The case of Mexico City, Guadalajara and Monterrey 107 4.2 Change of title of homeowners, gender of titleholder and marital status 110 4.3 Wills, informal arrangements and perceptions about will-making 111