http:/www.rhodesia.nl HISTORY OF RHODESIA CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY OF RHODESIA. Introductory—Traces of an ancient civilisation—The Zimbabwe ruins—Their probable object and extent—Peculiarities of construction—Who were the builders?—Identity with the Phoenicians urged —Was Mashonaland the Ophir of old?— Ruins in Matabeleland—Rhodesia in the seventeenth century —Portuguese invasion—Invasion of the Zulus—The Matabele tribe—Early European explorers ..... 1 CHAPTER II. MATABELELAND UNDER LOBENGULA. Death of Umsiligaas—Election of Lobengula as king—His coronation—His appearance and characteristics—A disgusting orgie—Lobengula's task—His attitude towards Europeans— The Tati concessions—The kraal of Gu-Buluwayo— Lobengula's love of moving about—The king as rain- maker—The ceremony of the war-dance—Attendant rites .....18 CHAPTER III. THE CONCESSION GAINED. The emissaries of the British South Africa Company—Opposition to them in Gu-Buluwayo— Unfortunate interference of the Aborigines' Protection Society—Its result—Timely arrival of Dr Jameson—Mr Rhodes's far- sighted policy—The concession granted—The charter signed—Its principal features—The raising of a Pioneer corps to proceed to Mashonaland—Reaction against the white men in Matabeleland—Arrival of the Queen's envoys at Gu-Buluwayo—The first races in Matabeleland—South African interest in the new country— The Pioneer column moves forward— Its organisation and equipment—Arrival at the Limpopo—Reviewed by General Methuen — Precautions against attack — The Tuli river reached—Cutting the road—Message from Lobengula— The column ordered to return— Colonel Pennefather's reply .....33 CHAPTER IV. FOUNDING A COLONY. The advance of the Pioneers—Threatening attitude of the Matabele—Fort Victoria built—The British flag hoisted in Mashonaland—Disbandment of the Pioneer column—Issue of mining licences —The reaction against the country—The hardships of the settlers—Development of Salisbury—The grant of farms—Acquisition of Manicaland—Dispute with the Portuguese—Arrest of the Portuguese officers by Major Forbes—Exploits of Major Forbes's "army"—The dispute patched up —More trouble with the Portuguese—Despatch of a force under Captain Heyman—Defeat of the Portuguese troops—Attack on Sir John Willoughby's boats—Intervention of Lord Salisbury—The trouble over—Difficulty with the Boers—President Kruger surprised ..... 52 CHAPTER V. WAR WITH THE MATABELE. The turn of the tide—Grievances against the Chartered Company—Development of Mashonaland— Disbandment of the police—Formation of a volunteer force—Misbehaviour of the Matabele " boys "—Defiance of the Matabele by the Mashonas —Lobengula's vengeance—Intervention of Dr Jameson—The settlers defied by the Matabele—The Matabele attacked by the police— Misrepresentation of the facts in England— " Read Luke xiv. 31 "—Dr Jameson prepares to advance into Matabeleland—Vacillating conduct of Lord Ripon—The financial side of the question —"Mr Rhodes's war"—Formation of an invading force—March towards the Matabeleland frontier— The first casualty to the whites—Bad generalship of the Matabele ..... 70 CHAPTER VI. WAR WITH THE MATABELE—Continued. Crossing the Shangani—Attack on the laager—Severe fighting—Repulse of the cavalry of the whites —Defeat of the Matabele—The column moves forward towards Bulawayo— The death of Captain Williams—Attack on the column near the Bembesi river—Attempt to "rush" the laager—The horses stampeded—Gallantry of Sir John Willoughby and Captain Borrow—Desperate fighting—Retreat of the natives with severe loss—Bulawayo blown up by the Matabele— Bulawayo occupied by the whites—News of the Tuli column —An unfortunate incident—Attack on the Tuli column— Arrival of the Tuli column at Bulawayo—Lobengula's flight towards the Bubi river—Jameson's message to the king— Treachery of the two troopers—Major Forbes sent in pursuit of the king—Hot chase after Lobengula—Despatch of a patrol under Major Wilson—The column attacked—Desperate position of Major Wilson's band—Gallantry of the American scouts .....88 CHAPTER VII. CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. The massacre of Major Wilson and his men—A band of heroes—The conclusion of the campaign— Retreat of Major Wilson's column along the Shangani river—Hardships on the way— The column attacked—Narrow escape of the horses—Continued fighting—The troubles of the column at an end — Junction with the relief force—Death of Lobengula—Terms of peace arranged—Disbandment of the British force—The cost of the war—Matabeleland thrown open to settlers— Hostility of the Radical members of the House of Commons to the Chartered Company—The settlement of the country —Building a railway towards Salisbury—Moving a town— Mr Rhodes and the Colonial Office—Visit of Mr Rhodes and Dr Jameson to England—Transference of territory to the Chartered Company—The trans-continental telegraph—A sudden check to the colony's progress ..... 107 CHAPTER VIII. THE JAMESON RAID. The discontent in the Transvaal—Mr Rhodes and the Uitlanders—Mr J. H. Hammond's views—Mr Rhodes's plans—Formation of the Rhodesia Horse Volunteers—The Rhodesian police moved to the Transvaal border—The real intention of this movement—Mr Rhodes and the " Reform Committee "—The " women and children " letter—The position in Johannesburg—The dispute about the flag— Dr Jameson impatient—His start for the Transvaal—Mr Rhodes's attempt to prevent the Raid—The High Commissioner's proclamation—Why the telegraph line to Pretoria was not cut—How the news of Dr Jameson's incursion affected Mr Rhodes—The events of the Raid—The defeat and surrender of Dr Jameson—The reception of the news of the Raid in London—The German Emperor's telegram —Johannesburg disarmed—The Raiders handed over to the British Government—President Kruger and Johannesburg—His threat to shell the town—Arrival of the Raiders in London — Their trial and sentences—The leaders of the "Reform Committee" sentenced to death— The sentence commuted .....124 CHAPTER IX. THE JAMESON RAID COMMITTEE. The Raid in Parliament—-Alleged complicity of the Colonial Office—Mr Labouchere's attacks— Mr Rhodes prepared to ' face the music "—His triumphal progress through Cape Colony—His arrival in London and his interview with Mr Chamberlain—The inquiry into the Raid by the Cape Parliament—A Select Committee of the House of Commons appointed to go into the affair—Mr Rhodes before the committee—His cross-examination by Sir William Harcourt— Evidence as to the future government of Rhodesia—Sir Graham Bowyer's evidence—Evidence of Mr W. Schreiner, Dr Jameson, the Directors of the Chartered Company, and Sir John Willoughby — Dr Harris and Mr Labouchere— A stormy scene — Mr Labouchere compelled to apologise—Mr Hawksley's defiance of the Committee—The Committee's report—Condemnation of the Raid—Mr Labouchere unrepentant — Debate in the House of Commons — Mr Chamberlain's eulogy on Mr Rhodes— Rout of the " Little Englanders" . . . . . . . . .143 CHAPTER X. OUTBREAK OF THE MATABELE REBELLION. The rinderpest in Rhodesia—Rumours of discontent among the natives—The causes of the rebellion —The first act of the rising—Murder of settlers—Alarm in Bulawayo—Patrols despatched to the outlying districts—A general insurrection in progress—Atrocities by the natives—Panic in Bulawayo—A terrible night—Construction of a laager at Bulawayo— A night alarm—A gang of cowards—The sufferings of the women—Formation of the Bulawayo Field Force—Other laagers formed in the country . . . . . 162 CHAPTER XI. THE MATABELE REBELLION—Continued. Patrol under the Hon. Maurice Gifford leaves Bulawayo—" Fireside philanthropists"—The defence of Cumming's store— Repulse of the rebels—Relief of Stewart's store—Departure of a patrol for the Insiza district—Fight in the Elibani hills —Fate of the party at Inyati—Fortification of Campbell's store — Arrival of the relief force — Adventures of two troopers—The devotion of Trooper Henderson—The Gwanda patrol - Another force sets out for the Gwands—Native fear of the telegraph wire—Return march of the Gwanda column—Severe fighting—The column in a tight place—A running fight—Heavy losses of the whites—The rebels at last beaten off—The Shiloh patrol—A skirmish—Arrival of the patrol at Fonseca's farm—Lieutenant Rorke's escape—Heavy fighting—Colonel Gifford wounded—More fighting—Relief of the patrol—Death of Captain Lumsden ..... 180 CHAPTER XII. THE MATABELE REBELLION—continued. Rebels massing around Bulawayo—Action near the Umgusa river—Three members of the Afrikander corps murdered— Rebel attack on Napier's farm—Another skirmish at the Umgusa river —Determined efforts to break up the rebel impis—Third fight at the Umgusa—Mr Selous's narrow escape—Bravery of Trooper Baxter—Gallantry of Grey's scouts—Fourth action at the Umgusa—A hot fight—Dashing charge by the Afrikander corps—The impis forced to retreat—Advance of a relief force from Salisbury"—Departure of a large force for the Shangani—Grey's scouts attacked— A splendid charge—The whites' revenge—The Salisbury relief column—Meeting of the two forces —Colonel Spreckley leaves for the Insiza district—Several skirmishes—Bodies of murdered settlers found—Patrol through the Filabusi district—Arrival of Colonel Plumer's relief force at Bulawayo — A night march—Colonel Plumer's first patrol—The Imperial Government takes command—Arrival of Sir Frederick Carrington and other Imperial officers at Bulawayo .....198 CHAPTER XIII. END OF THE MATABELE REBELLION. Preparations for crushing the rebels—Three patrols sent out—An impi approaching the town— Another fight at the Umgusa—Repulse of the Matabele—The promise of the witch- doctors—Patrol sent to the Shiloh district—Outbreak of the rebellion in Mashonaland—Its causes—The disbandment of the Bulawayo Field Force—Departure of Colonel Plumer to attack the rebels—More severe fighting—General Carrington's proclamation of clemency—Campaign in the Matoppo Hills decided upon — Another white victory — Captain Laing attacked — Heavy fighting again in the Matoppos—Captain Beresford in a tight corner—Fighting near the Shangani—An induna captured— His court-martial and execution—Action of the High Commissioner—Colonel Baden-Powell's advance through the Somabula forest — Attack on Wedza's stronghold — Timely arrival of Prince Alexander of Teck—Three days' fighting—The downfall of Wedza—A black outlook for the Chartered Company—Mr Rhodes's pluck ..... 216 CHAPTER XIV. AFTER THE WAR. Mr Rhodes in the Matoppos—A dangerous errand—His interview with the indunas—Peace decided —" One of the scenes in life that make it worth living "—Progress of the rebellion in Mashonaland— Arrival of Sir Frederick Carrington at Salisbury—Several indunas attacked and defeated — The " butcher's bill"—Rhodesia after the war—The progress of the mining industry—The agricultural possibilities of the country—Famine prices—Stagnation of trade ..... 234 CHAPTER XV. SIR RICHARD MARTIN'S INQUIRY. Inquiry into the administration of Rhodesia ordered — The points to be reported upon—Anonymous witnesses—The labour question—Did compulsory labour exist in Rhodesia ? —A serious charge— The real facts of the case—Sir R. Martin and the resident magistrate at Bulawayo—The conclusions of Sir Richard Martin — The cattle question—"A fatal mistake" — Mr Homan's monopoly — The causes of the rebellion—Sir R. Martin's conclusions—The local inquiry committee at Bulawayo — The Chartered Company "astounded "—Denial of Sir Richard Martin's charges ..... 252 CHAPTER XVI. THE PROGRESS OF THE COUNTRY. Opening of the railway at Bulawayo—The disputes over the Salisbury line—Friction in Mashonaland—Steady progress at Bulawayo—The administration of the country—Offer of the Chartered Company—Mr Chamberlain's proposals—The scarcity of native labour—Its causes—A suggestion—The " land title " question—Another land question—The wrong way to develop a country—The first gold return—A triumph for the supporters of the country—Mines compelled to shut down—Arrival of the railway at Salisbury ..... 269 CHAPTER XVII. MR RHODES AND THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT. The trans-continental telegraph and railway lines—Mr Rhodes arrives in England—Asks for a Government guarantee for the extension of the railway—Reply of the Colonial Office— Further proposals to the Government—The guarantee refused — Strange offer by the Cabinet — Mr Rhodes declines the Government offer ..... 287 CHAPTER XVIII REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT IN RHODESIA. Meeting of the British South Africa Company—Two branch railways to be built—The extension of the trans- continental railway—How the money vill be raised—A significant comparison—A representative form of government inaugurated in Rhodesia—Differences between the two sections of the Council—The Land Bill—Introduction of customs duties into the country—Indignation of the settlers—An appeal to the High Commissioner—Sir Alfred Milner's chilling reply— Rhodesia to- day—Effect of the Transvaal war on the country —The future of Rhodesia—Will the British South Africa Company lose its charter in 1914 ?..... 1305 The final two chapters have not been included here as these deal mainly with the outbreak of the Boer War and are not concerned with the history of Rhodesia. CHAPTER XIX. THE SIEGE OF KIMBERLEY. CHAPTER XX. EVENTS AT MAFEKING. APPENDIX I. .......... 370 APPENDIX II. .......... 371 INDEX ........... 372 PREFACE. IN the following pages will be found the first systematic attempt to record the history of a country that seems destined within the next few years to take a prominent position in that great confederation of States known as the British Empire. It is obvious to all that a book dealing with such contentious topics as the Jameson Raid and the works and methods of Mr Rhodes must provoke a deal of hostile criticism, whatever be the writer's attitude ; but let me in self-defence remark, that in all questions treated in the pages of this book it has been my endeavour to present a perfectly impartial statement of the facts of the case. I hold no brief on behalf of, or against, any group or clique either in London or South Africa. Where personal opinions are given, they are such as are held by one who for many years has closely followed events in South Africa, especially in Rhodesia, and who would wish to see that country become a flourishing British colony, but who has no direct interest in its doing so. With regard to the Jameson Raid, none condemn it more than I do; but I strongly hold that one fault on the part of Mr Rhodes, however great that fault, should not be allowed to outweigh all the benefits lie has conferred on the Empire. Mr. Rhodes, however, is fully able to defend himself, and needs no outside apologist to intervene between himself and his critics, even if I were disposed to take such an onerous position. To turn to more peaceful matters, With regard to the identity of Rhodesia with the Ophir of old which is discussed in the first chapter, since those lines were written Dr Carl Peters has returned from his expedition through the country, and, speaking with an antiquarian knowledge of South Africa which is probably unequalled, he gives it as his opinion that Mashonaland is undoubtedly the Ophir of the ancients, and produces very cogent reasons in support of this view. The book was mainly conceived and written before the outbreak of the war, but with the object of making the volume as complete as possible, chapters dealing with the sieges of Kimberley and Mafeking and the movements of Colonel Plumer's Rhodesian force have been added. The war has not, of course, failed to considerably militate against the prosperity of Rhodesia. For several months that country was cut off from all telegraphic and railway communication with the south, and connection with the outside world was only possible by means of the Salisbury - Beira railway and telegraph. When the war is over and terms of settlement come to be discussed, signs are already forthcoming that any scheme which neglects the interests of Rhodesia will meet with strenuous opposition in that country. In conclusion, I would tender my thanks to the British South Africa Company for permission to insert in my book the latest official map of Rhodesia; and I would desire to place on record my great appreciation of the courtesy and kindness I have uniformly received from those in official quarters in London and South Africa, who have by their assistance and advice considerably lightened what would otherwise have been a very difficult task. HOWARD HENSMAN LONDON, August 1900. http://www.rhodesia.nl/ A HISTORY OF RHODESIA CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY OF RHODESIA STRETCHING away northwards from the north-western boundary of the South African Republic up to the confines of the Congo Free State is a vast country that, thanks to the energy and far- sightedness of one patriotic Englishman, now forms a part of the British Empire under the name Rhodesia. The area of this great portion of the Central African plateau is about 175,000 square miles, with a population of natives and Europeans that does not fall far short of a million. Its boundaries on the south are the Bechuanaland Protectorate and the Transvaal; on the east is the strip of Portuguese East Africa; on the north is the Congo Free State and German East Africa; while on the west is the Portuguese territory of Angola and German South-West Africa. Rhodesia is divided into two portions by the Zambesi river, but it is with the southern of these two divisions that this history will chiefly deal. At present Northern Rhodesia is more or less a terra incognita, and is in about the same state of development as the southern portion of this country was when the British South Africa Company took possession of it eleven years ago. As has been already stated, Rhodesia forms part of the great Central African plateau, and it may therefore be said to consist, geographically speaking of one broad swelling plain, which is cut up and intersected by numerous rivers and streams. This plain, however, gives way in places to rocky moan. tams and valleys, some of the latter being of great beauty; while at the famous Victoria Falls, in the west of the country, it would seem as though the plateau itself had been rent in twain by some gigantic convulsion of nature. Southern Rhodesia is divided into two great provinces-Mashonaland and Matabeleland -both of which are in the main well suited for European colonisation, and which are without doubt destined to play an important part in the future history of the empire to which they belong. It was the former province that was the first to attract the attention of prospectors and settlers, but it has been Matabeleland that has, thanks chiefly to the greater facilities in the way of transport and suchlike that it has possessed, assumed the greater importance to-day; though, so soon as Mashonaland receives the same aids to its development, there is no reason to suppose that it will be one whit behind Matabeleland either in mineral wealth or agricultural value, the two great factors in the rapid opening up of a colony. The history of Rhodesia may be said to begin really with the granting of the charter to the British South Africa Company in October 1889, and it is doubtful whether any country ever had so eventful a history during the first ten years of its national life as Rhodesia has had. Prior to 1889 but little was known of the country beyond the Limpopo or Crocodile river, though explorers like Carl Mauch and Thomas Baines, and limiters of the stamp of F. C. Selous, had brought back reports of the healthy uplands and the abundance of gold and other metals in the great territory to the north; but, save for a very few adventurous spirits, the white population preferred to remain in Cape Colony, Natal, and the two Dutch Republics. Rhodesia, though, has a history dating far back into the mists of antiquity, and was doubtless a flourishing semi-civilised colony long before the dawn of the Christian era. It is a history, moreover, that forms a perfect enigma to those who would fathom it. Scattered over the whole of the country are mystic ruins of vast extent that, like the pyramids of northern Africa, have defied the ravages of time, and there they remain to-day, ruins, it is true, but ruins of such magnitude and solidity that one feels a strong admiration for the people, whosoever they might have been, that could leave behind them such mighty monuments of their skill and industry. While we can guess with some degree of accuracy at the period when these buildings were erected, and form good ideas of the objects for which they were intended, it can only be little more than conjecture when we come to consider what people it was that erected them or whence they came. It has been said that these traces of an ancient civilisation -for it is impossible to believe that savage races erected them - extend extensively over Rhodesia; but the chief of them, and those to which most attention has been paid, are situated round Zimbabwe in Mashonaland, about fourteen miles from Victoria, and along the Lundi and Sabi rivers, and farther north, in the Mazoe valley. Matabeleland is freer from them, but the builders evidently traversed the country, for in the south- west, near the Tati and Shashi rivers, we again find these buildings, while there is a very fine specimen of their workmanship at Mombo, between Bulawayo and Gwelo. Having pointed out the way in which these ruins are scattered about, we now come to the consideration of the buildings themselves. To gain a clear idea of their nature and extent, those around Zimbabwe offer the best facilities, and it may be observed that the ruins are all of so similar a nature that while discussing one we are in the main discussing them all. The primary object of the erection of the whole of these structures throughout the entire country seems undoubtedly to be that of fortresses to protect the inhabitants from the inroads of other dwellers in the land who were presumably physically stronger and more numerous than the builders. Probably those against whom these walls were raised were the original owners of the soil, arid those who entered the country and sheltered themselves behind these massive bulwarks did so to exploit the gold-reefs which they knew were to be found in the country. While it may be safely assumed, therefore, that one of the objects of these buildings was that of protection, it seems none the less certain that they were also constructed for religious purposes, and therefore they may be said to have acted at once as citadels and temples. What the religion was none can say, but there would seem to be signs that it was a form of sun-worship, and on this all who have examined the ruins appear to be agreed, and this fact hives us a clue to the race that built them. Sunworship was one of the earliest forms of religion adopted by the Semitic races, and therefore it seems but a logical deduction to infer that these people were at least of Semitic descent. At Zimbabwe the ruins may be conveniently divided into three sections. First, there is a large circular ruin which stands in a valley at the foot of a hill; next, on the top of this hill is a huge building that evidently acted as an acropolis for the surrounding city, which now forms a huge mass of ruins between the top of the hill and the circular building already referred to. This mass forms the third section of the ruins. The people who built these possessed in a marked degree a knowledge of