A History of EvErydAy LifE in scotLAnd EditEd by ELizAbEtH foystEr sEriEs Editors: cHristopHEr A. wHAtLEy & ELizAbEtH foystEr & cHristopHEr A. wHAtLEy This series demonstrates how everyday routines and behaviours can open a window into the social, economic and cultural lives of ordinary Scots. Each volume examines common topics such as landscape, homes, objects, rituals, beliefs, work and leisure paterns, confict and communication. Across the series there are some striking A History continuities and remarkable changes in aspects of Scottish everyday life, while the everyday is shown to be shaped by national and regional surroundings, and varied betwen urban and rural, highland and lowland setings. Based on the colective of EvErydAy research of a large team of established and younger scholars, this series presents an entirely new way of looking at Scotland’s past. LifE in A History of EvErydAy LifE in SCoTland, 1600 To 1800 EditEd by EditEd by ELizAbEtH foystEr SCoTland, & cHristopHEr A. wHAtLEy This book explores the ordinary daily routines, behaviours, experiences and beliefs of the Scottish people during a period of immense political, social and economic change. It underlines the importance of the church in post-Reformation Scotish 1600 To 1800 society, but also highlights aspects of everyday life that remained the same, or similar, notwithstanding the efforts of the kirk, employers and the state to alter behaviours and attitudes. Drawing upon and interrogating a range of primary sources, the authors create a richly coloured, fnely-nuanced picture of the lives of ordinary Scots from birth through marriage to death. Analytical in approach, the book’s coverage of topics is wide, ranging from the ways people made a living, through their non-work activities including reading, playing and relationships, to the ways they experienced illness and approached death. This volume: • P rovides a rich social history of the period 1600–1800 • G ets behind the politics of Union and Jacobitism, and the experience of agricultural and industrial ‘revolution’ • P resents the scholarly expertise of its contributing authors in a accessible way • I ncludes a guide to further reading indicating sources for further study Elizabeth Foyster is Senior College Lecturer and Fellow in History at Clare College, University of Cambridge. Christopher A. Whatley is Professor of Scottish History, Vice-Principal and Head of the College of Arts and Social Sciences at the University of Dundee. ISBN 978 0 7486 1965 8 Cover image: Detail from ‘Snuff box - Scotch washing’ © Culture and Sport Glasgow (Museums). Cover design: www.richardbudddesign.co.uk Edinburgh University Press 22 George Square Edinburgh EH8 9LF www.euppublishing.com EditEd by ELizAbEtH foystEr A History of EvErydAy LifE in & cHristopHEr A. wHAtLEy Edinburgh SCoTland, 1600 To 1800 A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600 to 1800 FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd i 29/1/10 11:13:41 A History of Everyday Life in Scotland SERIES EDITORS: CHRISTOPHER A. WHATLEY AND ELIZABETH FOYSTER Volume 1: A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland Edited by Edward A. Cowan and Lizanne Henderson Volume 2: A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600 to 1800 Edited by Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley Volume 3: A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1800 to 1900 Edited by Trevor Griffi ths and Graeme Morton Volume 4: A History of Everyday Life in Twentieth-Century Scotland Edited by Lynn Abrams and Callum G. Brown FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd ii 29/1/10 11:13:41 A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600 to 1800 Edited by Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley Edinburgh University Press FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd iii 29/1/10 11:13:41 © editorial matter and organisation Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley, 2010 © the chapters their several authors, 2010 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 10/12pt Goudy Old Style by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 1964 1 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 1965 8 (paperback) The right of the contributors to be identifi ed as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Published with the support of the Edinburgh University Scholarly Publishing Initiatives Fund. FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd iv 29/1/10 16:02:57 Contents List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Acknowledgements ix Series Editors’ Foreword xi Christopher A. Whatley and Elizabeth Foyster Introduction: Recovering the Everyday in Early Modern Scotland 1 Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley 1. E veryday Structures, Rhythms and Spaces of the Scottish Countryside 27 Robert A. Dodgshon 2. I mprovement and Modernisation in Everyday Enlightenment Scotland 51 Charles McKean 3. Death, Birth and Marriage in Early Modern Scotland 83 Deborah A. Symonds 4. Illness, Disease and Pain 108 Helen M. Dingwall 5. Necessities: Food and Clothing in the Long Eighteenth Century 137 Stana Nenadic 6. Communicating 164 Bob Harris 7. Order and Disorder 191 Christopher A. Whatley 8. Sensory Experiences: Smells, Sounds and Touch 217 Elizabeth Foyster 9. Beliefs, Religions, Fears and Neuroses 234 Joyce Miller 10. Movement, Transport and Travel 252 Alastair Durie 11. Work, Time and Pastimes 273 Christopher A. Whatley Annotated Bibliography 304 Notes on the Contributors 316 Index 319 FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd v 29/1/10 11:13:42 Tables 1.1 Balance between single and multiple tenancies 30 1.2 Who lived in touns? 31 1.3 Calendar of work: Monymusk, 1749, and Marchmont, 1758–9 39 FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd vi 29/1/10 11:13:42 Figures 1.1 The toun community 29 1.2 The landscape around Fordell Castle, Fife 29 2.1 V iew of Dunvegan, Skye from the east, drawn for Captain Francis Grose’s Antiquities of Scotland, Vol. II (London, 1797) 53 2.2 V ernacular houses near the shore at Lamlash Bay, Arran, drawn by J.C. (London, 1791) 56 2.3 T he interior of a cottage on Islay, drawn in 1772, probably by Moses Griffi ths 58 2.4 G oldieland Tower, Borders, drawn by T. Clennell in 1814 60 2.5 T he upper part of the Main Street, Whithorn 61 2.6 D unblane from the south, painted by Captain Francis Grose in the 1780s 61 2.7 L iberton’s Wynd (now under George IV Bridge), Edinburgh, drawn in 1821 by Walter Geikie 66 2.8 E dinburgh by John Elphinstone 67 2.9 G lassford Street, Glasgow, drawn by John Knox in 1828 68 2.10 Burgh of Barony, Dumfriesshire 69 2.11 O ld Fochabers (NAS RHP 2358) by Thomas Milne 73 2.12 H elmsdale, Sutherland 74 2.13 View of Inveraray in 1791, drawn by J.C. 75 2.14 I nveraray High Street 75 2.15 B on Accord Square, Aberdeen 76 2.16 Perth in the early nineteenth century 76 3.1 ‘ William Wilson’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 85 3.2 ‘ The Evening Walk’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 96 3.3 ‘ Sabbath School’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 97 3.4 ‘ Isobel Taylor’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 99 3.5 ‘ Saut Wife’, taken from John Kay, A Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings (Edinburgh, 1837–8) 102 4.1 S eventeenth-century recipe ‘to stopp purging in a woman that lyin in’ 117 FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd vii 29/1/10 11:13:42 v iii List of Figures 4.2 E dinburgh Royal Infi rmary 119 4.3 A set of blood-letting knives used by Hugh McFarquhar 121 4.4 C harming and healing stones used in Scotland, from various locations 129 4.5 T he Clouty Well, Munlochy, dedicated to St Boniface 130 5.1 J ohn MacLeod and his wife, 1811 141 5.2 Arisaid worn by a gentlewoman, early eighteenth century 143 5.3 S hetland fi shermen in traditional clothing 145 5.4 G ravestone of John Milne, master baker, and his fi ve children, Arbroath churchyard, 1778 149 6.1 S elf-portrait of artist and his mother and sister by Alexander Carse 169 6.2 B allad and Penny History Stall, by Walter Geikie 174 7.1 T he Mauchline Holy Fair, by Alexander Carse 196 7.2 T he Village Ba’ Game, by Alexander Carse 209 8.1 D etail of the tomb of William Baxter, Old Parish Church, Duffus, Moray, 1762 219 8.2 T obacco box engraved with symbols of the malt-making trade, c. 1737 225 9.1 I mage of the Devil, 1591 237 10.1 Leckie Bridge, 1673 258 11.1 T own piper and drummer, Haddington, late eighteenth century 28 11.2 Weaver’s headstone, Kilspindie Parish Church graveyard, Perthshire 295 FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd viii 29/1/10 11:13:42 Acknowledgements Preparing a book like this depends on the contributions of many people. The book, like the series of which it is part, has been a long time in gesta- tion. It began with a tentative enquiry from John Davey, then of Edinburgh University Press, as to whether we would be interested in developing a series of books on everyday life in Scotland. Our response was positive, and we then entered into a dialogue with John and his advisers at Edinburgh University Press about content, themes and the time-frames to be covered by each of the four books in the series. The next step was to identify editors for each of the four volumes, who were not only experts in the social history of the periods identifi ed, but who also had experience of, and some enthusi- asm for, collaborative academic ventures. Happily, we were able to recruit: Professor Ted Cowan and Dr Lizanne Henderson (both University of Glasgow), Professor Graeme Morton (University of Guelph) and Dr Trevor Griffi ths (University of Edinburgh) and Professor Lynn Abrams (University of Glasgow) and Professor Callum Brown (University of Dundee). In their turn, the editors have recruited teams of contributors – the authors of the individual chapters. In order to get the project moving, we held a one-day conference in Dundee in 2004, at which methodological and other challenges surrounding the history of everyday life were discussed. For their invaluable contribu- tions on this occasion we wish to thank Professor Anthony Cohen (Queen Margaret University) and Dr Stephen Wilson (University of East Anglia). For organising the conference, thanks are due to Sara Reid, formerly of the Department of History, University of Dundee. To provide an opportunity for the volume editors and their contributors to present their initial research fi ndings to a critical but receptive audience, a two-day, multi-paper meeting was held in Dundee in September 2006. This was generously supported by the British Academy which awarded us with a Conference Grant to cover the costs of the event. Lynsey McIrvine, of the University of Dundee, made the necessary arrangements in her customary, highly effi cient fashion. Lynne Elder, in the University of Dundee’s College of Arts and Social Sciences offi ce, assisted the editors by receiving, tidying up and storing the chapter fi les from the contributors as they arrived. The fi nal version of the manu- script was prepared, for handover to the publishers, by Aileen Ross. To all these individuals and to everyone else who has played any part in the prepa- ration of the series, we extend our sincere thanks. FOYSTER PAGINATION (M1994).indd ix 29/1/10 11:13:42