d I 5 I History of Russian Un d e wva t e r Acoustics TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk History of rn ter Acoustics i Oleg A Godin University of Colorado. USA David R Palmer National Oceanic &Atmospheric Administration, USA r p World Scientific - - - - - NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BElJlNG SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS Copyright © 2008 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13 978-981-256-825-0 ISBN-10 981-256-825-5 Typeset by Stallion Press Email: [email protected] Printed in Singapore. YHwa - History of Russian.pmd 1 5/20/2008, 6:10 PM FA2 January14,2008 9:40 SPI-B440 HistoryofRussianUnderwaterAcoustics FM Preface to the English Edition Knowing the history of a scientific or engineering discipline is instru- mental to understand the state of the art, for putting current con- troversies,difficulties,andachievementsintoperspective,foravoiding repetition of past mistakes, and for chartering the course for future innovation. Becauseoftheconfrontationofandthefiercecompetitionbetween thesuperpowers,developmentofunderwateracoustics,andespecially its applications, in Russia and the Soviet Union took place largely iso- lated from similar work in the West. Many similar capabilities were achieved by the use of different technical means. Description of some ofthemajorRussianandSovietprogramsinunderwateracousticswere classifiedorotherwiseunavailableuntilrecently.Itislikelythatmaking a detailed historical review of Russian and Soviet efforts accessible to the underwater acoustics community at large will unearth promising ideas and approaches, which are not well known in the West and are worth pursuing using modern technologies. With the goals of providing a scholarly documentation of Soviet and Russian contributions to underwater acoustics and stimulating technical innovation as well as international cooperation in this field, weofferthereaderHistoryofRussianUnderwaterAcoustics.Thisbook describes, using first-person accounts, the history of the development in the Soviet Union and, before and after its existence, in Russia of an extremelyimportanttechnicalfieldandhowthathistorywasinfluenced bytheFirstandSecondWorldWarsandtheColdWar,bygovernment bureaucracy, in both positive and negative ways, by the economic col- lapse of the Soviet Union, and most importantly, by the dedicated efforts of vast numbers of individuals including some of the greatest scientific minds of the twentieth century. We feel it will make fasci- nating reading to engineers and scientists who were or are engaged in similar work in the West, to historians of the Cold War and of the Soviet Union, to acting and retired officers and enlisted men in the world’snavies,andtopresentdayresearcherswhomightbenefitfrom learning about Russian scientific contributions. v FA2 January14,2008 9:40 SPI-B440 HistoryofRussianUnderwaterAcoustics FM vi PrefacetotheEnglishEdition This book is an English version of A History of Russian Hydroa- coustics.Articles,Essays,andReminiscencespublishedinSt.Petersburg, Russia, in 1999. Consisting of a collection of more than 90 articles writtenbymorethan100authors,thebookwaspublishedinRussian to commemorate the 300th anniversary in 1998 of the Russian Navy. Preparation and production of the book was overseen by the Public Editorial Board, chaired by Dr. Yury A. Koryakin and composed of representativesofleadingRussianresearchanddevelopmentestablish- mentsinvolvedinunderwateracoustics.Publicationwassponsoredby acoustichardwaremanufacturesandanumberofresearchinstitutions. Themaindrivingforcebehindthebookwasitscompiler,distinguished veteran designer of stationary acoustic systems, Dr. Yakov S. Karlik. The book provides a monographic overview, unparalleled in its cover- ageoftheRussianandSovietresearchanddevelopmentinunderwater acoustics,includingprogramsthatapparentlyhavenotbeenpreviously discussedintheopenliterature.Theauthorswerestrategicallychosen to represent various research groups, design bureaus, manufactures, naval procurement units, civilian and naval institutions of high learn- ing,andotherorganizationsthatcontributedovertheyearstoshaping Russian underwater acoustics. As a result, the book provides a rather complete and fair, albeit a somewhat mosaic, picture of development of hydroacoustics in the Soviet Union and in Russia. With numerous short, self-contained articles the authors and the book compiler have managed to convey a wealth of historic and technical material with a tremendousamountofdetailinaformeasilyaccessibletothelayreader while being captivating and educating for the experts. The Russian book emphasized hardware development and their naval applications (see Preface to the Russian edition). This emphasis is reflected in the book’s title. The Russian counterpart of the term hydroacoustics designates an engineering discipline, whereas under- water acoustics usually designates a physical science. To broaden the coverage, to provide scientific foundation for the engineering work, andtomakethetranslatedbookofinteresttoawideraudience,anew chapter,ThePhysicsofUnderwaterSound,whichcomprisesthreeexten- sive review articles on the science of underwater acoustics, is included FA2 January14,2008 9:40 SPI-B440 HistoryofRussianUnderwaterAcoustics FM PrefacetotheEnglishEdition vii in the English edition. Review articles on the Soviet and Russian con- tributions to the theory and physical understanding of acoustic wave propagation, underwater sound scattering and acoustic signal fluctua- tions, and ambient noise in the ocean were written specifically for this bookbyleadingRussianexpertsintherespectivefields,Drs.ValeryV. Goncharov,EduardP.Gulin,BorisF.Kuryanov,andYuryP.Lysanov. Another addition to the English edition is an article by Dr. Nikolay A. Dubrovsky on dolphin acoustics; an important subject not covered in the Russian edition. Dr. Dubrovsky’s article was translated from a manuscript originally written for a compilation dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the N. N. Andreyev Acoustical Institute in Moscow. On the other hand, about 10% of the material in AHistoryofRussian Hydroacoustics.Articles,Essays,andReminiscences,ofmostlyapersonal and biographical nature, was deemed of lesser general interest and is not included in the English edition. TheideaforpublicationinEnglishofahistoricaloverviewofRus- sianandSovietresearchanddevelopmentinunderwateracousticsorig- inatedwithaconversationoneofus(OAG)hadwithDr.JeffreySim- men,thenoftheUSOfficeofNavalResearch(ONR),onthesidelines of the Ninth L. M. Brekhovskikh Conference on Ocean Acoustics in Moscow,Russia,inMay2002.Dr.Simmenexpressedadesiretocom- plement an ONR-sponsored series of monographs summarizing US research in underwater acoustics with an authoritative account of the work done on the other side of the great Cold War divide. Since the end of the Cold War also marked the end of an era in underwater acoustics, it seemed desirable to produce a timely historical summary of the travails and accomplishments of the era while those who made the history were still available to give first-hand accounts. Preparationofthisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthe encouragementandsupportofDrs.SimmenandEllenLivingston,who succeeded him as the manager of ONR’s Ocean Acoustics Program. We are indebted to Drs. Igor N. Didenkulov and Yakov S. Karlik for theiradviceandhelpinpreparationoftheRussiantextfortranslation. Josephine C. Novosel, Rita Lombardi, and Igor N. Didenkulov were instrumental in administering the translation project. We are grateful toVladimirN.Mironov,VasilyV.Shushunov,AnnaKhachatryan,and FA2 January14,2008 9:40 SPI-B440 HistoryofRussianUnderwaterAcoustics FM viii PrefacetotheEnglishEdition especiallyElizavetaV.BugrovaandNataliaK.Akopianfortranslational and editorial support. Oleg A. Godin David R. Palmer Cooperative Institute for National Oceanic and Research in Environmental Atmospheric Administration, Sciences, University of Colorado Atlantic Oceanographic and and NOAA/Earth System Meteorological Laboratory, Research Laboratory, Boulder, Miami, Florida, USA Colorado, USA FA2 January14,2008 9:40 SPI-B440 HistoryofRussianUnderwaterAcoustics FM Preface to the Russian Version: A Word to the Reader The beginnings of hydroacoustics in our country date to the 19th century. Its development was stimulated by the need for new meth- ods and systems for underwater observations and for means to ensure the safe navigation of combat and transport ships, especially under adverse weather conditions. Also, reliable communication needed to be established between underwater platforms and surface vessels for implementing the idea of “secret ships.” The first practical steps toward employing hydroacoustic equipment for safe navigation at night and in dense fog were made byRussianhydrographers.Submarinebellsandhooterswereinstalled in lighthouses on the Baltic and the White Sea and methods for their useweredeveloped.ThecomingofradiototheRussianfleetbrought about radio-acoustic methods of position finding. The creation of a means for underwater audio communication began simultaneously with the construction of the first submarines and a new generation of Russian cruisers. Inlessthanacenturythefleetwentfromtheuseofsinglehydroa- cousticinstrumentstothelarge-scaleapplicationofquantity-produced sonars and sonar systems. These systems helped maintain the strategic paritybetweenthenuclearsuperpowersintheworld’soceansaswellas solve complex economy and ecology problems relating to the marine environment. Ahugenumberofthiscountry’sspecialistsindifferentprofessions wereinvolvedinthisdramaticeffort.Itisimpossibletocountallthose who contributed to the development of hydroacoustics. Many people dedicatedallorthegreaterpartoftheirlivestohydroacousticsandtheir work resulted in publications, state awards, and general recognition. However,aconsiderablefractionofanarmyofscientists,designers, engineers, technicians, specialists in information science and informa- tionsupport,andadministratorsremainunknowntothepublic.Their effortsresultedinthepresent-dayequipmentthatdailycontributesto our country’s defense capability. They developed and expanded the ix