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housing affordability of different income groups in turkey PDF

190 Pages·2017·1.67 MB·English
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HOUSING AFFORDABILITY OF DIFFERENT INCOME GROUPS IN TURKEY: REGIONAL COMPARISON A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ESMA AKSOY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CITY PLANNING IN DEPARTMENT OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING FEBRUARY 2017 ii Approval of the thesis: HOUSING AFFORDABILITY OF DIFFERENT INCOME GROUPS IN TURKEY: REGIONAL COMPARISON Submitted by ESMA AKSOY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in City Planning in Department of City and Regional Planning, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences _______________ Prof. Dr. H. Çağatay Keskinok Head of Department, City and Regional Planning _______________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Ö. Burcu Özdemir Sarı Supervisor, Dept.of City and Regional Planning, METU _______________ Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Oğuz Işık _______________ Dept.of City and Regional Planning, METU Assist. Prof. Dr. Ö. Burcu Özdemir Sarı _______________ Dept.of City and Regional Planning, METU Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü _______________ Dept.of City and Regional Planning, METU Prof. Dr. C. Nil Uzun _______________ Dept.of City and Regional Planning, METU Assist. Prof. Dr. Ebru Kamacı Karahan _______________ Dept.of City and Regional Planning, Erciyes Uni. Date: 03.02.2017 iii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Esma AKSOY Signature : iv ABSTRACT HOUSING AFFORDABILITY OF DIFFERENT INCOME GROUPS IN TURKEY: REGIONAL COMPARISON AKSOY, Esma M.S., Department of City and Regional Planning in City Planning Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Ö. Burcu ÖZDEMİR SARI February 2017, 166 pages Housing affordability has been a major topic of interest both for researchers and policy makers in many countries. However, in the Turkish case, research on housing affordability is scarce. The problem of housing has usually been considered as a quantitative deficiency problem in Turkey, and for many decades any other dimension of the problem is neglected. Increasing the housing stock in numbers has always been given priority by the Turkish governments. This tendency to support new housing production has continued in the 2000s. Currently, the issue of housing affordability becomes a relevant topic of research and policy than ever in the Turkish context owing to the negative effects of policies adopted after 2002 on the lowest and low-income households’ housing affordability. This study, considering the housing affordability as a gradually worsening problem in the Turkish cities, has two major arguments: Increased housing production in the country did not contribute to the housing affordability of low-income households, and the extent of the housing affordability problem displays differences in different housing markets. In this context, this study empirically examines the housing affordability of households with respect to mode of tenure, household income, and TR Level-1 regions. Findings of the study reveal that the extent of the housing affordability problem in Turkey differs with respect to tenure modes, income, and regions. For all income categories, tenants are devoting more of their income for v housing expenditures compared to owner-occupiers. Among owner-occupiers, it is the lowest and low income households who experience housing affordability problems. For all households in the lowest income category, housing affordability is a problem that prevents them to maintain their minimum standards of life. However, the most compelled group is the lowest income tenants in TR1 region (İstanbul). Furthermore, changes in affordability rates display that increased housing supply did not affect the lowest income tenants positively in any TR regions of Turkey. The major conclusion of the study is that housing policies which consider the whole country as a uniform housing market with standard households will eventually be unsuccessful. Housing policies, to achieve their aims, should consider the local and area based circumstances and problems. Keywords: Housing Affordability, Affordability Measures, Housing Policies in Turkey, Housing Stock, Housing Expenditures to Income Ratio vi ÖZ TÜRKİYE’DE FARKLI GELİR GRUPLARININ KONUTA EKONOMİK ERİŞEBİLİRLİĞİ: BÖLGESEL KARŞILAŞTIRMA AKSOY, Esma Yüksek Lisans, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, Şehir Planlama Tez Yöneticisi: Yard. Doç. Dr. Ö. Burcu ÖZDEMİR SARI Şubat 2017, 166 sayfa Konuta ekonomik erişebilirlik pek çok ülkede hem araştırmacılar için hem de kentsel politika konusunda karar vericiler açısından temel bir araştırma konusu olmuştur. Türkiye’de ise bu konu hakkında yapılan araştırma sayısı oldukça kısıtlıdır. Ülkemizde konut sorunu yıllardan beri bir nicelik sorunu olarak ele alınmış ve sorunun niteliksel boyutları uzun yıllar boyunca görmezden gelinmiştir. Bu sebeple, hükümetlerin hemen her zaman konut stokunun sayısını artırmak konusuna önem verdiği görülmektedir. Bu eğilim 2000’li yıllarda da devam etmiştir. Oysa günümüzde, konuta ekonomik erişebilirlik konusu hem araştırmacılar için hem de politika açısından her zaman olduğundan çok daha geçerli bir konu olarak önümüze gelmektedir. Bu durumda, 2002 yılı sonrasında uygulanan politikaların dar gelirli kesimler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin payı vardır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye kentlerinde konuta ekonomik erişebilirlik sorununun giderek arttığını göz önünde bulundurarak iki temel iddia öne sürmektedir. Birincisi, ülkede uzun yıllardır gözlenen konut üretim performansının aslında dar gelirli hanehalklarının konuta ekonomik erişebilirliklerini artırmaya bir katkısı olmadığıdır. İkincisi ise konuta ekonomik erişebilirlik sorununun farklı konut piyasalarında farklı düzeylerde seyrettiğidir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma ampirik olarak hanehalklarının konuta ekonomik erişebilirliklerini konuta mülkiyet şekli, gelir grupları ve TR Düzey-1 bölgeleri açısından incelemektedir. Çalışmanın temel bulguları, hangi gelir grubunda vii olursa olsun kiracıların ev sahiplerine kıyasla gelirlerinin daha büyük bir kısmını konut harcamalarına ayırdığını, ev sahiplerinin özellikle en düşük ve düşük gelirli kesimlerinin konuta ekonomik erişebilirliğinde sorunlar gözlendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, tüm mülkiyet türleri için, en dar gelirli kesimlerin konut için yaptıkları harcamaların asgari yaşam standartlarını sağlamayı ve sürdürmeyi zorlaştırdığı görülmektedir. Ek olarak, çalışmanın bulguları ekonomik erişebilirlik açısından en zor durumda kalan grubun TR1 İstanbul bölgesinde yaşayan kiracılar olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, erişebilirlik oranları incelendiğinde, artan konut üretim düzeyinin özellikle dar gelirli kiracılar açısından hiçbir TR bölgesinde iyileşme sağlayamadığı görülmüştür. Çalışmanın temel sonucu, tüm ülkeyi ve içindeki hanehalklarını tek tip olarak gören konut politikalarının başarısız olmaya mahkûm olduğu ve politikaların amaçlarına ulaşmalarının yolunun yerel ve yere özgü koşulları ve sorunları göz önünde bulundurmaktan geçtiğidir. Keywords: Konuta Ekonomik Erişebilirlik, Erişebilirlik Ölçütleri, Türkiye’de Konut Politikaları, Konut Stoku, Konut Harcamaları/Gelir Oranı viii To my beloved family, ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been completed with the guidance, support and the help of several people who have contributed and extended their valuable assistance. I hereby express my deepest gratitude and admiration to my supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Ö. Burcu Özdemir-Sarı for her invaluable support, tolerant guidance, and encouragements as well as for broadening my vision and interest in any time and any circumstances throughout the thesis research. Even I disturbed her twice in a day, she always concerned and approached me with tolerance, patient, and compassion. Sometimes, she spared her time between her pretty children and me. Therefore, she deserves more than a simple thank. I am indebted to her for everything that we shared. I also express my sincere thanks to my lovely jury members, Prof. Dr. C. Nil Uzun, Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü, Prof. Dr. Oğuz Işık, and Assist. Prof. Dr. Ebru Kamacı Karahan for their invaluable comments, positive feedbacks, and contributions during the jury and my education life. You created strong visions for my very new academic life perception. Especially, I would like to express my special thanks to Prof. Dr. Oğuz Işık for his contributions not only during the jury but also in the analysis and research periods. I am grateful to my friends Müzeyyen Sağıroğlu and Buket Özsaygı for their companionship, encouragements, and support in every step of my thesis study. I also present thanks to my friends Sıla Ceren Varış, Deniz Can, Özge Yenigün, Selin Çavdar Sert, Fatih Yılmaz, Sepehr Seyedian Choubi and many others who have always been with me with their endless support. Finally, my sincere thanks to my family; Sunay Aksoy, Mehmet Aksoy, Fatma Aksoy Khurami, and Hamid Khurami deserve the greatest gratitude. Ladies of my family, you toughen me by being with me all the time and thank you for your endless, patient and invaluable support and encouragements during all my life. And Mureed Khurami, I owe my innermost thanks to him. His technical and emotional support have been priceless. I appreciate him for all of his love, patient, and support. x

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Dept.of City and Regional Planning, METU. Assist. kitchen, WC, bathroom. Retrieved from http://www.nhc.org/pdf/pub_heavy_load_10_06.pdf.
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