1 2 3 The Hour of Europe 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 39R This page intentionally left blank 1 2 3 4 T h 5 he our of 6 7 8 e 9 urope 10 1 2 3 4 Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia 5 6 7 8 Josip Glaurdic´ 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 New Haven & London 7 8 39R 1 2 3 4 5 Published with assistance from the Louis Stern Memorial Fund. 6 7 Copyright © 2011 by Josip Glaurdic´. 8 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, 9 in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the 10 U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written 1 permission from the publishers. 2 Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, 3 business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail 4 [email protected] (U.S. office) or [email protected] (U.K. office). 5 6 Set in Electra type by IDS Infotech Ltd., Chandigarh, India. Printed in the United States of America. 7 8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 9 Glaurdic´, Josip, 1979– 20 The hour of Europe : Western powers and the breakup of Yugoslavia / Josip Glaurdic´. 1 p. cm. 2 Includes bibliographical references and index. 3 ISBN 978-0-300-16629-3 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Yugoslavia—Politics and 4 government—1980–1992. 2. Yugoslavia—History—1980–1992. 3. Yugoslavia— Foreign relations—1980–1992. 4. Cold War. 5. Europe, Western—Relations— 5 Yugoslavia. 6. Yugoslavia—Relations—Europe, Western. 7. Yugoslav War, 6 1991–1995—Causes. 8. Yugoslav War, 1991–1995. 9. Europe, Western—Politics and 7 government—1989– I. Title. 8 DR1309.G55 2011 9 949.703—dc22 30 2011015194 1 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 2 This paper meets the requirements of 3 ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 4 5 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6 7 38 39R 1 For Sandra 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 39R This page intentionally left blank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 C onTenTs 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 Acknowledgments ix 5 List of Abbreviations xi 6 7 Map of SFR Yugoslavia xiv 8 9 1 Introduction 1 20 1 2 Taming the Balkan Gorbachev, 1987–1989 11 2 3 3 Yugoslavia’s Cold War, 1988–1989 46 4 4 Challenges of Democracy, 1990 75 5 6 5 To the Brink and Back, October 1990–April 1991 119 7 8 6 Descent to Dissolution, March–June 1991 148 9 7 Summer of Violence and Divisions, June–September 1991 173 30 1 8 Diplomacy on the Edge, September–November 1991 215 2 3 9 The End and the Beginning, November 1991–April 1992 249 4 10 Conclusions 303 5 6 7 Notes 311 8 Index 407 39R vii This page intentionally left blank 1 2 3 4 • 5 6 7 ACknowledgmenTs 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 This book was written in five great cities in five different countries. Leaving 5 such a long trail behind, I have accrued a lot of debts. These few lines of 6 acknowledgment will do little to express just how grateful I am to all who helped 7 me along the way. Naturally, it goes without saying that all mistakes—and there 8 are surely many—are solely my own. 9 First and foremost, my sincerest thanks go to my dissertation advisors, David 20 Cameron, Ivo Banac, and Jolyon Howorth. Without their patience, understand- 1 ing, and faith in my abilities, this project would never have seen the light of day. 2 In retrospect, my scholarly pursuits seem to me a sort of mix of their interests 3 and academic personalities. This is not only a testament to how lucky I have 4 been to have them as advisors, but also to how much respect and admiration I 5 have for them as researchers, teachers, and mentors. Before they had an oppor- 6 tunity to influence what kind of a political scientist I would turn into, however, 7 someone else made sure I became one in the first place. Without Kathleen 8 Montgomery, who was my undergraduate advisor at Illinois Wesleyan University, 9 I never would have found my calling. For that I owe her eternal gratitude. 30 As for those five great cities in five different countries—they make for a long 1 list of people and institutions to whom I owe my gratitude. In New Haven and 2 the United States, I must thank Yale University’s Macmillan Center for 3 International and Area Studies, its European Union Studies Program, the Fox 4 International Fellowship, and the Open Society Institute for their support. My 5 stay in Vienna at the Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen would have 6 been impossible without the help of the Robert Bosch Stiftung. In Split, Croatia, 7 I must thank the staffs of the libraries of the University of Split and its Department 8 of Economics. In Cambridge I have been fortunate to experience the life of 39R both a graduate student and a college fellow. Both of these experiences have ix