HOBBES STUDIES By LeoS trauss A.G .W ernham A. E.T aylor WilliBs. G lover StuaMr.tB rownJ,r . C.B .M acpherson JohPnl amaetnz KeitThh omas HowarWda rrender J.W . N.W atkins J.R .P ennock S.M orrEinsg el MarioA .C attaneo Editebdy \ K. BCr.o wn \ t I OXFORD BASLI BLACKWELL 1965 CONTENTS FoREWORD vii 1.O N THES PIRIoTF HoBBEsP'osL ITICPAHLI LOSOPHY, byP rofesLseoSort rauss 1 UniversoifOt lyi cago 2.T HET AYLOR THESIS (1I)NT RODUCTONRoYT E,b yP rofSetsuasMro.trB rown, Jr. 31 Cornell University (2T)H E ETHICADLo cTRINOEF H oBBESb,y P rofessor A. Etf)l. lTo r 35 3.TH E TAYLORT HESISS:o MEO BJECTiobNsyP, rofessor StuMa.rB tr owJnr,. 57 4.( 1M)R . W ARRENDER'S HObBByjE So,h Pnf amena7tz3 FelloowfN uffieldC olleOxgfeo,r d (2A) R EPLYT OM R.P LAMENATbZ,yP rofeHsoswoarr d Warrender 89 The Queen'Usn iversBietlyf,a st 5.H oBBES'Cso NFUSING' CLARITY'-THCEA sE OF 'LIBERTbYy'P, r ofessR.oP re]n.n ock 101 SwarthmoreC ollege 6.L IBERTAYN D OBLIGATIOINN HOBBESb, yP rofessor A.G .W ernha11t 117 AberdeUenni versity I 'X7 .G oo AND THOMASH oBBEsb,y P rofesWsiollrBi .s PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN Glover 141 BY A. T.B ROOME AND SON,1 8 ST. CLEMENT'S, OXFORD AND BOUND BY THE KEMP HALL BINDERY,O XFORD MerceUrn iversity vi CON'I'EN'I'S 8.H OBBES'Bso uREGOISM AN, by ProfessCo.rB . FOREWORD Macpherson • • . 169 UniversoiftT yo ronto Alls avoen eo ft het hirtpeaepne hresr ceo llechtaevdeb een writtientn h ey earssi ncteh eS econWdo rldW ar,a peritohda t " 9.T HE SociALO RIGINS OF HoBBEs'Pso LITICAL hass eean remarkaibnlcer eoafsi en terienst th ew ritinogfs THOUGHTb,y & ithT homas 185 Thomas HobbesT.h isr evolutiinoH no bbess tudiefso,r FelloowfS tJ.o hnC'osl lege, Oxford thaitss carcteolosy t roan gw ayt od escriitbn,eo wa ppeatros havmeo vedi ntao p erioodfc onsolidatai noonti: n appropriate 10.P HILOSOPAHNYD P OLITIICNSH OBBESb,yj .W .N . timep,e rhapfso,rt hep ublicaotfia o cno llectoifoth ni sk ind. Watkins Evenw henn otd irecctolnyc ernewidt h consolidiantti hoen 237 simplseesnts Heo,b bessc holtaordsat ye ntdo e xhibadi etg raened Readeri nthe HistoorfPy h ilosoipnth hyUe n iverosfiL toyn don kinodf i nvolvemweinttth h ew orko ft herierc epnrte decessors 11.H oBBES''TsA BLOEF ABSURDITbYy' ,P rofessoSr. thadti ffefrrso amn ythtinobg ef ouneda rliAe lri.v ealnydf ruitful Morris Engel discushsaisob ne ein np rogrefsosra considertaibmleae;n dn o 263 onew hoi ss eriousilnyt ereisntH eodb besw'osr kc ana ltogether UniversoiftS yo uthernCal ifornia avoibde inagff ectbeydi tn,o m attheorw o rigionrai ln dependent hiosw na pproamcahyb e. 12.H oBBEsT'HEsO RYO FP uNISHME,bN yTP rofesMsaoriro Yett hep resegnetn ercaoln cewrni trhe vieiwsb yn om eans A.C att.a..n eo. .. .. . .. . ... 275 preventfirneges xht ensoifot nhsde e batDer..M intfzo,ir n stance, UniverosfiM tiyl an haso nlyr ecentpluyb lishhiedss tudoyf s eventeenth-century reactitoonH so bbesm'ast erialainsdmm oraplh ilosophy; and APPENDIX 299 a newb ookb yo neo ft hec ontributtoto hrisps r esevnotl ume, explorifunrgth ert hes tislolm ewhavte xeqdu estioofn the relationbsehtiwpe eHno bbes'psh ilosophiidceaaalsn dh is politidcaolc trinweilslp, r obabhlayv ea ppearbeyd th e time thesweo rdsa rep rinteTdh.e n,i nth e fairnleya r future, we mayh opea tl astto s eefu llesrt udipeusb lisohfet dh ed is­ crepancibeest weetnh eE ngliasnhd L atitne xtosf s omeo f Hobbesm'asj owro rksa: t astkh aste emtso b el eaditnogi n­ terestriensgu latnsdo, n w hicihtw aso riginhaollpye tdo i nclude a papeirnt hivso lumeT.h esaer eo nlays malpla rotf t hew ork thahta sr ecently apoprte haaritesa d f,o ot. Iti sn aturtaosl p eculoantt eh ec ausoefst hicsu riopuoss t­ wars urgoefi nteriensH to bbest;h ougthh eriesn ott hes pace heret od evelsoupc hs peculatvieornyfuls l y. Howevero,n e mighrti stkh eg eneralitshaatttih ornemain e factohrasv eb een involv(e1d)th: e labouorfsH obbessc holianrt sh en ineteen­ thirttiheesfu ,l lef fect ofw hosweo rkc oulndo tb es eeunn til aftethre delaoyft hew ary ear(s2.C) e rtatirne nidnst heg eneral histoorfyp hilosop(h3y)T. h ep olitihciaslt oorfyo uro wn FOREW ORD FOREW ORD ix viii timesT.h iis sn ott os ayo,f c oursteh,ath te sef actohrasv ea ll Indetedhg ee nercalli maotfoe u ra geh assu rely ebxeterne mely influenecveedr yoenqeu allayn: u ndergradfuoarti en,s tance, welslu itteoad g rowtohfi nterienHs otb besw'osr kH.i ss plendid woulndo tn ecessacroimlety oa ni nterienHs otb bebsy t hes ame andt erridbilcet' u. m.i.tn h fter pslt acpeuf,toa gr e nienrcalli nation I routaes th e scholawrhso sew orkh er eadsI.n deeadt l east ofal mla nkair neds,at nlcdeo snsti rlensuailofr peo waefrtp eorw tehra,t twoo ft hec ontributtoto hrisvs o lumwee rel edt oa ni nterest ceasoenti(yhnd eattahk;eo sna c ertaexitnr pal ausibiinal nia tgye inH obbepsa rtblyya p rioirn terienSs pti nozaka :i nodf m otive thath ass een-tpoi cokn ltyw oo fa multitoufdi el lustrations notc overbeydt hec ategojruisestsu ggested. -ther isaned falolft heT hirRde icahn dt hee volutoifot nh e Yett heg eneraliwsoautlisdoe ne mt oh olde,v esno .I n hydrogweanr heaHdi.sc oncearnt t hed ivisoifom ne n'pso litical 1934, fore xamplPer,o fesLsaoirr cdo mplai(nientd h eF orewoorfd loyaltbieetsw,e oebne dietnoct eh eicrou ntryg'osv ernmeanntd his botohka)ht e f ounadr ounhidm ane xcessivelleyv oelflo w obedietnocw eh att hetyo otk ob et hep olitiimcpalli catoifo ns interiensH to bbesa;n da readionfgt hea cademjiocu rnaolfs theirre ligifionnd,sa paralilneo lu ro wnc oncearnt t hef resh thatti me seteojm uss thiifys c omplaintw.i thia nf ewy ears confliincm ta nym en'msi ndbse twetehne c laiomfsp atriotism If thel evweals a lrearidsyi npgl,a inmluyc ho ft her iswea sd uet o andth oseo fs omei nternatiidoenoalloA gnyd.,i na t imweh ich the effortosf s uchs cholaasrP sr ofesLsaoirr d hiPmrsoeflefs,s or finds highcliyv ilciozmemdu nitpireesp arteocd o mmiatt rocities A.E .T aylor-whaorstei 'cTlheEe t hicDaolc trionfHe o bbeiss' whosoeb scenwiotuyl hda vseu rpristehdDe a rkA gesi,tb ecomes reprinhteerde -aPnrdo fesLseoorS trau(sTsh. el attebro'osk , lesesa styh ainto ncwea sp,e rhafpostr,h ree adneerw t oH obbes's ThPeo liPthiiclaolofs Hoopbf?yb Oexsfo,r d, translfaotre d workt oj umpt ot hec onclustihoaintt i sd iscredfirtoemtd h e 1936, publicafrtoimo an G ermamna nuscriispa t r,e mindteoro,t, h at outsbeyta tooc ynicaanldp essimistviice wo fh umann ature. theriesa debotw edb yH obbesst uditeoGs e rmasnc holarship Thep resetnitm ael sioso nei nw hicthh ew orladp peatrosb e thaitsa tl eaassto ld thew orko fT o nnieisnt, h ee ightoife s dramatisiinin ngt er-nattieornmtashl e s torwyh ichH obbes as thel ascte ntury.) himsetlofl idn i nter-pertseornm:as el v erlyi noef t hep ast Buto thelre,sd si reicntfl,u enaclesssoe etmo h avbee eantw ork. twentyye ardse'b atoen thed ifficultoifte usr nitnhge United Foro net hing,i ti sa commonpltahcaeHt o bbeasn ticipates, if Natioinnst aon ef fectiivnes trumeonfWt o rlgdo vernmceonutl d rathcerru desloym,e o fth e insigahntdst echniqoufce osn tem­ stanadsa glosusp onH obbest'esx tN.o ri si tv ersyu rprising poralriyn guipshtiilco soapnhdyn ;a turatlhliaysg aihna sh elped thaotn es houlndo wadafiynsd L eviatinhvaonk e(da as s ymbol toi ncreatsheae t tentpiaoitndo h itsh ought. (Soifmc ioluarrsley,, forth ep oweorf t hem odernS tateev)e inn t heed itocroilaulm ns hism echaniasptpirco atcoht hep robleomfsh umant hought, ofp opulnaerw spapreersl,a tifveewol fyw hosree adearrsee ver motivatainoddn e cishiaoisn t asffi nitwiitehsm oderpns ychology.) liketlohy a vhee arodfH obbehsi mseflofir;t ainis m agber ought MeanwhiMlaerx,i st-inflhuiesntcoerdai nadnp sh ilosopwhheor s, vividtloly i fbeye ver-mounetnicnrgo achmbeynt thseS tatoen havthee iorw nr easofnosbr einign tereisnHt oebdb ehsa,v ael so the spheorfea ctiont hoepf r ivaitnedi viduIatil s.t ruteh athte hadt heiorw nv iewo fh imt op resenAtn.d w heno ner eads, Leviatohfat nh ee ditocroilaulm ndsoe nso ta lwayssee mt ob e fori nstancthea,t' tmhoesi tm medsitartiek(yi nogfaft c aerttuarien ' quitteh ec reaturteh aHto bbehsi msehlafd i nm indb,u ti ts philosodpohcitcr i'nweasit sic onoclitasss mh,oa rntad p parentfy antecedreenmtasic nl eeanro ugnho,n etheless. letwhqyaw li tthhp eo nrlereonusi gomfmas e tapf?ys.i .ca nid.at hnast' To speaokf ' bringiimnagg etso l ifheo'w,e veirs,p erhaps 'Tmoa fi!Ytt sig hrte straicrtiidsvieete immeiesrd a cutloclo euatsrh(y e tom ovef romh istoarnyd p oliticpahli losoipnhtylo i terary aiwrh,i tlooe t hietar psp eaasarb eldi antdto anmc akf!Y v aluanadb le criticainsdmw ;h end iscussHionbgb etsh em ovei sc ertainly wholr(ye speicnttaebllalece hciteuav.le m..'e o nnetm si ghwte ll legitimHaitsae c.h ievemaetln eta,is nLet viatihsua nmni,s takably wondemro mentarwihleyt htehrre e ferewnacste oH obbisomrt o a literaasrw yel als a philosopohniec:ia tli sp erhanpost r e­ LogicaPlo sitiviHsomb.b es'ssc ornf orm etaphysriicnsg s membereodf teenn ough,f actth,a hte w asa contempoorfa ry in pleasainntman lyy moderena rs. thMee taphyspioceatalsn dt hger esate venteenth-sceremnotnu-ry X FOREWORD FOREWORD xi writerYse.th iss tylper oclaiitm.Ts h en owc lascsoimcm ent than usualilmyp ortatnopt r evetnhte p artitbieOtnwse etnh.e ona Metaphyspiocealtt ,h a'ta t hotut gohh iwmas ane xpeenrcie, varioaucsa demdiics ciplbienceosm itnogo o paqueN.o apology itm odifiehdi ss ensiilbf!yap'p,l ieass wellt o Hobbes iso fferetdh,e reffoorrpe r,e sentsiindbgey s idien t hivso lume ast oa nyo ft hep oethse o utlivHeids.th oughfto rmrse adily paperosf teonri ginailnltye ndfeodrv ery dissimialuadri ences. intiom agetsh aatr en otm erelayd equaetmeb lemosfe lements On theo therh andl,i mitatoifso pnasc hea vmea dei ti mpossible inh isa rgumenbtu,tp osseas sst rikeixntgr vai taloiftt yh eir tor eprestehneft u lsl pectroufmH obbesst uditehse:r ies f,o r own.T hem inds eeans a spanirealn gian fige ldt,h ec rowned instanncote h,e ologhieartneo e nlarugpeo nt hev iewq,u otebdy ghosetn throunpeodn i tgsr avmee,n ' tiroefid r regujloasrt ling ProfesGsloorv etrh,a t Ho'bpbresa cttihseeodl oagtiy t ssc holarly andh ewinogn ea nothetrh'eK, i ngdomo fF airietsh,e m an 'b estth'e;r ei sn othifnrgo ma nyo ft hel iterjaoruyrn a(ltsh ough 'entanignlw eodr dsl,i kaeb iridnl ime-twtihgeus n'c,o mfortably thei nterersetaeddce arn fi ndr eferewnhciecswh i ldli rehcitm t o vividde scripotfit ohne s tatoef n aturteh,e g reaetx tended them)a;n dth erei sn od iscussoifH oonb bes's theory from the metaphoofrL eviatihtasne slufc:ih m ageasr ea ptt oa rousien poinotf v iewo ft hem oderpns ycholo(gailstth otuhgihis s a them indo ft her eadreers ponisnee sx ceosfst hes trircetq uire­ perhamposr ej ustifoimaibslsei soinn,cP er ofesPseotre rsst'u dy mentosf H obbesa'rsg umenbtu;tr esponwsheisc hha vpee rhaps ofH obbeisnt hPe eliPchainl osoSpehryii esss o w idealvya ilable). contribsuotmede thinagt,l eastto,t heg rowtohf i nteriens t Furtheorm issihoanvseb eene nforcbeydt hen eedto g ivteh e hiwso rka sa w holeT.h iiss n ott os uggetshtat th erhea sl ately books omes orotfb alanacnedc oherenfcoeir,t w oulhda vbee en beesno mek indmloyv ea foottoh avae closleoro akt H obbes's misleaditnogl ingteoro l ongo na nyo nei ssuaen;d t hes ame ideajsu sbte cauhseed oesa,ft era llw,ri ter athaetrt ractively: requiremheanvtes aplrseov enttheead r rangemoeftn htep apers thec ontenotfts h ivso lumceo ulndo tr ealbleym istakfeonr ins tricchtr onoloogridcearl� sometwhhiincight i sr ealitsheadt thef ruitosf a 'c asuaaels thetiNceivsemr.t heiltew sosu,l sde em somer eademrasy r egretN.o doubrte grweitl ble f eltto,o a,t faitro s ayth att hes ensibiolfmi atnyy e arlayn dm id-seven­ thaeb senocfce e rtain namesl ifrosoftcm o ntthrei b:up teorrhsa ps teenth-cewnrtiutreydr ose sa ppeatro b e unexpectweedllly especithaalltyo fP rofesOsaokre shoBtutt.o nec oulndo tf,o r attunteodt haotf o uro wnd aya;n da mongt hen ameosf t hese examplhea,v ei ncludheidsl onIgn troducttoiL oenav tihianan writemruss bt ei nclutdheadot fT homaHso bbes. volumoef th isk inda,n di na nyc asneo o ner eaditnhgi bso ok is litkobee l lye ftu nawatrhea Ptr ofesOsaokre shhoatstb eeann Lastlsyo,m ethisnhgo ulpde rhabpess aiadb outth es election influenocneH obbes stsuidnicteehs e w ar.A simildaerf ence anda rrangemoefnm ta teriiantl h ivso lumeI.n n o cashea s canb eo ffereidnt hec asoef o theorm issioBnust.d efenicse permisstioop nr inatl ready-pubmlaitsehriebadel e n refuas ed: sureulnyn ecessaalrtlyh :ai tsc laimiestd h aeta cohf t hep apers piecoefg oodf ortufnoerw hicthh ee ditiosgr r atefuTlh.i dso es herceo llecitswe odr thwhile rfeorai dtoiswn ngs aket,h atth ey notm eanh,o wevethra,t h eh asb eeanb lteo r eprienvte rything ared rawnf roma widerra ngoef p ublicatitohnaisns a vailable hew oulhda vwe ishefdo;ra collecotfit ohnik si ncda no nlbye in manyl ibra(rwiheistl weo o ft hemh avei nf acnte vebre fore a compromise, necessarily inTvhoelm vaiinnaim g sacrificbeese.np ublishaendd)t ,h acto llecttihveeyol ffye ra reasonably hasb eent og ivseo mei deoaf t hes hapaen d' feelo'fth e post­ faigru idteot hen owp opulofuise olfdH obbes studies. ward ebatoen Hobbesa,n dt oi llustsroamteoe f t hed ifefrent kinodfar t tenttihoahnti wso rkh asa ttracHtoebdb.e issu nusual amongth eo ldeBrr itpihsihl osopihnte hratsth eiress tiplelr sistent andd rasdtiisca greenmoetsn itm,p albyo utth ev alidaintdsy i gni­ ficancoefh ist heoribeusta, l saob ouwth ath ea ctuamlelayn t hitsh eotroyb ei nt hef irpslta caen;dw hilteh ibsa sipcr obloefm interpretpaetrisoini snHt osb besst udiietis s,s ureelvye nm ore ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I woulldi kteo t hantkh ea uthoorfst hep aperpsr intoerd reprinhteerdbe o thf orc onsenttiont gh ep ublicaotfit ohne ir worki nt hivso lumaen df otrh ev erhye lpfiunlt erwehsitc thh ey havseh owinn t hweh olper ojeAcnt e.x ceptoicocnu rhso,w ever, inC hapte2r,S ectiiio:nw heres,a dlmyy, obligatmiuosnt instebaetd o t haeu thorL'ist erEaxreyc utMorr.F, . E .A .T aylor. Iw ouladl sloi kteot hantkh eed itoarnsdp ubliswhheorh sa ve givepne rmisstioor ne publmiasthe riafilr sits suebdy t hem. Chapt1e irs t akefnr omP rofS.t rausbso'oskN atuRrigahlat n d Histryo,p ublisihen1d 9 53b y theC hicagUon iversPiretsys . Chapt2e,rS ectioinif ,i rasptp earienPd hoislop19h3y8C,.h apter 3 appearienTd hPeh iplhoisRcoeavli foer1w 9 5(9a nCdh apt1e1r int hes amRe eviien1 w96,1 ). pBaorttohfsC hapt4ea rp peariend PolitSitcuasdl,ini 1e957an d1 960r,e spectiCvhealpyt.5e wra s originaplluyb lisinh eTdh Aem eircaPnoi lticSacli eRnecveif oerw 1960; while in tChheu rsHacismhtre oypyu ebalri sChheadp t7e.r Chapt8e firr satp pearienTd hCea nadJioaunarn lo fE concosam nid PoliStciiecfnaoclre 1945, under the titClhaep t'eHro bbes Today'. 10i sa slighrtelvyi sveedr sioofna na rtipculbel isihneT dh e PhilpohsiocarltQeiuarn1!J 9 55a;n dC hapt1e2ri sat ransloaftai no n artiwchliec ahp peariendt heI talijaonu rnjaulis n 1 960T.h e furthpeerr missoifot nh eC larendPorne swsa sr equirfeodr reproducotfti honea rticflreosmP oiltliS ctausd.i e I hopet hem anyo thewrhso h ave heolrpe endc ouraged the preparaotfit ohni s vowliulmfleo rgimveeif I thaneks pecially ProfesSstoura rtH ampshirPer,o fessJoohrn C hapmana,n d ProfesNsoorrb erBtoob bio. K.C.B. NOTE Thea bbreviaEti.Wo .na sn dL .W .u seidn m ostc hapteorfs thibso okr eferre,s pectitvoeT lhy,Ee ng liWsohkr so fT homas Hobbeedsit,eb dy SirW illiamM olesworLtohn,d on1,8 39-45 (1v1o lsa.n)d,t oT homHaoeb bMeasl,mr eisebOnupseirPsahl, i ohsiocpa, agaiend itebdy SirW illiam MolesworLtohn,d on1,3 89-4(55 vols.) Inth e casoef L EVIATH(AEWN.. I IIh)o,w evesro,m ec ontri- butorrse feirn stetaodP rofO.a keshotetd'isti oonf th e 'Black­ well'Pso litiTcextasl' serieTsh.i se ditiwoinl l be acsi ted 'Laetvhioarn' 'Le v'. Att heb ackof t hibso okw ilble f ounadn i ndetxo t heP arts andc hapteorfL sE VIATHgiAvNi pnagg er eferentcote hseM oles­ wortha ndO akeshoetdti tisoindsbe y s ide. Thea bbreviation 'Ewlheimcehan ltssio's u, s edb y many contributroerfse,tr osT hEel eemnotfsL awN,a tuarnaPdlo ilict, editbeydF .T ennieCsa,m bridg1e,9 28. I ON THE SPIRIOTF HOBBES'S POLITICALP HILOSOPHY LeoS trauss T HOMAS HOBBES regardheidm sealsft hef oundeorf politipchaill osooprph oyl itsicciaeln Hceek .n ewo,fc ourse, thatth ger eahto nouwrh ichhe c laimfeodhir m selwfa sa warded, bya lmousnti vercsoanls etnotS ,o cratNeosr.w ash ea llowteod forgtehte n otoriofuasc tth atth et raditwihoincS ho cratehs ad originwaatses dt ilplo werfiunhl i s oawgne B.u th ew asc ertain thattra ditional politic'awla sr apthhiael rod sroepathmhy a n science'.1 Present-sdcahyo laarresn oti mpresbsyeH do bbesc'lsa im.' Theyn otthea th ew asd eepilnyd ebtteotd h etr aditiwohni ch hes corneSdo.m eo ft hemc omec lotsoes uggesttihnahgte w as oneo ft he last SchLoeoswltem eno.v erltohoewk o odf ort he treewses, hall rfeodaruw chei lteh es ignifirecsaunltot fsp resent­ dayp olymathyi nttoh ec ompasosfo nes entenHcoeb.b esw as indebtteodt raditfiooran s inglbeu,tm omentouisd,e ah:e acceptoentrd u st vtiheew t hapto litipchaill osooprhp yo litical scienicspe o ssiobrln ee cessary. To understHaonbdb esa'sst onischlianigmtn e anst op ay proportiaotntaetnett ioho ines m phatriecj ecotfit ohnet radition, ont heo neh andan,d toh isa lmossitl eangtr eemewnitti ht o,n theo theFro.r t hipsu rpoosnee m ustfi rsitd enttihfety r adition. Morep reciseolnyem, u stfir sts eet het raditasiH oonb bessa wi t andf orgfeotar m omenhto wi tp reseinttsste olt fh ep resent-day historHioabnb.e mse ntiotnhsef ollowrienpgre sentaotfti hvee s traditbiyon na meS:o cratePsl,a tAor,i stoCtilcee,r o, Seneca, TacitaunsdP, l utarcHhe .t2h etna ciitldye ntitfhietre asd itioofn political phwiiltaoh s poaprthicyu tlraard itHieoi nd.e ntiifite s witthh attr aditwhioosnbe a spirce mimsaeysb es tataesfd o llows: then oblaen dt hej usatr efu ndamentadlilsyt ingufirsohmte hde Ep1.dE elde.mD;eneo tC Ltnvfivse , ,E Epp ..d de edd.a. nI;d,p1 r,sa eefc.L1.;; . 1 W3I,s. e,p c. 3x. c, a. Lev nid1a 7t,sh ecaX.n1X ,.XD Ie C( po.2r 4p1o)re , andX LVI( p.4 38). 2 DeC ivep,r aefa.n,dX II3,; L .W.V ,p p.3 58-59. B /·· ' THES PIRITO FH OBEBSS POLITIACL PIHLOSOPH3Y 2 LEOS TRAUSS Hobberse jetchtes idetarlaidsittioicno ntb haes oifsa funda­ pleasaanndta reb yn atuprree fertaobit l;eo rt,h eries naa tural mentaalg reemwietnhti tH.e meantso d oa dequatwehlaytt he rightth aits w holliyn dependoefna tn yh umanc ompacotr Socrattriacd itdiiodin na w holliyn adequmaatnen erH.e means conventdl?irol;t,nh ;e i�esab espto lito�rcdaewlrh icihsb esbte cause tos uccewehde rteh eS ocrattriacd ithiaodfn ai leHde. tractehse iti sa ccorg to nature· H.e identitfriaedsi tipoonlailt ical . failuorfte h ei dealitsrtaidci ttiooo nn ef undamenmtiaslt ake: philo�hsyow ttthh.e q uesfto rt heb esrte gimoerf ort hes imply traditipoonlailtp ihciallo soapshsyu mtedh amta ni sb yn atuar e JUSsto ctoarld earn,dt herefwoirteah p ursutihtai tsp olitniocta l politoircs aolc iaanli maBly.r ejecttihniagss sumptHioobnb,e s merely beictad uesaelw si thp olitical bmuatta,tb eorvsae l l i joitnhsEe p icurteraand itHieo anc.c epittvssi etwh amant isb y becauistie sa nimatbeyad p olitsipciarlHi eti .d entitfireasdi tiona natuorreo riginaanla l-yp oliatnidc aelva enan - socainailm aals, p�l�iicaplh ilosowpihtyth h apta rticutlraard ittihoawnta spu blic � welalsi tpsr emitsheat th geo odi sf undamenitdaelnltywi ictathlh e sr:11'1t.oe r�dto� �ploayt erwm chi sl oosien debeudta tp resent pleas4a Bnutth. eu setsha ta -polivtiiecfwao lar p olitpiucraplo se. stielals imltye lligtblwea-s't 1hdaeta listic'. He givetsh aat� polivtiiecwaa lp C.llitimceaaln inHge. t riteos ·· Whens peakionfeg a rlpioelri tpihciallo sopHhoebrbse,ds o es insttihles piroifpt o litiidceaall iinstmto h eh edonitsrtaidci tion. n<:t mentiotnh atrta ditiownh osmeo stf amourse presentatives He thubse camteh ec reatoofrp oliti·chaeld onias dmo,c trine rmghtbe thougthotb e' thseo phisEtpsi'c,u raunsdC arneades. whichha sr evolutiohnuimzaenld i feev erywhoenra es canleev er Thea nti-idetarlaidsittsiiicom np ldyi dn ote xifsotr h im-aas yeatp proacbhyea dn yo thetre aching. �aditioofI:no litpihciallosopFhoyri. tw asi gnoroafnt th ev ery . . Thee poch-makcihnagn gweh icwhe aref orcteodt racteo 1deoaf p olittpchaill osoapshH yo bbeusn derstioto.Id t · was Hobbesw asw ellu nderstoodE dmbuyn dB urke':B oldness inededc oncernweidt thh nea tuorfep olititchailn agnsde specially . . formerwlaysn ott hec haractoefra theiassts su ch.T heyw ere <:fJ USt.1Ict.we � sa lscoo ncerwniedtt hh eq uestiooftn h eri ght . even.aoc fh aracnteearrt lhyre e vertshee;wy e rfeo rmelrliyk teh e lifoeft hem divtdaunadlt herefwoirteth h eq uestoifown h ether oldE picureraantsh,ae nru nenterprriascieBn.ug t o fl atteh ey or� �w thei ndivicdouuallud s ec ivsiolc ieftoyhr i psr ivantoen,­ areg rowanct ivdee,s igntiunrg,b ulaenndts ,e ditioPuosl.i'tlii cal po�r:caplu rposfeosrh: i esa soer f orh igsl orBy.u ti tw asn ot atheiissma distinmcotdleym p henomenoNno. p re-modem p�lit:t cIaltw as.n otp ublsipci ritIetdd i.d n ot· presetrhvee atheidsotu bttehda sto cilailfr ee quibreelsii enfa, n dw orshoifp, orrentaotwfsn t ateswmheinle en largtihneigvr i ewsI.tw asn ot Godo rg odsI.f w ed on otp ermoiurts elvteosb ed eceivbeyd dedicattoet dh ec oncewrni tthh er ighotr deorfs ocieatswy i th ephemeraplh enomenwae, r ealizteh apto litiactahle iasnmd somethtihnagi trc hoicewofrotirht yos w ns ake. �� political hbeedloonntigos gme t.h Tehreya rosteo getihentr h e, B_Y �acitleyn tifytirnagd itpioolintailpc haill osowpihtyth h e . sammeo menatn di nt hes amemi nd. 1dealitsrta1dci t·wHno,b beexsp restsheesn,h, i st acaigtr eement � Fori n trying to Huonbdbeersps'tosal nidtp ihciallo sowpeh y wi�h thei de�atliivce wo ft hef unctioortn h es copoef p olitical mustn otl ossei ghotf h isn aturpahli losopHhiys.n atural philosophLy1.k Cei cebreof ohriem h,e s idewsi thC atoa gainst philosoipsoh fyt het ypcel assirceaplrleys ebnytD eedm ocritean­ C�rn�edes.H � prese�htissn ovedlo ctrianset hefi rsttr uly Epicurpehayns iYcest.h ere gardendo,tE picurourDs e mocritus, soentlofirpc h ilosotprheaitcm eonftn aturlaa;lwh ea grees with � eS ocrattriacd iitniho onl ditnhgve i etwh apto litpihciallo sophy 4D eCi veI,,2 ;L eviathVaIn (,p 3.3 )H.o bbessp eamkosr eem phatiocfa lly se-lpfres,e rtvhaaotnfpi olnea suarnedt husse etmosb ec lotsoet rhS et oitchsat no 1sc oncerwnietdnh a turrhilg hHte.i ntentdoss h ow' whaitsl aw, thEep icureHaonbsb.er se'assf oonpr u tttihneegm phaosnis esl f-preisser vation asP latAori,s totCliec,e raon,dd iveortsh ehrasv deo neh'e;d oes thaptl easiusar n'e a ppearwahnocseu'en derlryeianligis' t oynm loyt iownh'e reas se-lpfreserbvealtoitnoogtn sh sep henroeot n loyf' appeabruaotnf c• eU:o't i'oa ns notr efteorP rotagoErpaiscu,r uosr,C arneades. feHaetr hsa hti s wel(lc Sf.p inoEzthai,cI sI,9I s ,c hoalnd.1 1s choHLo)b.b eesm'psh asiszeilnfg­ Levimaitghahnt rehmiirsne da doefrPs l atRo'esp u;bn olio cnec ould preservraattihtoehnrap nl easiustr heed nu te oh inso tioofnn a tuorroe fn atural dreaomf c omparitnhgLe eviattoL huacrne tDiuers e' runma t.3u ra scieanncdeh asth ereafnoe rnet irdeilffye rmeontti vatthiaotnnh es eemingly identSitcovaiilce w. 'ThoughotnsF rencAhff airi.rn,W orks ofBEdumrtmdk e('SBtoahnnd'asr d Library•. an8XLdE lVeIm(p epEn.4pt3 d.s7,e - d.L3. e8;v)i athXaVn( ,p p9.4- 9'5X )X VI( .p1 7'2X )X XI(p . 2 4)'1 Vo.lII Ip).3, 7 7. ' 4 LEO STRAUSS THE SPIRIT OF HOBBES S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 5 butP lataos,' thbee sotf t hea nciepnhti losophWehrast'h .e Thef ailuorfet raditipohniallo sosphhoyw eidt semlofs t learnferdo Pml atnoa'tsu ral phiwlaosns oottp hhaytt h eu niverse clearilnty h ef actth adto gmatpihci losohpahdya lwaybse en cannobte u nderstifo iodti sn otr ulebdy d iviinnet elligence. accompanaisbe ydi ,t ssh adobwy,s keptpihciallo soDpohgym.a t­ Whatevmeary h avbee eHno bbesp'rsi vattheo ughhtisns, a tural ismh adn eveyre ts ucceeidneo dv errricinog skepticiosnmc e and philosoipsah say theiasstE ipci curean pWhhayts ihecl se.a rned fora llT.o guaranttheeea ctualizoaftw iiosnd omme anst o fromP laton'ast urpahli losowpahsyt hamta thematiisc' st he eradicsakteep ticbiysd mo injgu sttioct eh et rutehm bodiiertd motheorfa lnla tursacli encBey'b .e6i nbgo tmha themataincda l skepticFiosrmt .h ipsu rposonee,m ustfi rsgti vfer eree itno materialistic-mecHhoabnibsetsi'ncsa, t urpahli losoiphsay extresmkee pticwihsamt: survtihveoe nss laugohfet xt reme combinatoifPo lna topnhiycs iacnsdE picurepahny sicFsr.o m skepticiists hmea bsolustaeflbeya soifsw isdomT.h ea ctualiza­ hips oinotfv iewp,r e-modpehrni losooprsh cy ienacsae w hole tioonf w isdoims i dentiwciatlht hee rectioofna na bsolutely was' ratahd erre atmh asnci encper'e cibseeclayu istde i dn ott hink dependadbolgem ateidci ficoen thef oundatoifoe nxt reme oft hacto mbinatHiiosnp .h ilosoapsah wyh olmea yb es aitdo skeptici7 sm. bet hec lassic eoxfamt phlete y picalmloyd em combination of Thee xperimweintteh x tresmkee pticiwsamst hegnu idebdy politiidceaall wiistmah materialainsdat tihce ivsitiecwo ft he thea nticipoafta i noenw t ypoef d ogmatism. known Of all whole. scientifpiucr suimtast,h ematiaclso nhea db eens uccessTfuhle. Posititohnasat r eo riginialnlcyo mpatwiibtlohen ea nother newd ogmatpihci losompuhsytt herefboerc eo nstruocntt ehde canb ec ombiniendt wow ays.T hefi rswta yi st hee clectic patteornf m athematiTchsem. e re ftahcattt h eo nlyce rtain compromiwshei crhe maionns t hes amep lanaes t heo riginal knowledgweh icwha sa vailaibsnl oetc oncernweidt ehn dbsu t positioTnhse.o thewra yi st hsey nthewshiiscb he compeoss sible �consiisnct osm parifinggu reasn dm otioonnsl yc'r eatae pdr e­ throutghhet ransiotfit ohno ugfhrto mt hep lanoeft heo riginal judiacgea inasntyt eleolovgiiecowar la prejudiinfc aev ooufra posititooan nse ntiredliyff erpelnante T.h ec ombinateiffoenc ted mechanivsitei8wc . I ti sp erhamposr ea ccurtatose a yt haitt byH obbeissa s yntheHsei msa.y o rm ayn otha veb eeanw are strengthae pnreedj udailcree aidney x isteFnocrei .ti sp robable thahte w asi,n f accto,m binitnwgoo pposterda ditiHoen wsa.s thawth atw asf oremoisnHt o bbesm'isn dw ast hev isionno,to f fulalwya rteh ahti tsh ought presaur papdoisbcaerlde awki talhl a newt ypoef p hilosooprhs yc ienbcuet,o f a univertsheai ts tradititohnoaulg hotrt, h ea bandonmoefnt th ep lanoen w hich nothibnugtb odiaensd t heaiirm lemsost ionTsh.ef ailoufrt eh e 'Platonainsdm' 'E picureahnaidsc ma'r rioend t heisre cular predominpahnitl osotprhaidci ctoiuonlb det racdeidr ecttotl hye struggle. difficulty witehv ewrthyei lceho lopghiycsaiilcs bs e seatn,dt he Hobbesa,sw elals h ism osti llustcroinotuesm porawraise s, suspicion arnoasturalel yq tuhiatotew, i ntgo s ociparle ssuorfe s overwhelomree dl atbeyda sensoef t hec omplete foafi lure variokuisn dtsh,em echanivsiteihwca dn evebre egni veanf air traditipohniallo soAp hgyl.a nactpe r eseanntd pcaosntt roversies chantcoes howi tvsi rtueBsu.t p recisHeloyb bewsa sp rimarily if sufficetdo c onvintchee mt hapth ilosopohrty h,e q uesfto r interesitnae dm echanisvtiiecwh ,e wasi nevitably led, as wisdom,h adn ots ucceeidnet dr ansforimtisneigln ftw oi sdom. mattesrtso otdo,t hen otioonfa dogmatpihci losobpahsyeo dn Thiosv erdturea nsformwaatsni oownt ob ee ffecteTdo.s ucceed extresmkee pticFiosrmh .eha d learnefdr omP latoorA ristotle wherter adihtaidof na iloendeh, a st os tawritt rhe flecotnit ohnes that theu nivehrasset hec haracatsecrr itboeid t b yD emo­ if conditiwohnisc hha vet ob efulfil l edif wisdoims t ob ecome critean-Epipchuyrseiacinst e, x cludtehsep ossibiolfia tnyy actuoanle:h ast os tawritt rhe flecotnit ohnresi gmhetth od.T he physicosfa,·n ys cienocre,,i no thewro rdst,ha tc onsistent purpoosfet hesree flectwiaosnt sog uarantteheea ctualizoaft ion materialisnme cessacrulminaitleys ins kepticis.m '.S cientific wisdom. 6LtviathanX,L VI( p4.3 8)E;. W.V IIp,. 3 46. Ss7CpE oilmneopmzaearnE,ept .sHd ,oeA bdpb.pae,ens nd'Id s,i1 x3a.,wsg iertce4hth.e; e Dm teeCh nesitiv osEefp D, .e d secda.Levr;it firsaetts' haMsneX ,dI (i pt.6a 8t))io ;n . cf. EthiIc,s ,