Table Of Content

History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc4.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library First Published: 1882 Source: Electronic Bible Society Date Created: 2002-11-27 Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber) Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. Table of Contents About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. ii History of the Christian Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 The Middle Age. Limits and General Character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 4 The Nations of Mediaeval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 5 Genius of Mediaeval Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 7 Periods of the Middle Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 9 Conversion Of The Northern And Western Barbarians. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10 Character of Mediaeval Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 11 The Britons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 13 The Anglo-Saxons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 16 The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a.d. 595-604. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 18 Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 21 Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 22 Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede. . . . . . . . . . p. 23 The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 26 The Irish Church after St. Patrick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 33 Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 36 The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern. . . . . . . . . p. 38 St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 40 The Culdees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 44 Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 45 Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes. . . . . . p. 47 Conversion of Clovis and the Franks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 49 Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent. . . . . . . . . . p. 51 German Missionaries before Boniface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 54 Boniface, the Apostle of Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 56 The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 60 iii History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand, and the Gospel-Harmony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 62 Scandinavian Heathenism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 64 The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 66 The Christianization of Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 70 The Christianization of Norway and Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 72 General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 74 Christian Missions among the Wends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 75 Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 76 The Conversion of the Bulgarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 79 The Conversion of the Magyars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 80 The Christianization of Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 82 Mohammedanism In Its Relation To Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84 Statistics and Chronological Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 88 Position of Mohammedanism in Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 90 The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 93 Life and Character of Mohammed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 96 The Conquests of Islâm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 101 The Koran, and the Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 103 The Mohammedan Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 109 Mohammedan Worship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 112 Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism. . . . p. 115 The Papal Hierarchy And The Holy Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 120 General Literature on the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 120 Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from Gregory I. to Leo XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 121 Gregory the Great. a.d. 590-604. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 136 Gregory and the Universal Episcopate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 141 The Writings of Gregory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 145 The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II a.d. 604-715. . . . . . . . . . . p. 147 From Gregory II to Zacharias. a.d. 715-741. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 148 Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. A.d. 741-755. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 149 Charles the Great. a.d. 768-814. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 151 Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a.d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 159 Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 162 iv History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I a.d. 814-858). Note on the Myth of the Papess Joan. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 167 The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 169 Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 173 Hadrian II. and John VIII a.d. 867 to 882. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 175 The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 176 The Interference of Otho the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 181 The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a.d. 97-1046. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 184 Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a.d. 1046. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 188 The Conflict Of The Eastern And Western Churches And Their Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190 Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190 The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 191 The Causes of Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 193 The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 195 Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 198 Fruitless Attempts at Reunion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 200 Morals And Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 202 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 202 General Character of Mediaeval Morals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 203 Clerical Morals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 205 Domestic Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 207 Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 208 Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 210 The Ordeal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 212 The Torture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 215 Christian Charity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 219 Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224 Use of Convents in the Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224 St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 225 The Convent of Cluny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 227 Church Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 228 The Penitential Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 228 Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict. . . p. 232 Penance and Indulgence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 234 Church And State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 237 Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 237 v History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Roman Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 238 The Capitularies of Charlemagne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 240 English Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 241 Worship And Ceremonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 243 The Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 243 The Sermon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 245 Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 246 Latin Hymnody. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 256 Latin Hymns and Hymnists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 259 The Seven Sacraments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 273 The Organ and the Bell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 274 The Worship of Saints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 276 The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories. . . . . . . . . . . p. 279 The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 283 The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 286 Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a.d. 842. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 288 The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship. . . . . p. 289 Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin. . . . p. 292 Doctrinal Controversies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295 General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295 The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295 The Arguments for and against the Filioque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 300 The Monotheletic Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 303 The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 304 History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 306 The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a.d. 680. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 308 The Heresy of Honorius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 310 Concilium Quinisextum. a.d. 692. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 314 Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 315 The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 316 History of Adoptionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 317 Doctrine of Adoptionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 320 The Predestinarian Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 322 Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 324 Gottschalk and Hincmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 326 The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of Semi-Augustinianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 327 The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 332 vi History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 335 The Two Theories of the Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 336 The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 337 The Theory of Ratramnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 338 The Berengar Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 341 Berengar's Theory of the Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 348 Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 349 Heretical Sects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 354 The Paulicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 354 The Euchites and other Sects in the East. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 357 The New Manichaeans in the West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 358 The State Of Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 359 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 360 Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 361 Learning in the Eastern Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 362 Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings. . . . . . . . . . p. 364 Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 370 Educational Efforts of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 372 Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald. . . . . p. 378 Alfred the Great, and Education in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 380 Biographical Sketches Of Ecclesiastical Writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 381 Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 381 St. Maximus Confessor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 384 John of Damascus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 386 Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 392 Simeon Metaphrastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 395 Oecumenius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396 Theophylact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396 Michael Psellus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 398 Euthymius Zigabenus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 399 Eustathius of Thessalonica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 400 Nicetas Acominatos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 402 Cassiodorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 402 St. Gregory of Tours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 405 St. Isidore of Seville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 407 The Venerable Bede (Baeda). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 412 Paul the Deacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 416 St. Paulinus of Aquileia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 418 Alcuin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 420 vii History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. St. Liudger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 425 Theodulph of Orleans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 427 St. Eigil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 429 Amalarius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 430 Einhard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 432 Smaragdus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 435 Jonas of Orleans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 436 Rabanus Maurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 437 Haymo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 446 Walahfrid Strabo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 447 Florus Magister, of Lyons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 449 Servatus Lupus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 450 Druthmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 453 St. Paschasius Radbertus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 454 Patramnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 457 Hincmar of Rheims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 460 Johannes Scotus Erigena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 466 Anastasius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 474 Ratherius of Verona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 475 Gerbert (Sylvester II.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 476 Fulbert of Chartres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 479 Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 481 St. Peter Damiani. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 482 Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 486 Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 486 Greek Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 487 Hebrew Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 500 German Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 500 French Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 506 viii Hist of Christ'n Church 4 Philip Schaff HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH1 by PHILIP SCHAFF Christianus sum.                   Christiani nihil a me alienum puto VOLUME IV. MEDIAEVAL CHRISTIAINITY From Gregory I to Gregory VII A.D. 590–1073 HISTORY of MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY FROM a. d. 590 TO 1517. CHAPTER I. General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History. § 1. Sources and Literature. August Potthast: Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aoevi. Wegweiser durch die Geschichtswerke des Europäischen Mittelalters von 375–1500. Berlin, 1862. Supplement, 1868. The mediaeval literature embraces four distinct branches; 1. The Romano-Germanic or Western Christian; 2. The Graeco-Byzantine or Eastern Christian; 3. The Talmudic and Rabbinical; 4. The Arabic and Mohammedan. We notice here only the first and second; the other two will be mentioned in subdivisions as far as they are connected with church history. The Christian literature consists partly of documentary sources, partly of historical works. We confine ourselves here to the most important works of a more general character. Books referring to particular countries and sections of church history will be noticed in the progress of the narrative. I. Documentary Sources. They are mostly in Latin—the official language of the Western Church,—and in Greek,—the official language of the Eastern Church. (1) For the history of missions: the letters and biographies of missionaries. (2) For church polity and government: the official letters of popes, patriarchs, and bishops. The documents of the papal court embrace (a) Regesta (registra), the transactions of the various branches of the papal government from a.d. 1198–1572, deposited in the Vatican library, and difficult of access. (b) Epistolae decretales, which constitute the basis of the Corpus juris canonici, brought to a close in 1313. (c) The bulls (bulla, a seal or stamp of globular form, though some derive it from boulhv, will, decree) and briefs (breve, a short, concise 1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. This material has been carefully compared, corrected¸ and emended (according to the 1910 edition of Charles Scribner's Sons) by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998. Hist of Christ'n Church 4 Philip Schaff summary), i.e., the official letters since the conclusion of the Canon law. They are of equal authority, but the bulls differ from the briefs by their more solemn form. The bulls are written on parchment, and sealed with a seal of lead or gold, which is stamped on one side with the effigies of Peter and Paul, and on the other with the name of the reigning pope, and attached to the instrument by a string; while the briefs are written on paper, sealed with red wax, and impressed with the seal of the fisherman or Peter in a boat. (3) For the history of Christian life: the biographies of saints, the disciplinary canons of synods, the ascetic literature. (4) For worship and ceremonies: liturgies, hymns, homilies, works of architecture sculpture, painting, poetry, music. The Gothic cathedrals are as striking embodiments of mediaeval Christianity as the Egyptian pyramids are of the civilization of the Pharaohs. (5) For theology and Christian learning: the works of the later fathers (beginning with Gregory I.), schoolmen, mystics, and the forerunners of the Reformation. II. Documentary Collections. Works of Mediaeval Writers. (1) For the Oriental Church. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, opera Niebuhrii, Bekkeri, et al. Bonnae, 1828–’78, 50 vols. 8vo. Contains a complete history of the East-Roman Empire from the sixth century to its fall. The chief writers are Zonaras, from the Creation to a.d. 1118; Nicetas, from 1118 to 1206; Gregoras, from 1204 to 1359; Laonicus, from 1298 to 1463; Ducas, from 1341 to 1462; Phrantzes, from 1401 to 1477. J. A. Fabricius (d. 1736): Bibliotheca Graeca sive Notitia Scriptorum veterum Graecorum, 4th ed., by G. Chr. Harless, with additions. Hamburg, 1790–1811, 12 vols. A supplement by S. F. W. Hoffmann: Bibliographisches Lexicon der gesammten Literatur der Griechen. Leipzig, 1838–’45, 3 vols. (2) For the Westem Church. Bibliotheca Maxima Patrum. Lugduni, 1677, 27 vols. fol. Martene (d. 1739) and Durand (d. 1773): Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novus, seu Collectio Monumentorum, etc. Paris, 1717, 5 vols. fol. By the same: Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Collectio ampliss. Paris, 1724–’38, 9 vols. fol. J. A. Fabricius: Bibliotheca Latina Mediae et Infimae AEtatis. Hamb. 1734, and with supplem. 1754, 6 vols. 4to. Abbé Migne: Patralogiae Cursus Completus, sive Bibliotheca Universalis ... Patrum, etc. Paris, 1844–’66. The Latin series (1844–’55) has 221 vols. (4 vols. indices); the Greek series (1857–66) has 166 vols. The Latin series, from tom. 80–217, contains the writers from Gregory the Great to Innocent III. Reprints of older editions, and most valuable for completeness and convenience, though lacking in critical accuracy. Abbé Horay: Medii AEvi Bibliotheca Patristica ab anno MCCXVI usque ad Concilii Tridentini Tempora. Paris, 1879 sqq. A continuation of Migne in the same style. The first 4 vols. contain the Opera Honori III. Joan. Domin. Mansi (archbishop of Lucca, d. 1769): Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio. Florence and Venice 1759–1798, 31 vols. fol. The best collection down to 1509. A new ed. (facsimile) publ. by Victor Palmé, Paris and Berlin 1884 sqq. Earlier collections of Councils by Labbé and Cossart (1671–72, 18 vols), Colet (with the supplements of Mansi, 1728–52, 29 vols. fol.), and Hardouin (1715, 12 vols. fol.). 2

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History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc4.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library First Published: 1882 Source: Electronic Bible Society Date Created: 2002-11-27 Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber) Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. Table of Contents About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. ii History of the Christian Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 The Middle Age. Limits and General Character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 4 The Nations of Mediaeval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 5 Genius of Mediaeval Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 7 Periods of the Middle Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 9 Conversion Of The Northern And Western Barbarians. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10 Character of Mediaeval Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 11 The Britons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 13 The Anglo-Saxons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 16 The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a.d. 595-604. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 18 Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 21 Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 22 Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede. . . . . . . . . . p. 23 The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 26 The Irish Church after St. Patrick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 33 Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 36 The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern. . . . . . . . . p. 38 St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 40 The Culdees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 44 Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 45 Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes. . . . . . p. 47 Conversion of Clovis and the Franks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 49 Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent. . . . . . . . . . p. 51 German Missionaries before Boniface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 54 Boniface, the Apostle of Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 56 The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 60 iii History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand, and the Gospel-Harmony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 62 Scandinavian Heathenism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 64 The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 66 The Christianization of Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 70 The Christianization of Norway and Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 72 General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 74 Christian Missions among the Wends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 75 Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 76 The Conversion of the Bulgarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 79 The Conversion of the Magyars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 80 The Christianization of Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 82 Mohammedanism In Its Relation To Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84 Statistics and Chronological Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 88 Position of Mohammedanism in Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 90 The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 93 Life and Character of Mohammed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 96 The Conquests of Islâm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 101 The Koran, and the Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 103 The Mohammedan Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 109 Mohammedan Worship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 112 Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism. . . . p. 115 The Papal Hierarchy And The Holy Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 120 General Literature on the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 120 Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from Gregory I. to Leo XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 121 Gregory the Great. a.d. 590-604. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 136 Gregory and the Universal Episcopate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 141 The Writings of Gregory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 145 The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II a.d. 604-715. . . . . . . . . . . p. 147 From Gregory II to Zacharias. a.d. 715-741. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 148 Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. A.d. 741-755. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 149 Charles the Great. a.d. 768-814. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 151 Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a.d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 159 Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 162 iv History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I a.d. 814-858). Note on the Myth of the Papess Joan. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 167 The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 169 Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 173 Hadrian II. and John VIII a.d. 867 to 882. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 175 The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 176 The Interference of Otho the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 181 The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a.d. 97-1046. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 184 Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a.d. 1046. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 188 The Conflict Of The Eastern And Western Churches And Their Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190 Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190 The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 191 The Causes of Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 193 The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 195 Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 198 Fruitless Attempts at Reunion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 200 Morals And Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 202 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 202 General Character of Mediaeval Morals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 203 Clerical Morals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 205 Domestic Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 207 Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 208 Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 210 The Ordeal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 212 The Torture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 215 Christian Charity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 219 Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224 Use of Convents in the Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224 St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 225 The Convent of Cluny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 227 Church Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 228 The Penitential Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 228 Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict. . . p. 232 Penance and Indulgence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 234 Church And State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 237 Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 237 v History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Roman Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 238 The Capitularies of Charlemagne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 240 English Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 241 Worship And Ceremonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 243 The Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 243 The Sermon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 245 Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 246 Latin Hymnody. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 256 Latin Hymns and Hymnists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 259 The Seven Sacraments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 273 The Organ and the Bell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 274 The Worship of Saints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 276 The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories. . . . . . . . . . . p. 279 The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 283 The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 286 Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a.d. 842. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 288 The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship. . . . . p. 289 Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin. . . . p. 292 Doctrinal Controversies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295 General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295 The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 295 The Arguments for and against the Filioque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 300 The Monotheletic Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 303 The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 304 History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 306 The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a.d. 680. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 308 The Heresy of Honorius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 310 Concilium Quinisextum. a.d. 692. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 314 Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 315 The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 316 History of Adoptionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 317 Doctrine of Adoptionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 320 The Predestinarian Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 322 Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 324 Gottschalk and Hincmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 326 The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of Semi-Augustinianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 327 The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 332 vi History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 335 The Two Theories of the Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 336 The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 337 The Theory of Ratramnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 338 The Berengar Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 341 Berengar's Theory of the Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 348 Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 349 Heretical Sects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 354 The Paulicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 354 The Euchites and other Sects in the East. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 357 The New Manichaeans in the West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 358 The State Of Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 359 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 360 Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 361 Learning in the Eastern Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 362 Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings. . . . . . . . . . p. 364 Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 370 Educational Efforts of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 372 Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald. . . . . p. 378 Alfred the Great, and Education in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 380 Biographical Sketches Of Ecclesiastical Writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 381 Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 381 St. Maximus Confessor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 384 John of Damascus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 386 Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 392 Simeon Metaphrastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 395 Oecumenius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396 Theophylact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396 Michael Psellus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 398 Euthymius Zigabenus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 399 Eustathius of Thessalonica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 400 Nicetas Acominatos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 402 Cassiodorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 402 St. Gregory of Tours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 405 St. Isidore of Seville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 407 The Venerable Bede (Baeda). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 412 Paul the Deacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 416 St. Paulinus of Aquileia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 418 Alcuin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 420 vii History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. St. Liudger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 425 Theodulph of Orleans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 427 St. Eigil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 429 Amalarius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 430 Einhard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 432 Smaragdus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 435 Jonas of Orleans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 436 Rabanus Maurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 437 Haymo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 446 Walahfrid Strabo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 447 Florus Magister, of Lyons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 449 Servatus Lupus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 450 Druthmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 453 St. Paschasius Radbertus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 454 Patramnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 457 Hincmar of Rheims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 460 Johannes Scotus Erigena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 466 Anastasius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 474 Ratherius of Verona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 475 Gerbert (Sylvester II.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 476 Fulbert of Chartres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 479 Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 481 St. Peter Damiani. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 482 Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 486 Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 486 Greek Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 487 Hebrew Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 500 German Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 500 French Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 506 viii Hist of Christ'n Church 4 Philip Schaff HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH1 by PHILIP SCHAFF Christianus sum.                   Christiani nihil a me alienum puto VOLUME IV. MEDIAEVAL CHRISTIAINITY From Gregory I to Gregory VII A.D. 590–1073 HISTORY of MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY FROM a. d. 590 TO 1517. CHAPTER I. General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History. § 1. Sources and Literature. August Potthast: Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aoevi. Wegweiser durch die Geschichtswerke des Europäischen Mittelalters von 375–1500. Berlin, 1862. Supplement, 1868. The mediaeval literature embraces four distinct branches; 1. The Romano-Germanic or Western Christian; 2. The Graeco-Byzantine or Eastern Christian; 3. The Talmudic and Rabbinical; 4. The Arabic and Mohammedan. We notice here only the first and second; the other two will be mentioned in subdivisions as far as they are connected with church history. The Christian literature consists partly of documentary sources, partly of historical works. We confine ourselves here to the most important works of a more general character. Books referring to particular countries and sections of church history will be noticed in the progress of the narrative. I. Documentary Sources. They are mostly in Latin—the official language of the Western Church,—and in Greek,—the official language of the Eastern Church. (1) For the history of missions: the letters and biographies of missionaries. (2) For church polity and government: the official letters of popes, patriarchs, and bishops. The documents of the papal court embrace (a) Regesta (registra), the transactions of the various branches of the papal government from a.d. 1198–1572, deposited in the Vatican library, and difficult of access. (b) Epistolae decretales, which constitute the basis of the Corpus juris canonici, brought to a close in 1313. (c) The bulls (bulla, a seal or stamp of globular form, though some derive it from boulhv, will, decree) and briefs (breve, a short, concise 1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. This material has been carefully compared, corrected¸ and emended (according to the 1910 edition of Charles Scribner's Sons) by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998. Hist of Christ'n Church 4 Philip Schaff summary), i.e., the official letters since the conclusion of the Canon law. They are of equal authority, but the bulls differ from the briefs by their more solemn form. The bulls are written on parchment, and sealed with a seal of lead or gold, which is stamped on one side with the effigies of Peter and Paul, and on the other with the name of the reigning pope, and attached to the instrument by a string; while the briefs are written on paper, sealed with red wax, and impressed with the seal of the fisherman or Peter in a boat. (3) For the history of Christian life: the biographies of saints, the disciplinary canons of synods, the ascetic literature. (4) For worship and ceremonies: liturgies, hymns, homilies, works of architecture sculpture, painting, poetry, music. The Gothic cathedrals are as striking embodiments of mediaeval Christianity as the Egyptian pyramids are of the civilization of the Pharaohs. (5) For theology and Christian learning: the works of the later fathers (beginning with Gregory I.), schoolmen, mystics, and the forerunners of the Reformation. II. Documentary Collections. Works of Mediaeval Writers. (1) For the Oriental Church. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, opera Niebuhrii, Bekkeri, et al. Bonnae, 1828–’78, 50 vols. 8vo. Contains a complete history of the East-Roman Empire from the sixth century to its fall. The chief writers are Zonaras, from the Creation to a.d. 1118; Nicetas, from 1118 to 1206; Gregoras, from 1204 to 1359; Laonicus, from 1298 to 1463; Ducas, from 1341 to 1462; Phrantzes, from 1401 to 1477. J. A. Fabricius (d. 1736): Bibliotheca Graeca sive Notitia Scriptorum veterum Graecorum, 4th ed., by G. Chr. Harless, with additions. Hamburg, 1790–1811, 12 vols. A supplement by S. F. W. Hoffmann: Bibliographisches Lexicon der gesammten Literatur der Griechen. Leipzig, 1838–’45, 3 vols. (2) For the Westem Church. Bibliotheca Maxima Patrum. Lugduni, 1677, 27 vols. fol. Martene (d. 1739) and Durand (d. 1773): Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novus, seu Collectio Monumentorum, etc. Paris, 1717, 5 vols. fol. By the same: Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Collectio ampliss. Paris, 1724–’38, 9 vols. fol. J. A. Fabricius: Bibliotheca Latina Mediae et Infimae AEtatis. Hamb. 1734, and with supplem. 1754, 6 vols. 4to. Abbé Migne: Patralogiae Cursus Completus, sive Bibliotheca Universalis ... Patrum, etc. Paris, 1844–’66. The Latin series (1844–’55) has 221 vols. (4 vols. indices); the Greek series (1857–66) has 166 vols. The Latin series, from tom. 80–217, contains the writers from Gregory the Great to Innocent III. Reprints of older editions, and most valuable for completeness and convenience, though lacking in critical accuracy. Abbé Horay: Medii AEvi Bibliotheca Patristica ab anno MCCXVI usque ad Concilii Tridentini Tempora. Paris, 1879 sqq. A continuation of Migne in the same style. The first 4 vols. contain the Opera Honori III. Joan. Domin. Mansi (archbishop of Lucca, d. 1769): Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio. Florence and Venice 1759–1798, 31 vols. fol. The best collection down to 1509. A new ed. (facsimile) publ. by Victor Palmé, Paris and Berlin 1884 sqq. Earlier collections of Councils by Labbé and Cossart (1671–72, 18 vols), Colet (with the supplements of Mansi, 1728–52, 29 vols. fol.), and Hardouin (1715, 12 vols. fol.). 2

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