History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc4.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library First Published: 1882 Source: Electronic Bible Society Date Created: 2002-11-27 Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber) Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. Table of Contents About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. ii History of the Christian Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 1 The Middle Age. Limits and General Character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 4 The Nations of Mediaeval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 5 Genius of Mediaeval Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 7 Periods of the Middle Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 9 Conversion Of The Northern And Western Barbarians. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10 Character of Mediaeval Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 10 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 11 The Britons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 13 The Anglo-Saxons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 16 The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a.d. 595-604. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 18 Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 21 Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 22 Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede. . . . . . . . . . p. 22 The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 26 The Irish Church after St. Patrick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 32 Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 36 The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern. . . . . . . . . p. 37 St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 39 The Culdees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 44 Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 45 Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes. . . . . . p. 47 Conversion of Clovis and the Franks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 48 Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent. . . . . . . . . . p. 51 German Missionaries before Boniface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 54 Boniface, the Apostle of Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 55 The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 60 iii History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand, and the Gospel-Harmony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 61 Scandinavian Heathenism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 64 The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 66 The Christianization of Sweden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 70 The Christianization of Norway and Iceland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 71 General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 73 Christian Missions among the Wends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 74 Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 76 The Conversion of the Bulgarians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 79 The Conversion of the Magyars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 80 The Christianization of Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 81 Mohammedanism In Its Relation To Christianity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 84 Statistics and Chronological Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 88 Position of Mohammedanism in Church History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 89 The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 92 Life and Character of Mohammed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 95 The Conquests of Islâm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 101 The Koran, and the Bible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 102 The Mohammedan Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 108 Mohammedan Worship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 112 Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism. . . . p. 114 The Papal Hierarchy And The Holy Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 119 General Literature on the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 119 Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from Gregory I. to Leo XIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 121 Gregory the Great. a.d. 590-604. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 135 Gregory and the Universal Episcopate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 140 The Writings of Gregory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 144 The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II a.d. 604-715. . . . . . . . . . . p. 146 From Gregory II to Zacharias. a.d. 715-741. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 147 Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. A.d. 741-755. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 148 Charles the Great. a.d. 768-814. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 150 Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a.d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 158 Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 162 iv History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I a.d. 814-858). Note on the Myth of the Papess Joan. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 166 The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 168 Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 172 Hadrian II. and John VIII a.d. 867 to 882. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 174 The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 175 The Interference of Otho the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 180 The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a.d. 97-1046. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 183 Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a.d. 1046. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 187 The Conflict Of The Eastern And Western Churches And Their Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 189 Sources and Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 189 The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 190 The Causes of Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 192 The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 194 Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius. . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 197 Fruitless Attempts at Reunion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 199 Morals And Religion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 201 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 201 General Character of Mediaeval Morals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 202 Clerical Morals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 204 Domestic Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 206 Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 207 Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 209 The Ordeal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 210 The Torture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 214 Christian Charity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 218 Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 223 Use of Convents in the Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 223 St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 224 The Convent of Cluny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 225 Church Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 227 The Penitential Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 227 Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict. . . p. 230 Penance and Indulgence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 233 Church And State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 236 Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 236 v History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Roman Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 237 The Capitularies of Charlemagne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 238 English Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 240 Worship And Ceremonies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 242 The Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 242 The Sermon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 243 Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 245 Latin Hymnody. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 254 Latin Hymns and Hymnists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 257 The Seven Sacraments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 271 The Organ and the Bell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 273 The Worship of Saints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 274 The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories. . . . . . . . . . . p. 277 The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 282 The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 284 Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a.d. 842. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 287 The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship. . . . . p. 288 Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin. . . . p. 290 Doctrinal Controversies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 293 General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 293 The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit. . . . . . . . . . . . p. 294 The Arguments for and against the Filioque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 298 The Monotheletic Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 301 The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 302 History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 304 The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a.d. 680. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 306 The Heresy of Honorius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 307 Concilium Quinisextum. a.d. 692. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 311 Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 313 The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 314 History of Adoptionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 315 Doctrine of Adoptionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 318 The Predestinarian Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 320 Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 322 Gottschalk and Hincmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 324 The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of Semi-Augustinianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 325 The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 330 vi History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 332 The Two Theories of the Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 333 The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 334 The Theory of Ratramnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 336 The Berengar Controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 339 Berengar's Theory of the Lord's Supper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 345 Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 347 Heretical Sects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 351 The Paulicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 351 The Euchites and other Sects in the East. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 354 The New Manichaeans in the West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 355 The State Of Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 357 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 357 Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 359 Learning in the Eastern Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 359 Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings. . . . . . . . . . p. 361 Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 368 Educational Efforts of the Church. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 369 Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald. . . . . p. 376 Alfred the Great, and Education in England. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 377 Biographical Sketches Of Ecclesiastical Writers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 379 Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the Twelfth Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 379 St. Maximus Confessor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 381 John of Damascus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 383 Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 389 Simeon Metaphrastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 392 Oecumenius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 393 Theophylact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 393 Michael Psellus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 394 Euthymius Zigabenus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396 Eustathius of Thessalonica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 396 Nicetas Acominatos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 398 Cassiodorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 399 St. Gregory of Tours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 402 St. Isidore of Seville. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 404 The Venerable Bede (Baeda). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 408 Paul the Deacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 412 St. Paulinus of Aquileia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 415 Alcuin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 417 vii History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Philip Schaff Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. St. Liudger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 421 Theodulph of Orleans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 423 St. Eigil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 426 Amalarius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 426 Einhard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 428 Smaragdus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 431 Jonas of Orleans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 432 Rabanus Maurus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 434 Haymo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 442 Walahfrid Strabo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 442 Florus Magister, of Lyons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 445 Servatus Lupus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 446 Druthmar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 448 St. Paschasius Radbertus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 449 Patramnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 452 Hincmar of Rheims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 455 Johannes Scotus Erigena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 461 Anastasius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 469 Ratherius of Verona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 470 Gerbert (Sylvester II.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 471 Fulbert of Chartres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 473 Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 475 St. Peter Damiani. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 476 Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 480 Index of Scripture References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 480 Greek Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 481 Latin Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 492 German Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 492 French Words and Phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. 498 viii History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Philip Schaff Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH1 by PHILIP SCHAFF Christianus sum.                   Christiani nihil a me alienum puto VOLUME IV. MEDIAEVAL CHRISTIAINITY From Gregory I to Gregory VII A.D. 590–1073 HISTORY of MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY FROM a. d. 590 TO 1517. CHAPTER I. General Introduction to Mediaeval Church History. § 1. Sources and Literature. August Potthast: Bibliotheca Historica Medii Aoevi. Wegweiser durch die Geschichtswerke des Europäischen Mittelalters von 375–1500. Berlin, 1862. Supplement, 1868. The mediaeval literature embraces four distinct branches; 1. The Romano-Germanic or Western Christian; 2. The Graeco-Byzantine or Eastern Christian; 3. The Talmudic and Rabbinical; 4. The Arabic and Mohammedan. We notice here only the first and second; the other two will be mentioned in subdivisions as far as they are connected with church history. The Christian literature consists partly of documentary sources, partly of historical works. We confine ourselves here to the most important works of a more general character. Books referring to particular countries and sections of church history will be noticed in the progress of the narrative. I. Documentary Sources. They are mostly in Latin—the official language of the Western Church,—and in Greek,—the official language of the Eastern Church. (1) For the history of missions: the letters and biographies of missionaries. (2) For church polity and government: the official letters of popes, patriarchs, and bishops. The documents of the papal court embrace (a) Regesta (registra), the transactions of the various branches of the papal government from a.d. 1198–1572, deposited in the Vatican library, and difficult of access. (b) Epistolae decretales, which constitute the basis of the Corpus juris canonici, brought to a close in 1313. (c) The bulls (bulla, a seal or stamp of globular form, though some derive it from boulhv, will, decree) and briefs (breve, a short, concise 1 Schaff, Philip, History of the Christian Church, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc.) 1997. This material has been carefully compared, corrected¸ and emended (according to the 1910 edition of Charles Scribner’s Sons) by The Electronic Bible Society, Dallas, TX, 1998. History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: Mediaeval Philip Schaff Christianity. A.D. 590-1073. summary), i.e., the official letters since the conclusion of the Canon law. They are of equal authority, but the bulls differ from the briefs by their more solemn form. The bulls are written on parchment, and sealed with a seal of lead or gold, which is stamped on one side with the effigies of Peter and Paul, and on the other with the name of the reigning pope, and attached to the instrument by a string; while the briefs are written on paper, sealed with red wax, and impressed with the seal of the fisherman or Peter in a boat. (3) For the history of Christian life: the biographies of saints, the disciplinary canons of synods, the ascetic literature. (4) For worship and ceremonies: liturgies, hymns, homilies, works of architecture sculpture, painting, poetry, music. The Gothic cathedrals are as striking embodiments of mediaeval Christianity as the Egyptian pyramids are of the civilization of the Pharaohs. (5) For theology and Christian learning: the works of the later fathers (beginning with Gregory I.), schoolmen, mystics, and the forerunners of the Reformation. II. Documentary Collections. Works of Mediaeval Writers. (1) For the Oriental Church. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, opera Niebuhrii, Bekkeri, et al. Bonnae, 1828–’78, 50 vols. 8vo. Contains a complete history of the East-Roman Empire from the sixth century to its fall. The chief writers are Zonaras, from the Creation to a.d. 1118; Nicetas, from 1118 to 1206; Gregoras, from 1204 to 1359; Laonicus, from 1298 to 1463; Ducas, from 1341 to 1462; Phrantzes, from 1401 to 1477. J. A. Fabricius (d. 1736): Bibliotheca Graeca sive Notitia Scriptorum veterum Graecorum, 4th ed., by G. Chr. Harless, with additions. Hamburg, 1790–1811, 12 vols. A supplement by S. F. W. Hoffmann: Bibliographisches Lexicon der gesammten Literatur der Griechen. Leipzig, 1838–’45, 3 vols. (2) For the Westem Church. Bibliotheca Maxima Patrum. Lugduni, 1677, 27 vols. fol. Martene (d. 1739) and Durand (d. 1773): Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novus, seu Collectio Monumentorum, etc. Paris, 1717, 5 vols. fol. By the same: Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Collectio ampliss. Paris, 1724–’38, 9 vols. fol. J. A. Fabricius: Bibliotheca Latina Mediae et Infimae AEtatis. Hamb. 1734, and with supplem. 1754, 6 vols. 4to. Abbé Migne: Patralogiae Cursus Completus, sive Bibliotheca Universalis ... Patrum, etc. Paris, 1844–’66. The Latin series (1844–’55) has 221 vols. (4 vols. indices); the Greek series (1857–66) has 166 vols. The Latin series, from tom. 80–217, contains the writers from Gregory the Great to Innocent III. Reprints of older editions, and most valuable for completeness and convenience, though lacking in critical accuracy. Abbé Horay: Medii AEvi Bibliotheca Patristica ab anno MCCXVI usque ad Concilii Tridentini Tempora. Paris, 1879 sqq. A continuation of Migne in the same style. The first 4 vols. contain the Opera Honori III. Joan. Domin. Mansi (archbishop of Lucca, d. 1769): Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio. Florence and Venice 1759–1798, 31 vols. fol. The best collection down to 1509. A new ed. (facsimile) publ. by Victor Palmé, Paris and Berlin 1884 sqq. Earlier collections of Councils by Labbé and Cossart (1671–72, 18 vols), Colet (with the supplements of Mansi, 1728–52, 29 vols. fol.), and Hardouin (1715, 12 vols. fol.). 2