HOT ISOSTATIC '93 PRESSING Proceedionftg hseI nternatCioonnfearle nocne HotI sostParteiscs i-HnIgP ' 93 AntwerBpe,l giu2m1,- 2A3p ri1l9,9 3 HIP 93 edibtye d L.D ELAEY MTM, KatholiUenkiev ersLietuevietn , Leuven-HeveBrellegei,u m HV.ITTAOS Mol,B elgium 1994 ELSEVIER • • • AMSTERDAM LONDON NEW YORK TOKYO ELSEVIESRC IENCEB .V. SarBau rgerhartstraat P.OB.o x AE Amsterda2Tmh5,e N etherlands 2111,0 00 LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloglng-ln-PuDbaltlac atlon InternationaClo nferenceo n Hot IsostaticP ressing( 1993 : Antwerp, Belgium> Hot isostaticp ressing' 93 : proceedingso f the International Conferenceo n Hot IsostaticP resslng--HIP' 93,A ntwerp,B elgium, 21-23 April,1 993 edited by Delaey,H . Tas, p. cm. I L. Includesb 1bl1 ogra�h1calr eferencesa nd index. ISBN 0-444-89959-6 Isostaticp ressing--Congresses.I . Delaey, II. Tas, H. II1I.. Title. L. TS245I58 1994 671.3'7--dc20 93-44245 CIP ISBN: 404 849 965 9 ElsevSiceire nBc.eV .A lrli ghrtess erved. © 1994 No parotf t hipsu blicamtaiyob ne r eproducsetdo,r ienda retriesvyaslt eomrt ransmiittnae ndyf ormo rb y anym eanse,l ectromneicch,a nical, photocopyinogr,o threercwoirwsdieit,nh go utth ep riowrr itten permissiofot nh ep ublishEelrs,e viSecri enBc.eV .C,o pyrighPte rmissiDoenpsa rtmePn.tO,. B ox AM AmsterdaTmh,eN et&h erlands. 521, 1000 Speciraelg ulatfioornr se adeirnst heU .S.A-.T hisp ublicathiaosbn e enr egistewrietdht heC opyright ClearanCceen teIrn c(.C CC)S,a lemM,a ssachuseItntfso.r matciaonnb eo btainfreodm theC CC about conditiuonndsew rh icphh otocopoifpe asr tosft hipsu blicamtaiyob ne m adei nt heU .S.AAl.ol t hecro pyright questioinnsc,l udpihnogt ocopyoiuntgs iodfet heU .S.As.h,o ulbde r efertroet dh ec opyriogwhnte rE,l sevier ScienBc.Ve . u,n leostsh erwsipseec ified. No responsiibsial sistuym ebdyt hep ublisfohre arn yi njuarnyd /odra magteo p ersoonrsp roperatsay m atter ofp roducltisa bilnietgyl,i geonrco et herwiosref ,r oma nyu seo ro peratioofan n ym ethodpsr,o ducts, instructoirio dnesac so ntaiinnet dh em aterhiaelr ein. Thibso oki sp rintoenda cid-frpeaep er. PrintienTd h eN etherlands. v PREFACE TheI nternaHtIiPo naClo mmi(tItHeCwe)a se stabloinst hheed occoafst ihoen InternaCtoinofnearloe nnc eH IP ihnOe sladk( aaJ pano)nJ un1e0 -1149,9 1I.th as beeang retehda bto th HcoInPf erseenrcieoe nsee, s tabliinsS hweedd e1n9 8t7,h e othienrA ntweBrepl,g i1u9m8 b8,eu nifiTehdeI. H Ci so rganitzope rdo mote and encouriangteae trinontahlela yd vanceomfeH nItP s cienacnedt ecnohlogIyH.C consiosfkt esyp e rsofrnosmc ountrreileastt oeH dI Pt echnoalnodcg oyo rditnhaete s inititatooi rvgea ntihzeeI nternaCtoinofnearle onncH eI Po na regulbaars is. DrW.. AK.a yssoefGr e rmawnays e lecatset dh fei rCshta irmoaftn h eI HC.A ti ts meetiinnAg n twePrrpo Lf.D. e laoefyB elgiwuamse lecatset dh e next Cohfa irman thIeH C. Att hHeI P-c9o3n feriennA cnet werp, apbaopuetwr es1r 0pe0r esenotnve adr ious topircesl attoeH do tI sostParteiscs Biensgi.pd aep eornss ommeo rgee nearsaple cts ofH IPintgh,pe a pewresr oer ganiisnfe odug rr ou:pM se taalnsdAl loys, Ceramics, HIP-enginaenedHr IiPn-gf undamCeansttailpnsog.ws d,me ert alliunrtgmeyer,t allics, surfeancgei neaerniddn igff usbioounn dairntegh mea itno pitcrse aitnet dh see ssions onM etaaln5"d A lloyUsn.d etrh hee adiCnegr acmsis,p ecaitatle nwtaisog ni vetno HIPionfgs trucatnudrf auln cticoenraalma iswc esl alst oc eramciocm posiStoemse. intereHsItPi-negn ginienenroivnagt wieorneps r esenotneH dI P-equipamnedn t HIP-technTohleoa gsyp.eo cftH IP-fundamweenrtfeao lcsu sasreodu nd Materials ModellainndCg o mponMeondte lling. Dr.Hi.rT .a s Prof.DLr.D. eilra.e y ChairmOarng aniCzoimnmgi ttee ConferCehnacier man Theo rganoifsH eIrP9 3: TheT echnoilcoaIgln stiotftu htee Royal FlemisohfE nSgoicnie(eeTtrIys-V KI V) TheK VIVr epresenttsh am1no1 r.e0 00 meamnbdie srt sh eo nlpyr osfieosnal coordinoartgianngi satiaolnul n uinviettrirsnaigite nyne gdi neienrcsl,ua dgirnigc ultural andm iliteanrgyi neTehrems a.j orhiatvgyer aduafrtoemtd h Cea thoUlniicv erosfi ty Leuvetnh,Ue n iverosfGi hteyn tth,Fe r eUen iversBirtuys sooerftl hsRe o yaMli litary Academwyh,i ccho nfoentr h etmh e otfi" tilre. " In1 94t0h Seo ciety ftohTueen cdhendo loIgnisctaiwlti uttthhe a,ei mo fd isseminating informaotnis ocni enatnidfit ce chnolodgeivceallo pbmyem neta nosf s eminars, lectucroeusr,sc eosn,g recsosnefse,r eentcce.s , VI ORGANIZICNOGM MITIEE L.D ela(eCyo nferCehnacier mBa n), H.T as( ChairOmragna niCzoimnmgti teBe ), W.AK.a ysse(rC hairImnatne rnaHtIiPo-nCaoltm tmeiDe ), R.P ey(sC onferSeenccree taBr iate ), L.B uekenhBo ut, F.C ambier, B J .DLe.n euvFi lle, J.D uszcsNyLk , L.F royBe n, H.R aeBs , J.S leuBr s, D.S tephenUsKo n, D.S tavDe r, 0.V and eBri eBs t, PROGRAMMEC OMMITIEE M.A shbUyK,* K.I shizJa ki, J.PA.u geFr*, W.AK.a yssDe*r , L.B uekenhBo* u t, M.K oizuJm*i , H.C arvalinhos, P (honorIaHrCmy e mber) N.C lausDs*e n, H.TL.a rker, S* D.C ousourBa dis, Y.M iyamoJt o, L.D elaeB*y , G.R aissFo n, M.D esmaiFs on, B.A. Rickinson, UK* T.G arvaSr*e , V.S amarCoIvS,* N.G ranUtS,A R.JS.c haeUfSeAr*, R.H ayamJi*, M.V and eV oordNeL, R.AH.a ykiCnI,S * K.W atanJd o, JokinSeFn , R.W idmeUrS,A * A *I HC-member EDIOTRIABLO ARD L.D ela(eMyT M-K.U.LeBuevlegni,u m), editor H.T as( VITO-MBoell,g ieudmi)t,o r R.FAs.h by( UniveorfCs aimtbyr iEdnggel,a nd) F.C ambi(eCrR IBC-MBoenlsg,i um) H.C arvalinhosP o(rLtNuEgTaIl,) N.C laus(eTnUH amburg-HaGrebrumragn,y ) J.L. Den(eTuevciplhlye- FIrmapnhcye,) J.D uszc(zTyUkD elfTth,eN etherlands) L.F roy(eMnT M-K.U.LeBuevlegni,u m) R.H ayam(iI oEnn gineering CJeanptaenr) Corp., W.AK.a yss(eDrF LR-KGOelrnm,a ny) H.TL.a rk(eArB BC eraam,S weden) H.R ae(sN atiFoonraglBe e,l gium) J.S leurs (VIBTeOl-gMioulm,) D.JS.t ephe(nCsroann fIinesltdio tfTu etceh nolEonggyl,a nd) D.S tov(eKrF A-JiGielriamcnhy,) 0.V anD er B(iMeTsMt- K.U.LeBuevlegni,u m) vii COOPERTAINGS OCIETIAENSD O RGANISATIONS AIM( AssociaIztiaolndieiaM neat allurgia) APMI( AmeriPcoawnd Meert allIunrsgtyi tute) ASMI nternational BCS( BelgCiearna mSiocc iety) BM (BeneMleutxa llurgy) Bonvdo oMra terialenkennis DGM (DeutsGcehsee llsfciMhiaartf etr ialkunde) ECRS( thEeu ropeCaenr amSiocc iety) EPMA( EuropPeoawnd Meert allAusrsgoyc iation) F.E.M(.FSe deraoftE iuorno peMaant erSioaclise ties) IWT( VlaaImnss tivtououdrte Bevorvdaenhr eiWtne gt enschiajTpkep cehlngoilsoch Onderzionde ekI ndustrie) JRAIP(PJ apRaens eaArscsho cioaftI isoons tParteiscsa inndPg r ocessing) KoninkAlciajdkeem vioeoW re tenschaLpeptetnee,rn e n SchoKnuen stveanBn e lgie SF2M( SociFertac;ean; isdeeM etalleutrd geMi aet eriaux) SPONSORS Bodycote IntpelrMcna,an tcihoensUatKle r, ForschungsJzieinlGtimrcbuhHm- KFA,J iilDi ch, NatioFnoarlg e EuSrionpte-,N iBk laas, VanH opplynnvuB,sr ussel, B HOTI SOSTAPTRIECS S'IN9G3 L.D elaaenHyd. T a(sE ditors) © 199E4l seSvciieeBrn .cVAe.l l rriegsehrtvse d. 3 ExperimenatnadlT heoretiMcoadle llionfgt heI sostaPtriecs sionfg Composite Powders C.D. TaunrnMde. rF A.s hby DepartomfeE nntg ineeTrriunmgp,i nSgttroeUnen ti,v erosfCi atmyb riCdagmeb,r iCdBg3e , 9EUU,n itKeidn gdom Abstract The isostatoifcc o mpproessistien ghp aobswe demenor dse lelxepde rtiamelanlnyd theeotricaTlhleey x.p erimiennvteaslt iugsaetmdio odnersli gid-cpolmapsotsipicot wed ers consiosftmi inxgt uorfPe lsa stispcheenarene vdsa rivooulsu frmaec tisoinzsae,ns sd h apoefs rigiindc lusTihoenswsee. r ceo ld-isosptraetsiisncea adni lnlsyt rumpernetsesvdue rsest eol allcoown tinmuoonuist oorfti hnpegr essaunrdre e ladteinvseoi ftt yhp eo wdeTrhse.d ata indictahtaettdh ie n clusion charamcotseitrn ihsitdbieicntss ifwihacircaerht:a i nodno m mixihnigg,vh o lufrmaec tisomna,rl ell astiizvaeen d h igahs percatt iMoisc.r omechanical modeolfts h ien itstiaaoglfce o mpospiowtdede ern sificfaotciouonspn o wdecrosn sisotfi ng mixtuorfpe lsa satnirdci gsipdh erTehsem. a jroers ouflt thm eo deilsts h atthd een sification behavoifoa rc omposite ipslo awrdgecerol nyt roltlheepd r obpyo rtion- roifg irdi gid contaFcatcst.po rrosm ottihfneog r maotifao l na rpgreo porotfri iogni d-croingtiaadcr tes randmoimx ionfgi nclushiioginhns c,l uvsoilounfrm aec tiaonnds, m arlell aitnicvleu sion sizceo,n siwsitteehnx tp erimreenstuallt s. 1. INTRODUCTION Consoliodfact oimopno spiotwed ebryhs o its ostparteiscs( iHnIigPn gi)sa v iable methfoodt rh nee anre sth apper oducotfci oomnp osmiattee rwihailcsah r dei fficourl t expnesitvoep rodubcyoe t hmeera n[s-l 4]C.a ndidsaytset eimnsc lmuedtea l matrix and cerammiact rcioxm posibtuetis ng, e netrhael compcoosuilctdoe n soifsn te aralnyy combinaotfmi aotne rwihailcashr a ev ailianpb alret icfuolramTth.ee p ropeortfti hHeeIs P ed composdietpeeo nndm anvya riaibnlcelsu pdoiwndgpe arr ameters ssuiczsheh ,aa pse ,t he amouanntdi ntearrnraaln geomfte hnceto nstiptauretnitac nldHe IsPp, r ocpeasrsa meters sucahsp resstuermep,e raatnutdri em,e . Optimizoaftt hipeor no creesqsu ainru ensd earnsdtionfhg o we acohft heisnefl uences densificaantdii notne rpabrotnidcilnPegr .o cemsosd ewlhsi cahc hietvhei s bheaevne develofpoterhd He I Pionfsg i ngcloem pon(emnotn oliptohwidce[)r5 s- a8n]ds, o mmeo dels fotrh e densoiffc iocmaptoipsooinwt dee hrasvb ee gutnoa ppeiantr h lei ter[a9t1-u2r]e. Asa fi rsstt eipnd eveloHpIiPpn rgo cess fmocorod meploss piotwed eirwtso ,u lbde useftuohl a veex perimdeantftara olcm o mpospiotwedH eIrPr unssu,c hp ress-duernes ity relatiofnodsrih ffieprste ynptoe fps o wdeHrosw.e vienrc ,o nttroat shasct ea sfeo mro nolithic powdelriste,tx lpee rimdeantitasaa tpl r esaevnati l[a1b3l-e1T 4h]ep. u rpoofste h airst iicsl e two-fFoiltrdls.ay n ,o veexlp eriimsdee nstc rwihbiecgdhe neriant-esspi rteus s-duerneis ty 4 datfrao m tchoeli ds osptraetiscs( iCnIgP ionfmg o)d eclo mspioptoew decrosnt siinosgf deformPalbalset sipcheenmreie xsew di tvha ryaimnogu natnstd y poefsr igiindc lusions. Seconmdilcyr,o mecmhoadneiolcftsa h lie s sotaptriecs soifcn ogm piotpseo wrdsea re presenTtheodu.tg hhie n formiantt hirioesnp odretas lpse cifiwciattlhhl CeyI Pionfg idealriizg-eipddl asptoiwcd eirntse ,v ertihlelluessbtser haatvweihsoi rci hnm anwya ys shoublefd nu dametnota naiyls osptraetsioscpi enrga otnci oomnp iotpseo wdeirnsc,l uding HIPing. 2. EXPERIMENTMAOLD ELS 2.1 Descriptieoxnp eorifm ents A schemoaftt ihecex perimseentt-iausslp h owinnF igu1r.Ae modeclo mspiote powdceorn siosfatb iinngam riyx toufPr lea stsipcheenarene rdsi giindc luissci onotnasi ned inar ubbperreb sasig m merisnwe adt ienarp ressureT hvepe oswsdeelr. c(opmopwadcetr plupsr ebsasag s semibscl oyn)n etcoat c eadl ibwreaitgehdsi cnacglo en siosfta si tnrga in gaumgoeu ntetdhr eoa oottfa c antibleeavmTe.hr pe o wdceorm piatsch te env acuaantde d thvee spsreels zseudar,nit dh eeff ectmiavsoesft hdee nsipfoywidncegor m piascr te corded in-saitet aucp hr essTuhrreee .l adteinvsDei o tfty h peo wddeerfi,n aestd h rea toifto h seo lid voluomfte h peo wdteotr h oaftt hteo tvaoll uomcec upbiyte hdpe o wdcearbn,e d etermined Microcomputer AnalogD igital Contov erte1-r ----.fWEISJ9] PoweSru pplies Amplific&at ion Differeinatl Pressure Transducer Flexible CanteivleBre am Micrtou bgi n -StraiGna uge Weighing Assembly Plasticene Composite Powder PressVuerses el � LatePxr ess Bag Figu1 re Schemoaftt hieecx periamrearnntgaelmu esnefotdr t hies osptraetsioscfi ng modPella stciocmepinotepse o wders. 5 viAar chimepdrei'nsc iTphleee x.p eritmheunpstr so viind-es pirteus s-udreen sdiattfyao r thies ostparteiscso iftn hpgeo wdeirnsv estigated. Botmho noliatnhdci ocm posite wpeordweed nesrisfi Tehdem. o noliptohwidce rs consiosft4 .em8dm diamePtlears tiscpehneerc eosa,tw eidtt ha lpco wdteorp revtehnetm froms tictkoie nagcoh t heCro.n tsatcrtee xspse riomnet nhPtels a stsipcheensreehs o wtehda t thceo ntdaecfto rmamtoidoean tr ootme mperiasteu srsee ntoinaeol fwl oyr k-hardening plast(itchiewtrayesn od etectcarbeleaepn )dt, h atthc eo ntact debfeohramvawitaoisro n reproducTihbeyl iee.sl tdr enogftt hhPe l astidceetneer mbiynt ehdce o ntsatcrte ss experiwmaeasn btos0u .tM1 P a. Thec ompospiotwed ecrosn siosftb eidn amriyx tuorfPe lsa stiscpehneaern edts he follotwyipaneng vd o lufrmaec toifor ni giindc lus(i13o)m n ms d:i amestpehre rreasn,d omly mixe0d%,- 5 0%(;2 5)m m diamestpehre rraensd,o mly0 m%-i 6x0e%d8,,0 %(;3 1)2 .m7m diamestpehre rreasn,d ommilxye 0d%, - 50%(;4 ) a1s:p1er catt io csyilnignlder ical inclusionsd,i avmaert0ie%or- su5,s0 %(;5 1)0 :a1s percatt io 4fi.bm8em r dsi,a meter, aligpnaerda alnluden li formly5 %s;(p 6a1)c5 1e:a d s,p ercattd iios c5m sm, thiaclki,g ned paraalnluden li fosrpmalcy1e 5d%,(; 7 5): a1s percattd iios 5cm sm, t hircakn,d ommilxye d, 0%- 50%(;8 5): a1s pect ra4t.im8om dfiibaemrest,e r, mriaxne0dd%o,- m 5l0y%a ;n d( 9) 10:a1s percattfi iboe r4s.,m8 m diamettheirc0 %k- ,3 0%.No tteh atthv eo lufmrea ction refteort shs eo lviodl ume forfta hcreti igioinndc luasnidio scn a,l cualsat threead t oifto h e solviodl uomfet hien clutsoti hoteno tsaoll id vooftl hupemo ew deAr r.a nogfev olume fractiinodnisc tahtaaet ss e rioefvs o lufmrea ctwieorniesn vestisgpaatceiednd1, 0 % increments. Fotrh ceo mpospiotwede ornsre,u wna sc ondufcoterea dc cho mposiTtoit oenfs.ot r reproducfiivbeci olmiptayoc,ftm so noliPtlhaisct ipcoewndeew resrd ee nsifiAeldrl.u ns werceo nducattre odot me mperaatpt ruerses furroe0ms- 2M Pa.T hei nivtoilaulom fet he powder cowmapsaa rcotus4n 0d0c m3c,o rrespotnoad bionu4gt3 00r andopmalcyk ed Plastsipcheenirente hsme o nolictahsiec. 2.2 Experimreenstuallts Ther esuolftt hsde e nsifircuanatsri peol no titnFe idg u2r( eas-) ( h). Figure 2(a) showtshr ee suflrtofismv ec onsecutive rduennossfm i ofnioclaiPttlihaoisnct piocwedneer s. Thed ensificbaethiaovinisr o erp roduacnidtb hlPee- ,Dc urhvaeas f ortmy piocfta hlao tf cold-isosptraetsmisecetadpal ollw yd e[r16s] E.x aminaotfti hopeno wdienrt ersihoorwse d thatthc eo nsolipdaartteiwdce lrees irregulaanrtd h patothl eywrhaeesa ds rmaaa,lm lo uonft porositya ttv riispilbel Teph oevi onltusom.fte h ree sipdouraolsw iatssy m alble,io nfg the order0 .o0-f10 .%1 o ft hteo tvaoll uomfet hpeo wdecro,n siwsittethnht ee x perimentally determdiennesdi ty. Thep ress-duernes ciutryvf eotsrh ceo mpospiotwed earrsseh owinnF igu2r(ebs-) 2(hT)h.ec ompopsoitwed ecrasbn e d iviidnettdoh rmeaei gnr ou(p1st):h owsiet shi ngolre aliginnecdl u;s( i2ot)nh so wsiet rha ndommilxyes dp heriinccallu ;sa inod(n 3st) h owsiet h randommilxyen do n-sphienrcilcuasli ons. Thes haopeft hPe- Dc urvoefts h sei ngalneda liginnecdl upsoiwodne rs shown in Figu2r(eei )ss imitlota hrao tfm onoliPtlhaisct itcheonutegh,hce o mposPi-tDce u rvaerse shifutpewda ridnds e nswiittyih n creavsoilnufrgma ec tiTohneu. p wasrhdi ifndt e nsity occubresc atuhsreee gionsw owuhlnidoc rhm ablepl oyr oaursne o wo ccupbiyte hdde e nse inclusTihoesn o.l id vooftl huiemn ec lucsaibnoe ns su btrfraocmtte hdao tft hpeo wdaenrd addetdot hper ebsasga ssemvbollyu smoet haotn ltyh dee nsoiftt yhP el astipcoewndee r matriisbx e icnogn sideTrheerd e.s ulPt-iDcn ugr vaersne e arildye nttiotc haolos fet he monolictahsiiecns d,i ctahtatithno egr deirnecdl uhsaivoleni ste tflfeoe nct th dee nsification oft hseu rrouPnldaisntg[i 11c]e.n e 6 Thed ensifibceahtaivooifnto hpreo wdweirtsrh a ndommilxyes dp heriinccallu sions showaes dy stematwiictv hot lruefrmnacedt itohnPe,- Dc urvsehsi fttoli onwgde ern sities anhdi ghperre ssaustr heveso lufmrea citnicorne ased (-F(idg)Tu)hr.eee ffse wc2at(s b ) slifgohtrth e 10% bpuobtwe dceairmnsec, r eapsrionngoluaynt hc iegdhv eorl ufrmaec tions. Thewraeas l as os ysttermeantdii cnw ciltushsi iztoehsn,em alilnecrl upsoidwoenrb se itnhge most ditffiodc eunlstiF foyarg. i vveonl ume ftrhasech tiiifnott nshP, e- Dc urvweesr e -� 0.9 ·�c; ;0 .9 _. ..- c: c: CD CD 0.8 0 0.8 'i0� ii 0 .7 Monoltthic �CD> 0 .7 3m m Spheres a:; a: a:; a: 0.6 0.6 0·50!'----o.._5�-..,....-..-..-1.'"'.=- 5--..2.. ..0.._.05 0.5 1.5 2 Press(uMrPea ) Press(uMrPea ) (a) (b) -�0 .9 ·�0 .9 0c:CD 0.8 5 Spheres 0c:CD 0.8 12.7Sp heres �� 0 .7 mm :El� 0 .7 mm . a:;a: 0.6 I... a:CD 0.6 I. . . 0.0�--5 0.........-..- �5-- 1.......-�.. ..5. 2 0.5 1.5 2 Press(uMrPea ) Press(uMrPea ) (c) (d) Figure E2x perimP-eDnb teahla voifto hmreo nolpiotwhdi(ecar ) tahsnepd h erical inclucsoimopnop soiwtde(e br-)s( dF)o.t rh ceo mpopsoiwtde,et rhlsee gend is 0%-; 10;% - -20%-,-- 3-0%.,. -. -40-%-,--50%. -- - greaftoers t3t m hmei nclupsoiwodnie nrt,e rmfeodri a5ttm heme i nclupsoiwodnae nrd, lowefsottrh 1e2 m.m7i nclupsoiwodne r. Examinoatfti hoienn teroifto hrdese nsifieds phrearniidncocaml lup soiwodne rs showtewdio m porfetaatnutrT ehsfe.i crostn cetrnhmeso rphoolfto hgey Plapsatriticcelnees . 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