History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. A.D. 1-100. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. A.D. 1-100. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. A.D. 1-100. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc1.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: CCEL First Published: 1882 Print Basis: Revised edition Rights: Public Domain Date Created: 2002-11-26 Contributor(s): Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 1882-1910 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Philip Schaff Christianity. A.D. 1-100. Table of Contents About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. ii History of the Christian Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 Preface to the Revised Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 From the Preface to the First Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 2 Preface to the Third Revision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 3 Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 4 Addenda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 4 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 6 Nature of Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 7 Branches of Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10 Sources of Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 12 Periods of Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 13 Uses of Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 17 Duty of the Historian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 18 Literature of Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 21 Preparation for Christianity in the History of the Jewish. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 36 Central Position of Christ in the History of the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 37 Judaism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 38 The Law, and the Prophecy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 43 Heathenism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 46 Grecian Literature, and the Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 49 Judaism and Heathenism in Contact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 54 Jesus Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 57 Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 57 The Founder of Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 64 Chronology of the Life of Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 71 The Land and the People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 85 Aprocyphal Traditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 100 The Resurrection of Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 107 The Apostolic Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 116 Sources and Literature of the Apostolic Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 116 The Critical Reconstruction of the History of the Apostolic Age. . . . . . p. 128 Chronology of the Apostolic Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 137 St. Peter and the Conversion of the Jews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 142 iii History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Philip Schaff Christianity. A.D. 1-100. The Miracle of Pentecost and the Birthday of the Christian Church. A.D. 30.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 142 The Church of Jerusalem and the Labors of Peter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 156 The Peter of History and the Peter of Fiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 161 James the Brother of the Lord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 167 Preparation for the Mission to the Gentiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 176 St. Paul and the Conversion of the Gentiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 177 Sources and Literature on St. Paul and his Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 177 Paul before his Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 181 The Conversion of Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 187 The Work of Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 198 Paul's Missionary Labors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 201 The Synod of Jerusalem, and the Compromise between Jewish and Gentile Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 208 The Conservative Reaction, and the Liberal Victory - Peter and Paul at Antioch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 219 Christianity in Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224 The Great Tribulation (Matt. 24:21). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 232 The Roman Conflagration and the Neronian Persecution. . . . . . . . . p. 232 The Jewish War and the Destruction of Jerusalem. A.D. 70. . . . . . . . p. 241 Effects of the Destruction of Jerusalem on the Christian Church. . . . . p. 247 St. John, and the Last Stadium of the Apostolic Period. The Consolidation of Jewish and Gentile Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 248 The Johannean Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 248 Life and Character of John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 252 Apostolic Labors of John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 259 Traditions Respecting John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 263 Christian Life in the Apostolic Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 264 The Power of Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 265 The Spiritual Gifts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 267 Christianity in Individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 270 Christianity and the Family. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 271 Christianity and Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 272 Christianity and Society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 274 Spiritual Condition of the Congregations.--The Seven Churches in Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 275 Worship in the Apostolic Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 278 The Synagogue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 278 Christian Worship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 281 The Several Parts of Worship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 282 iv History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Philip Schaff Christianity. A.D. 1-100. Baptism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 284 he Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 288 Sacred Places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 290 Sacred Times--The Lord's Day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 291 Organization of the Apostolic Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 294 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 294 The Christian Ministry, and its Relation to the Christian Community. . . . p. 296 Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 299 Presbyters or Bishops. The Angels of the Seven Churches. James of Jerusalem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 301 Deacons and Deaconesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 305 Church Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 306 The Council at Jerusalem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 307 The Church and the Kingdom of Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 309 Theology of the Apostolic Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 311 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 311 Unity of Apostolic Teaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 312 Different Types of Apostolic Teaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 315 The Jewish Christian Theology--I. James and the Gospel of Law. . . . . p. 316 II. Peter and the Gospel of Hope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 319 The Gentile Christian Theology. Paul and the Gospel of Faith. . . . . . p. 321 John and the Gospel of Love. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 335 Heretical Perversions of the Apostolic Teaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 345 The New Testament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 347 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 347 Rise of the Apostolic Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 348 Character of the New Testament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 350 Literature on the Gospels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 351 The Four Gospels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 354 The Synoptists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 363 Matthew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 376 Mark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 385 Luke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 397 John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 413 Critical Review of the Johannean Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 435 The Acts of the Apostles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 440 The Epistles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 449 The Catholic Epistles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 451 The Epistles of Pau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 455 The Epistles to the Thessalonians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 458 v History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Philip Schaff Christianity. A.D. 1-100. The Epistles to the Corinthians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 460 The Epistles to the Galatians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 463 The Epistle to the Romans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 464 The Epistles of the Captivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 465 The Epistle to the Colossians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 467 The Epistle to the Ephesians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 471 Colossians and Ephesians Compared and Vindicated. . . . . . . . . . . p. 474 The Epistle to the Philippians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 478 The Epistle to Philemon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 480 The Pastoral Epistles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 483 The Epistle To The Hebrews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 489 The Apocalypse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 499 Concluding Reflections. Faith and Criticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 517 Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 524 Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 524 Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 525 Index of Citations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 532 Index of Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 537 Greek Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 543 Hebrew Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 570 German Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 572 French Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 591 vi History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. Philip Schaff A.D. 1-100. HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH1 by PHILIP SCHAFF Christianus sum. Christiani nihil a me alienum puto VOLUME I APOSTOLIC CHRISTIAINITY a.d. 1–100. ———— PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION As I appear before the public with a new edition of my Church History, I feel more than ever the difficulty and responsibility of a task which is well worthy to occupy the whole time and strength of a long life, and which carries in it its own rich reward. The true historian of Christianity is yet to come. But short as I have fallen of my own ideal, I have done my best, and shall rejoice if my efforts stimulate others to better and more enduring work. History should be written from the original sources of friend and foe, in the spirit of truth and love, "sine ira et studio," "with malice towards none, and charity for all," in clear, fresh, vigorous style, under the guidance of the twin parables of the mustard seed and leaven, as a book of life for instruction, correction, encouragement, as the best exposition and vindication of Christianity. The great and good Neander, "the father of Church History"—first an Israelite without guile hoping for the Messiah, then a Platonist longing for the realization of his ideal of righteousness, last a Christian in head and heart—made such a history his life-work, but before reaching the Reformation he was interrupted by sickness, and said to his faithful sister: "Hannchen, I am weary; let us go home; good night!" And thus he fell gently asleep, like a child, to awake in the land where all problems of history are solved. When, after a long interruption caused by a change of professional duties and literary labors, I returned to the favorite studies of my youth, I felt the necessity, before continuing the History to more recent times, of subjecting the first volume to a thorough revision, in order to bring it up to the present state of investigation. We live in a restless and stirring age of discovery, criticism, and reconstruction. During the thirty years which have elapsed since the publication of my separate "History of the Apostolic Church," there has been an incessant activity in this field, not only in Germany, the great workshop of critical research, but in all other Protestant countries. Almost every inch of ground has been disputed and defended with a degree of learning, acumen, and skill such as were never spent before on the solution of historical problems. In this process of reconstruction the first volume has been more than doubled in size and grown into two volumes. The first embraces Apostolic, the second post-Apostolic or ante-Nicene Christianity. The first volume is larger than my separate "History of the Apostolic Church," but differs from it in that it is chiefly devoted to the theology and literature, the other to the mission 1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. This material has been carefully compared, corrected¸ and emended (according to the 1910 edition of Charles Scribner's Sons) by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998. History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. Philip Schaff A.D. 1-100. work and spiritual life of that period. I have studiously avoided repetition and seldom looked into the older book. On two points I have changed my opinion—the second Roman captivity of Paul (which I am disposed to admit in the interest of the Pastoral Epistles), and the date of the Apocalypse (which I now assign, with the majority of modern critics, to the year 68 or 69 instead of 95, as before).2 I express my deep obligation to my friend, Dr. Ezra Abbot, a scholar of rare learning and microscopic accuracy, for his kind and valuable assistance in reading the proof and suggesting improvements. The second volume, likewise thoroughly revised and partly rewritten, is in the hands of the printer; the third requires a few changes. Two new volumes, one on the History of Mediaeval Christianity, and one on the Reformation (to the Westphalian Treaty and the Westminster Assembly, 1648), are in an advanced stage of preparation. May the work in this remodelled shape find as kind and indulgent readers as when it first appeared. My highest ambition in this sceptical age is to strengthen the immovable historical foundations of Christianity and its victory over the world. Philip Schaff Union Theological Seminary, New York, October,1882 FROM THE PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ——————————— Encouraged by the favorable reception of my "History of the Apostolic Church," I now offer to the public a History of the Primitive Church from the birth of Christ to the reign of Constantine, as an independent and complete work in itself, and at the same time as the first volume of a general history of Christianity, which I hope, with the help of God, to bring down to the present age. The church of the first three centuries, or the ante-Nicene age, possesses a peculiar interest for Christians of all denominations, and has often been separately treated, by Eusebius, Mosheim, Milman, Kaye, Baur, Hagenbach, and other distinguished historians. It is the daughter of Apostolic Christianity, which itself constitutes the first and by far the most important chapter in its history, and the common mother of Catholicism and Protestantism, though materially differing from both. It presents a state of primitive simplicity and purity unsullied by contact with the secular power, but with this also, the fundamental forms of heresy and corruption, which reappear from time to time under new names and aspects, but must serve, in the overruling providence of God, to promote the cause of truth and righteousness. It is the heroic age of the church, and unfolds before us the 2 My "History of the Apostolic Church" (which bears a relation to my "History of the Christian Church," similar to that which Neander’s "History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles" bears to his "General History of the Christian Religion and Church") appeared in German at Mercersburg, Pa., 1851, then in a revised edition, Leipzig, 1854, in an English translation by the late Dr. Yeomans, New York, 1853, at Edinburg, 1854 (in 2 vols.), and several times since without change. Should there be a demand for a new edition, I intend to make a number of improvements, which are ready in manuscript, especially in the General Introduction, which covers 134 pages. The first volume of my Church History (from A. D. 1 to 311) was first published in New York, 1858, (and in German at Leipzig, 1867); but when I began the revision, I withdrew it from sale. The Apostolic age there occupies only 140, the whole volume 535 pages. 2 History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. Philip Schaff A.D. 1-100. sublime spectacle of our holy religion in intellectual and moral conflict with the combined superstition, policy, and wisdom of ancient Judaism and Paganism; yet growing in persecution, conquering in death, and amidst the severest trials giving birth to principles and institutions which, in more matured form, still control the greater part of Christendom. Without the least disposition to detract from the merits of my numerous predecessors, to several of whom I feel deeply indebted, I have reason to hope that this new attempt at a historical reproduction of ancient Christianity will meet a want in our theological literature and commend itself, both by its spirit and method, and by presenting with the author’s own labors the results of the latest German and English research, to the respectful attention of the American student. Having no sectarian ends to serve, I have confined myself to the duty of a witness—to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth; always remembering, however, that history has a soul as well as a body, and that the ruling ideas and general principles must be represented no less than the outward facts and dates. A church history without the life of Christ glowing through its pages could give us at best only the picture of a temple stately and imposing from without, but vacant and dreary within, a mummy in praying posture perhaps and covered with trophies, but withered and unclean: such a history is not worth the trouble of writing or reading. Let the dead bury their dead; we prefer to live among the living, and to record the immortal thoughts and deeds of Christ in and through his people, rather than dwell upon the outer hulls, the trifling accidents and temporary scaffolding of history, or give too much prominence to Satan and his infernal tribe, whose works Christ came to destroy. The account of the apostolic period, which forms the divine-human basis of the whole structure of history, or the ever-living fountain of the unbroken stream of the church, is here necessarily short and not intended to supersede my larger work, although it presents more than a mere summary of it, and views the subject in part under new aspects. For the history of the second period, which constitutes the body of this volume, large use has been made of the new sources of information recently brought to light, such as the Syriac and Armenian Ignatius, and especially the Philosophoumena of Hippolytus. The bold and searching criticism of modern German historians as applied to the apostolic and post-apostolic literature, though often arbitrary and untenable in its results, has nevertheless done good service by removing old prejudices, placing many things in a new light, and conducing to a comprehensive and organic view of the living process and gradual growth of ancient Christianity in its distinctive character, both in its unity with, and difference from, the preceding age of the apostles and the succeeding systems of Catholicism and Protestantism. And now I commit this work to the great Head of the church with the prayer that, under his blessing, it may aid in promoting a correct knowledge of his heavenly kingdom on earth, and in setting forth its history as a book if life, a storehouse of wisdom and piety, and surest test of his own promise to his people: "Lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world." P. S. Theological Seminary, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, November, 8, 1858 PREFACE TO THIRD REVISION ——————————— 3 History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. Philip Schaff A.D. 1-100. The continued demand for my Church History lays upon me the grateful duty of keeping it abreast of the times. I have, therefore, submitted this and the other volumes (especially the second) to another revision and brought the literature down to the latest date, as the reader will see by glancing at pages 2, 35, 45, 51–53, 193, 411, 484, 569, 570, etc. The changes have been effected by omissions and condensations, without enlarging the size. The second volume is now passing through the fifth edition, and the other volumes will follow rapidly. This is my last revision. If any further improvements should be necessary during my lifetime, I shall add them in a separate appendix. I feel under great obligation to the reading public which enables me to perfect my work. The interest in Church History is steadily increasing in our theological schools and among the rising generation of scholars, and promises good results for the advancement of our common Christianity. The Author New York, January, 1890. CONTENTS ADDENDA (Fifth Edition.) Since the third revision of this volume in 1889, the following works deserving notice have appeared till September, 1893. (P. S.) Page 2. After "Nirschl" add: E. Bernheim Lehrbuch der historischen Methode. Mit Nachweis der wichtigsten Quellen und Hilfsmittel zum Studium der Geschichte. Leipzig, 1889. Edward Bratke: Wegweiser zur Quellen- und Literaturkunde der Kirchengeschichte. Gotha, 1890 (282 pp.). Page 35, line 9: H. Brueck (Mainz, 5th ed., 1890). Page 45: Of the Church History of Kurtz (who died at Marburg, 1890), an 11th revised edition appeared in 1891. Wilhelm Moeller (d. at Kiel, 1891): Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte. Freiburg, 1891. 2 vols., down to the Reformation. Vol. III. to be added by Kawerau. Vol. I. translated by Rutherford. London, 1892. Karl Mueller (Professor in Breslau): Kirchengeschichte. Freiburg, 1892. A second volume will complete the work. An excellent manual from the school of Ritschl-Harnack. Harnack’s large Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte was completed in 1890 in 3 vols. Of his Grundriss, a 2d ed. appeared in 1893 (386 pp.); translated by Edwin K. Mitchell, of Hartford, Conn.: Outlines of the History of Dogma. New York, 1893. Friedrich Loofs (Professor of Church History in Halle, of the Ritschl-Harnack school): Leitfaden zum Studium der Dogmengeschichte. Halle, 1889; 3d ed., 1893. 4