Anatoly T. Fomenko H i st o r y : Fiction or Science? 2 C HR O N O L O G Y Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past. George Orwell History repeats itself; that's one ofthe things that's wrong with history. Clarence Darrow ii | history:fiction or science? A.T.Fomenko Chronology 1 Introducing the problem.A criticism ofthe Scaligerian chronology. Dating methods as offered by mathematical statistics.Eclipses and zodiacs. A.T.Fomenko Chronology 2 The dynastic parallelism method.Rome.Troy.Greece.The Bible.Chronological shifts. A.T.Fomenko,V.V.Kalashnikov,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology 3 Astronomical methods as applied to chronology.Ptolemy’s Almagest. Tycho Brahe.Copernicus.The Egyptian zodiacs. A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology 4 Russia.Britain.Byzantium.Rome. A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology 5 Russia = Horde.Ottomans = Atamans.Europe.China.Japan.The Etruscans.Egypt.Scandinavia. A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology 6 The Horde-Ataman Empire.The Bible.The Reformation.America.Passover and the calendar. A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology 7 A reconstruction ofglobal history.The Khans ofNovgorod = The Habsburgs.Miscellaneous information. The legacy ofthe Great Empire in the history and culture ofEurasia and America. This seven volume edition is based on a number discovered and researched,as well as the new ofour books that came out over the last couple of hypothetical reconstruction ofglobal history up years and were concerned with the subject in ques- until the XVIII century.Our previous books on the tion.All this gigantic body ofmaterial was revised subject ofchronology were created in the period of and categorized;finally,its current form does not naissance and rather turbulent infancy ofthe new contain any ofthe repetitions that are inevitable in paradigm,full ofcomplications and involved is- the publication ofseparate books.All ofthis re- sues,which often resulted in the formulation of sulted in the inclusion ofa great number ofaddi- multi-optional hypotheses.The present edition pi- tional material in the current edition – including oneers in formulating a consecutive unified con- previously unpublished data.The reader shall find cept ofthe reconstruction ofancient history – one a systematic rendition ofdetailed criticisms ofthe that apparently is supported by a truly immense consensual (Scaligerian) chronology,the descrip- body ofevidence.Nevertheless,it is understandable tions ofthe methods offered by mathematical sta- that its elements may occasionally be in need ofre- tistics and natural sciences that the authors have vision or elaboration. Anatoly T. Fomenko H i s t o r y : Fiction or Science? c h r o n o l o g y 2 D P elamere ublishing p a r i s . l o n d o n . n e w y o r k History: Fiction or Science? Fomenko,Anatoly Timofeevich.Born in 1945.Full (in Mathematics) for a cycle ofworks on the Hamil- Member (Academician) ofthe Russian Academy of tonian dynamical systems and manifolds' invari- Sciences,Full Member ofthe Russian Academy of ants theory.Author of180 scientific publications, Natural Sciences,Full Member ofthe International 26 monographs and textbooks on mathematics,a Higher Education Academy ofSciences,Doctor of specialist in geometry and topology,calculus of Physics and Mathematics,Professor,Head ofthe variations,symplectic topology,Hamiltonian Moscow State University Section ofMathematics geometry and mechanics,computer geometry. ofthe Department ofMathematics and Mechanics. Solved Plateau’s Problem from the theory ofmini- Author ofa number ofbooks on the development mal spectral surfaces.Author ofthe theory ofin- ofnew empirico-statistical methods and their variants and topological classification ofintegrable application to the analysis ofhistorical chronicles Hamiltonian dynamic systems.Laureate ofthe as well as the chronology ofantiquity and the 1996 National Premium ofthe Russian Federation Middle Ages. Kindly order Volume 1 History: Fiction ofScience?isbn 2-913621-05-8 with Amazon.comor Atlasbooks.com Published by Delamere Resources LLC C/O ROSA CSI 14150 NE 20th.#395 Bellevue WA 98007 http://history.mithec.com Copyright © 2005 Delamere Resources LLC ISBN 2-913621-06-6 EAN 9782913621060 Anatoly T.Fomenko asserts the moral right to be identified as the author ofthis work Translated from Russian by Michael Jagger.Cover by Polina Zinoviev.Project management by Franck Tamdhu All rights reserved.No part ofthis book may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,without the prior permission ofthe publisher.Critics are welcome,ofcourse, to quote briefpassages by way ofcriticism and review. | v Also by Anatoly T. Fomenko (List is non-exhaustive) Differential Geometry and Topology Plenum Publishing Corporation.1987.USA,Consultants Bureau,New York and London. Variational Principles in Topology.Multidimensional Minimal SurfaceTheory Kluwer Academic Publishers,The Netherlands,1990. Topological variational problems.– Gordon and Breach,1991. Integrability and Nonintegrability in Geometry and Mechanics Kluwer Academic Publishers,The Netherlands,1988. The Plateau Problem.vols.1,2 Gordon and Breach,1990.(Studies in the Development ofModern Mathematics.) Symplectic Geometry.Methods and Applications. Gordon and Breach,1988.Second edition 1995. Minimal surfaces and Plateau problem.Together with Dao Chong Thi USA,American Mathematical Society,1991. Integrable Systems on Lie Algebras and Symmetric Spaces.Together with V.V.Trofimov Gordon and Breach,1987. Geometry ofMinimal Surfaces in Three-Dimensional Space.Together with A.A.Tuzhilin USA,American Mathematical Society.In:Translation ofMathematical Monographs.vol.93,1991. Topological Classification ofIntegrable Systems.Advances in Soviet Mathematics,vol.6 USA,American Mathematical Society,1991. Tensor and Vector Analysis: Geometry,Mechanics and Physics.– Taylor and Francis,1988. Algorithmic and Computer Methods for Three-Manifolds.Together with S.V.Matveev Kluwer Academic Publishers,The Netherlands,1997. Topological Modeling for Visualization.Together with T.L.Kunii.– Springer-Verlag,1997. Modern Geometry. Methods and Applications.Together with B.A.Dubrovin,S.P.Novikov Springer-Verlag,GTM 93,Part 1,1984;GTM 104,Part 2,1985.Part 3,1990,GTM 124. The basic elements ofdifferential geometry and topology.Together with S.P.Novikov Kluwer Acad.Publishers,The Netherlands,1990. Integrable Hamiltonian Systems: Geometry,Topology,Classification.Together with A.V.Bolsinov Taylor and Francis,2003. Empirico-Statistical Analysis ofNarrative Material and its Applications to Historical Dating. Vol.1:The Development ofthe Statistical Tools.Vol.2:The Analysis ofAncient and Medieval Records.– Kluwer Academic Publishers.The Netherlands,1994. Geometrical and Statistical Methods ofAnalysis ofStar Configurations.Dating Ptolemy's Almagest.Together with V.V Kalashnikov.,G.V.Nosovsky.– CRC-Press,USA,1993. New Methods ofStatistical Analysis ofHistorical Texts.Applications to Chronology.Antiquity in the Middle Ages.Greek and Bible History.Vols.1,2,3.– The Edwin Mellen Press.USA.Lewiston. Queenston.Lampeter,1999. Mathematical Impressions.–American Mathematical Society,USA,1990. Contents Overview ofthe seven volumes....................................................................................................................................................................... ii About the Author......................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv Alsoby Analoly T.Fomenko.............................................................................................................................................................................. v Are History and Astronomy incompatible?By Béla Lukács........................................................................................... xiii Ages in Chaos.By Dr.Eugen Gabowitsch........................................................................................................................................... xiv Preface by A.T.Fomenko..................................................................................................................................................................................... xxiii From the Publisher................................................................................................................................................................................................. xxxii Chapter 1 The Middle Ages referred to as the “Antiquity”. Mutual superimposition of the Second and the Third Roman Empire, both of which become identified as the respective kingdoms of Israel and Judah 1.Identifying the Second and the Third “ancient”Roman Empire as the same state. A chronological shift of330 years .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.A dynastic description ofthe Second and the Third Roman Empire .......................................... 1 1.2.Biographical parallelism between the Second and Third Roman Empires. The 330-year shift ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7 2.The correlation between two different dating methods illustrated by the superimposition oftwo epochs from the history ofRoman Papacy one over the other.A briefscheme ........................................................................................................................................................................... 29 3.The superimposition ofthe Israelite (Theomachist) Kingdom over the Third Roman Empire in the West.A shift ofcirca 1230 years ............................................................................................. 30 4.Identifying the theocratic Kingdom ofJudah as the Third Roman Empire in the East.A shift ofcirca 1230 years (short diagram) ............................................................................................. 45 5.Saint Basil the Great in the alleged IVcentury a.d.and his prototype in the XII century a.d.– Jesus Christ.The resulting shift of820 years ...................................................................... 46 Chapter 2 The famous reform of the Occidental Church in the XI century by “Pope Gregory Hildebrand” as the reflection of the XII century reforms of Andronicus (Christ). The Trojan war of the XIII century A.D. 1.“Pope Gregory Hildebrand”from the XI century a.d.as a replica ofJesus Christ (Andronicus) from the XII century.A chronological shift of100 years. The Scaligerite chronologists have subsequently moved the life ofChrist 1050 years backwards,into the I century a.d. ..................................................................................................................... 51 chron2 contents | vii 1.1Astronomy in the Gospels .......................................................................................................................................................... 52 1.1.1.The true dating ofthe evangelical eclipse ............................................................................................... 52 1.1.2.The Gospels apparently reflect a sufficiently advanced level ofastronomical eclipse theories,which contradicts the consensual evangelical history .................... 53 1.2.The Roman John Crescentius ofthe alleged X century a.d.as a reflection ofthe Evangelical John the Baptist from the XII century a.d.A biographical parallelism .... 57 1.3.“Pope”Gregory VII Hildebrand from the Roman chronicles dated to the XI century a.d.as the reflection ofJesus Christ (Andronicus) from the XI century a.d.A biographical parallelism ............................................................................................................ 63 1.4.The Bethlehem Star ofthe alleged I century and the famous supernova explosion ofcirca 1150 (subsequently shifted to 1054 by the chronologists) ..................... 74 1.5.The Crucifixion ofJesus on Mount Beykos,or the evangelical Golgotha, which is located outside Constantinople,near the shore ofthe Bosporus ............................. 75 2.Identifying Livy’s “Ancient Imperial Rome”as the Third Roman Empire after a 1053-year shift .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 3.Identifying the Tarquinian war ofthe alleged VI century b.c.as the Gothic war ofthe alleged VI century a.d.with a 1053-year shift ................................................................................................... 92 4.The parallelism between the Gothic War ofthe alleged VI century and the Nika rebellion that took place in the same century.No date shift here ................................................................... 107 5.The Trojan war ofthe alleged XIII century b.c.superimposed over the Gothic war ofthe alleged VI century a.d.after an 1800-year temporal shift forwards ........................................... 111 5.1.The first accounts ofthe Trojan War:their presumed authorship,as well as geographical and temporal origins ................................................................................................................................. 114 5.1.1.The general conception ofchronological shifts ................................................................................ 114 5.1.2.The strange fate ofHomer’s epic poems ................................................................................................. 115 5.1.3.Dares and Dictis – the “alleged participants”ofthe Trojan War .................................... 117 5.1.4.The mediaeval troubadours and the Franks telling us about the Trojan War ................................................................................................................................................................... 119 5.1.5.The ruins ofa small mediaeval fortification that Heinrich Schliemann suggested to refer to as “the remnants ofthe ancient Troy” ................................................ 120 5.2.The tale ofthe Trojan kingdom.A rough comparison ofthe Trojan War to the Gothic War ............................................................................................................................................................................ 124 5.3.The legend ofa woman and the casus belli ofthe Trojan War .......................................................... 144 5.4.The beginning ofthe war ........................................................................................................................................................ 146 5.5.The fall ofNaples (the “New City”) = the fall ofTroy.The mediaeval aqueduct and the “ancient”Trojan Horse ................................................................................................................ 150 5.6.The “ancient”Achilles = the “ancient”Valerius.The “ancient” Patroclus = the “ancient”Brutus ...................................................................................................................................... 156 5.7.The “ancient”Achilles = the mediaeval Belisarius.The “ancient” Hector = the mediaeval Gothic king Vittigis ........................................................................................................ 158 5.8.The “treason”ofthe “ancient”Achilles = the “treason”ofthe mediaeval Belisarius .... 159 5.9.The “ancient”Troilus = the mediaeval Gothic king Totila.The “ancient” Paris = the “ancient”Etruscan Larth Porsenna .................................................................................................. 160 5.10.The end ofthe war ....................................................................................................................................................................... 162 5.11.Other legends ofthe Trojan War ..................................................................................................................................... 163 5.12.What is it about the Trojan chronicles that surprises the present day historians the most? ..................................................................................................................................................................... 169 viii | history:fiction or science? 5.13.How similar are the respective descriptions ofthe Trojan and the Gothic War? ........... 170 5.14.Other erroneous datings ofthe Trojan War ........................................................................................................ 170 5.14.1.Phantom reflection ofthe Trojan War in the alleged III century a.d. ................... 170 5.14.2.The Christian dating ofthe Trojan War ............................................................................................... 171 5.14.3.The datings ofthe Trojan War as offered by Hellanicus and Damastus .............. 172 5.14.4.The Judean dating ofthe Trojan War ..................................................................................................... 172 5.14.5.The Scaligerian dating ofthe Trojan War ........................................................................................... 173 5.15.The table ofheroes who had fought in the XIII century war (Trojan = Tarquinian = Gothic) and their phantom doubles ........................................................... 173 6.The great triad ofkings in Roman history:Sulla,Pompey and Caesar. The parallelism with the Trojan = Tarquinian = Gothic War .............................................................................. 174 7.The rebellion ofSpartacus as a vague and fragmented reflection of the Trojan = Tarquinian = Gothic War ofthe XIII century a.d. ..................................................................... 194 8.A general picture ofthe 1053-year chronological shift .............................................................................................. 200 8.1.The identification ofthe First Roman Empire (Livy's Regal Rome) as the Third Roman Empire ofthe alleged III-VI century a.d.and the 1053-year shift ........................................................................................................................................................................... 200 8.2.Identifying the Second Roman Empire as the Holy Roman Empire of the X-XIII century as well as the Habsburg Empire ofthe XIV-XVII century. Two shifts – of1053 and 1400 years,respectively ........................................................................................... 200 8.3.Empire ofthe X-XIII century.The parallelism between the X century war and the “ancient”Trojan = Tarquinian = Gothic War ................................................................................ 206 8.4.The “ancient”Second Roman Empire in the X-XII century a.d.and the XIII-XVII century a.d. .................................................................................................................................................... 209 8.5.Identifying the Third Roman Empire as the Holy Roman Empire of the X-XIII century as well as the Habsburg Empire ofthe XIV-XVII century. A 720-year shift and a 1053-year shift ......................................................................................................................... 214 8.6.War ofthe XIII century as the original reflected in the “ancient” Trojan = Tarquinian = Gothic War ............................................................................................................................... 220 Chapter 3 Identifying “ancient” Greece as the mediaeval Greece of the XI-XVI century with the chronological shift of 1800 years taken into account 1.The Greek and the Biblical chronology ...................................................................................................................................... 231 2.The legend ofa woman (religion?) mortally insulted ................................................................................................. 232 3.The great “ancient”Greek colonization as the mediaeval crusades ............................................................... 236 4.Epoch ofthe tyrants ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 237 5.The Trojan War ofthe XIII century a.d.revisited.The version ofHerodotus. The mediaeval Charles ofAnjou identified as the Persian king Cyrus ...................................................... 240 6.Mediaeval traces ofthe “ancient”Homer in the XIII-XIV century. The famous mediaeval Saint-Omer clan ................................................................................................................................... 248 7.The famous rape ofthe Sabine women in the “ancient”Rome and the share-out ofwives and daughters in early XIV century Greece.The foundation ofRome in Latinia and later the Italian Rome in the XIV century a.d. ........................................................................... 249 7.1.The rape ofthe Sabines ............................................................................................................................................................... 249 7.2.The “ancient”Romulus and Remus are the grandchildren ofAeneas the Trojan and the founders ofRome in Latinia.This event apparently reflects the foundation ofRome in Italy at the end ofthe XIV century a.d. .................................................... 250 chron2 contents | ix 7.3.A partial transplantation ofthe Romean history to the documents ofItalian Rome from Constantinople in the XIV century a.d. ......................................................... 251 7.4.The original mediaeval tale ofthe foundation ofRome in XIV century Italy by Romulus and Remus ................................................................................................................................................ 251 7.5.Frederic II ofSicily as the “ancient”Romulus? .................................................................................................... 252 8.The mediaeval Charles ofNaples as the “ancient”King Cambyses ............................................................... 252 9.The mediaeval Frederick ofSicily as the “ancient”king Darius ........................................................................ 253 10.Mediaeval Margaret as the “ancient”Mardonius ........................................................................................................... 254 11.Mediaeval Matilda as the “ancient”Milthiades ............................................................................................................... 256 12.The mediaeval Duke Walther as the “ancient”Xerxes the Great ................................................................... 258 13.The mediaeval 300 knights ofDuke Jean de la Roche as the famous 300 Spartans ofKing Leonidas ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 261 14.The mediaeval war in Greece of1374-1387 a.d.as the “ancient”Peloponnesian War ......... 264 14.1.The three eclipses described by Thucydides ........................................................................................................ 264 14.2.The congress in Greece.The beginning ofthe war ..................................................................................... 265 14.3.The mediaeval Navarrans as the “ancient”Spartans.The mediaeval Catalan state in Athens as the “ancient”Athenian state .......................................................................... 267 14.4.The mediaeval Nerio as the “ancient”Lysander.The end of the Peloponnesian War ............................................................................................................................................................ 267 15.The date ofParthenon's construction,and the reason it was called the Temple ofSt.Mary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 269 16.The mediaeval Gemisto Pleton as the “ancient”Plato ............................................................................................. 270 17.The mediaeval despotate ofMystras as the “ancient”Sparta ............................................................................ 272 18.The Turkish Ottoman Empire as the “ancient”Macedon.Sultan Mohammed I as the “ancient”Philip II .......................................................................................................................................................................... 274 19.The mediaeval siege ofConstantinople (Byzantium) as the “ancient” siege ofByzantium ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 278 20.The fall ofByzantium as the end of“Classical”Greece in the alleged IV century b.c........... 280 21.Amazingly similar volume graphs of“ancient”and mediaeval Greek “biographies” .............. 294 Chapter 4 The superimposition of the Bible over the phantom and real Eurasian events of the Middle Ages after a shift of 1800 years Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 297 1.Genesis 1-3.The tale ofAdam and Eve.The fall and the banishment from Eden. These events ofthe XI-XVI century epoch were initially shifted by the chronologists into the VIII century b.c. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 301 1.1.The description ofthe parallelism ................................................................................................................................... 301 1.2.Adam and Eve = Paris and Helen = Perseus and Andromeda = Jason and Medea = St.George and the princess ........................................................................................................................... 307 1.3.The apple shared by Adam and Eve as well as their “ancient”Greek duplicates Paris and Venus ................................................................................................................................................................................... 314 2.Genesis 4-5.Cain and Abel,the murder ofAbel and the separation ofhumanity into two nations.These events ofthe XI-XVI century a.d.were initially shifted to 753-520 b.c.by the chronologists ............................................................................................................................................. 316 3.Genesis 6-9.The corruption ofhumanity.The deluge as punishment.Noah the Patriarch,the Ark,the Covenant and the Rainbow.These events ofthe XI-XVI century a.d.were initially shifted to 520-510 b.c.by the chronologists ........................................................................ 317