Anatoly T. Fomenko History: Fiction or Science? Copyrighledmaterial Whocontrolsthepastcontrolsthefuture. Whocontrolsthepresentcontrolsthepast. GeorgeOrwell Scaligerseducedme;chronologicalstudies, asIsee,terrifyme. IohannesKepler Bewaryofmathematiciens,particularly whentheyspeakthetruth. St.Augustine ii I history:fictionorscience? A.T.Fomenko Chronology1 Introducingtheproblem.AcriticismoftheScaligerianchronology. Datingmethodsasofferedbymathematicalstatistics.Eclipsesandzodiacs. A.T.Fomenko Chronology2 Thedynasticparallelismmethod.Rome.Troy.Greece.TheBible.Chronologicalshifts. A.T.Fomenko,V.V.Kalashnikov,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology3 Astronomicalmethodsasappliedtochronology.Ptolemy'sAlmagest. TychoBrahe.Copernicus.TheEgyptianzodiacs. A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology4 Russia.Britain.Byzantium.Rome. A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology5 Russia=Horde.Ottomans=Atamans.Europe.China.Japan.TheEtruscans.Egypt.Scandinavia. A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology6 TheHorde-AtamanEmpire.TheBible.TheReformation.America.Passoverandthecalendar. A.T.Fomenko,G.V.Nosovskiy Chronology7 Areconstructionofglobalhistory.TheKhansofNovgorod=TheHabsburgs.Miscellaneousinformation. ThelegacyoftheGreatEmpireinthehistoryandcultureofEurasiaandAmerica. Thissevenvolumeeditionisbasedonanumber authorshavediscoveredandresearched,aswellas ofourbooksthatcameoutoverthelastcoupleof thenewhypotheticalreconstructionofglobal yearsandwereconcernedwiththesubjectinques- historyupuntiltheXVIIIcentury.Ourprevious tion.Allthisgiganticbodyofmaterialhasbeen booksonthesubjectofchronologywerecreatedin revisedandcategorized;finally,itscurrentform theperiodofnaissanceandratherturbulent doesnotcontainanyoftherepetitionsthatare infancyofthenewparadigm,fullofcomplications inevitableinthepublicationofseparatebooks. andinvolvedissues,whichoftenresultedinthe Allofthisresultedintheinclusionofagreatnum- formulationofmulti-optionalhypotheses.The berofadditionalmaterialinthecurrentedition- presenteditionpioneersinformulatingaconsecu- includingpreviouslyunpublisheddata.Thereader tiveunifiedconceptofthereconstructionofan- shallfindasystematicrenditionofdetailedcriti- cienthistory-apparentlysupportedbyatruly cismsoftheconsensual(Scaligerian)chronology, immensebodyofevidence.Nevertheless,itis thedescriptionsofthemethodsofferedbymathe- understandablethatitselementsmayoccasionally maticalstatisticsandnaturalsciencesthatthe beinneedofrevisionorelaboration. Ill History: Fiction orScience? Fomenko,AnatolyTimofeevich.Bornin1945.Full Member(Academician)oftheRussianAcademyof Sciences,FullMemberoftheRussianAcademyof NaturalSciences,FullMemberoftheInternational HigherEducationAcademyofSciences,Doctorof PhysicsandMathematics,Professor,Headofthe MoscowStateUniversitySectionofMathematicsof theDepartmentofMathematicsandMechanics. SolvedPlateau'sProblemfromthetheoryofminimal spectralsurfaces.Authorofthetheoryofinvariants andtopologicalclassificationofintegrableHamil- toniandynamicsystems.Laureateofthe1996Na- tionalPremiumoftheRussianFederation(inMathe- matics)foracycleofworksontheHamiltonian dynamicalsystemsandmanifolds'invariantstheory. Authorof200scientificpublications,28monographs andtextbooksonmathematics,aspecialistingeom- etryandtopology,calculusofvariations,symplectic topology,Hamiltoniangeometryandmechanics, computergeometry. Authorofanumberofbooksonthedevelopmentof newempirico-statisticalmethodsandtheirapplica- tiontotheanalysisofhistoricalchroniclesaswellas thechronologyofantiquityandtheMiddleAges. . iv history:fictionorscience? | Also byAnatolyT.Fomenko (Listisnon-exhaustive) DifferentialGeometryandTopology PlenumPublishingCorporation.1987.USA,ConsultantsBureau,NewYorkandLondon. VariationalPrinciplesinTopology.MultidimensionalMinimalSurfaceTheory KluwerAcademicPublishers,TheNetherlands,1990. Topologicalvariationalproblems.-GordonandBreach,1991. IntegrabilityandNonintegrabilityinGeometryandMechanics KluwerAcademicPublishers,TheNetherlands,1988. ThePlateauProblem,vols.l,2 GordonandBreach,1990.(StudiesintheDevelopmentofModernMathematics.) SymplecticGeometry.MethodsandApplications. GordonandBreach,1988.Secondedition1995. MinimalsurfacesandPlateauproblem.TogetherwithDaoChongThi USA,AmericanMathematicalSociety,1991. IntegrableSystemsonLieAlgebrasandSymmetricSpaces.TogetherwithV.V.Trofimov GordonandBreach,1987. GeometryofMinimalSurfacesinThree-DimensionalSpace.TogetherwithA.A.Tuzhilin USA,AmericanMathematicalSociety.In:TranslationofMathematicalMonographs,vol.93,1991. TopologicalClassificationofIntegrableSystems.AdvancesinSovietMathematics,vol.6 USA,AmericanMathematicalSociety,1991. TensorandVectorAnalysis:Geometry,MechanicsandPhysics.-TaylorandFrancis,1988. AlgorithmicandComputerMethodsforThree-Manifolds.TogetherwithS.V.Matveev KluwerAcademicPublishers,TheNetherlands,1997. TopologicalModelingforVisualization.TogetherwithT.L.Kunii.-Springer-Verlag,1997. ModernGeometry. MethodsandApplications.TogetherwithB.A.Dubrovin,S.P.Novikov Springer-Verlag,GTM93,Part1,1984;GTM104,Part2,1985.Part3,1990,GTM124. Thebasicelementsofdifferentialgeometryandtopology.TogetherwithS.P.Novikov KluwerAcad.Publishers,TheNetherlands,1990. IntegrableHamiltonianSystems:Geometry,Topology,Classification.TogetherwithA.V.Bolsinov TaylorandFrancis,2003 Empirico-StatisticalAnalysisofNarrativeMaterialanditsApplicationstoHistoricalDating. Vol.1:TheDevelopmentoftheStatisticalTools.Vol.2:TheAnalysisofAncientandMedieval Records.—KluwerAcademicPublishers.TheNetherlands,1994. GeometricalandStatisticalMethodsofAnalysisofStarConfigurations.DatingPtolemy's Almagest.TogetherwithV.VKalashnikov.,G.V.Nosovsky.-CRC-Press,USA,1993. NewMethodsofStatisticalAnalysisofHistoricalTexts.ApplicationstoChronology.Antiquityin theMiddleAges.GreekandBibleHistory.Vols.l,2,3.-TheEdwinMellenPress.USA.Lewiston. Queenston.Lampeter,1999. MathematicalImpressions.-AmericanMathematicalSociety,USA,1990. Anatoly T. Fomenko History: Fiction or Science? CHRONOLOGY 1 2ND EDITION, REVISED ©elamere ^Publishing PARIS LONDON NEW YORK • • PublishedbyDelamereResourcesLLC C/OROSACSI 1972NE3rdSt.,#14 Bend,Oregon97701 USA http://history.mithec.com Copyright©2003-2006DelamereResourcesLLC 2ndedition,revised ISBN2-913621-07-4 AnatolyT.Fomenkoassertsthemoralright tobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork Translation:MikhailYagupov Cover:PolinaZinoviev Layout:PaulBondarovski Projectmanagement:FranckTamdhu Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmay bereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Criticsarewelcome,ofcourse,toquotebrief passagesbywayofcriticismandreview. 1 Contents Overviewofthesevenvolumes it AhnuttheAuthor Hi AlsobyAnalolyT.Fomenko iv AGlobalFalsificationofHistory.ForewordbyAlexanderZinoviev xv ForewordbyA.Shiryaev xviii Publisher'sNote XX PrefacebyA.T.Fomenko xxi HistoryoftheNewChronology.ByA.T.FomenkoandG.V.Nosovskiy xxix Publisher'sAdvice xxxviii Chapter1 Theproblemsofhistoricalchronology 1.RomanchronologyasthefoundationofEuropeanchronology 1 2.Scaliger,Petavius,andotherclericalchronologers.Thecreationofcontemporary chronologyoftheancienttimesintheXVI-XVIIcenturya.d 1 3.TheveracityoftheScaliger-PetaviuschronologywasquestionedasearlyastheXVIcentury... 10 3.1.WhocriticizedScaliger'schronologyandwhere 10 .3.1.1.DeArcilla,RobertBaldauf,JeanHardouin,Edwinlohnson, WilhelmKammeyer 10 3.1.2.SirIsaacNewton 1 3.1.3.NikolaiAlexandrovichMorozov 13 3.1.4.RecentpublicationsofGermanscientistscontainingcriticisms ofScaligerianchronology 18 3.2.ThequestionableveracityoftheRomanchronologyandhistory. ThehypercriticalschooloftheXIXcentury 19 4.Theproblemsinestablishingacorrectchronologyof"ancient"Egypt 23 5.Theproblemindatingthe"ancient"sources.TacitusandPoggio. CiceroandBarzizza.VitruviusandAlherti 25 6.TimekeepingintheMiddleAges.Historiansdiscussthe"chaosreigning inthemediaevaldatings."Peculiarmediaevalanachronisms 31 7.ThechronologyandthedatingofBiblicaltexts 32 viii I history:fictionorscience? 8.Difficultiesandcontradictionsarisingfromthereadingofoldtexts 34 8.1.Howdoesonereadatextwritteninconsonantsexclusively? Thevocalizationproblem 34 8.2.Thesounds"R"and"L"wereoftenconfusedintheMiddleAges 35 9.ProblemsintheScaligeriangeographyofBiblicalevents 37 9.1.ArchaeologyandtheOldTestament 37 9.2.ArchaeologyandtheNewTestament 40 10.Ancienthistoricalevents:geographiclocalizationissues 42 10.1.ThelocationsofTroyandBabylon 42 10.2.ThegeographyofHerodotusisatoddswiththeScaligerianversion 44 10.3.TheinvertedmapsoftheMiddleAges 49 11.AmodernanalysisofBiblicalgeography 49 12.ThemysteriousRenaissanceepochasaproductoftheScaligerianchronology 53 13.ThefoundationsofarchaeologicalmethodshavebeenbasedontheScaligerian chronologyfromtheverybeginning 59 13.1.Theambiguityofarchaeologicaldatingsandtheirdependenceon theexistingchronology 59 13.2.TheexcavationsofPompeii.Thedatingofthistown'sdestruction 61 13.3.Theallegedlyaccelerateddestructionofthe"ancient"monuments 65 13.4.WhendidtheconstructionoftheCologneCathedralreallybegin? 65 13.5.ArchaeologicalmethodsaremostoftenbasedonScaligeriandatings 69 13.6.OneofthenumerousproblemsoftheScaligerianhistory—theproblem ofbronzemanufacturebeforethediscoveryoftin 70 14.Theproblemsanddeficienciesofdendrochronologyandseveralother datingmethods 71 14.1.Theconsequentscaleofdendrochronologicaldatingsdoesnotextend furtherbackintimethantheXcenturya.d 71 14.2.Sedimentarylayerdatings.Themethodsofradium-uraniumand radium-actiniumanalysis 73 15.Areradiocarbondatingstobetrusted? 74 15.1.Theradiocarbondatingsofancient,mediaeval,andmodernspecimens arescatteredchaotically 74 15.1.1.Libby'sinitialidea.Thefirstfailures 74 15.1.2.Acriticismoftheapplicationoftheradiocarbonmethod tohistoricalspecimens 75 15.2.ThedatingoftheShroudofTurin 77 15.3ModernradiocarbonanalysisofEgyptianartefactsdemonstratesserious contradictions 80 16.Criticalanalysisofthehypothesesonwhichtheradiocarbonmethodisbased 80 16.1.W.F.Libby'sinitialidea 80 16.2.Physicalbasicsoftheradiocarbonmethod 82 16.3.Thehypothesesthattheradiocarbonmethodisbasedupon 83 16.4.Themomentoftheobject'sdeparturefromtheexchangereservoir 83 16.5.Radiocarboncontentvariationsintheexchangereservoir 84 16.6.Variationsinradiocarboncontentoflivingbodies 87 17.Summary 87 18.Numismaticdating 90 . CHRON1 CONTENTS IX | Chapter2 Astronomicaldatings 1.ThestrangeleapofparameterD"intheTheoryofLunarMotion 93 2.Arethe"ancient"andmediaevaleclipsesdatedcorrectly? 95 Someastronomicaldata 9_5 2.2.Thediscoveryofaninterestingeffect:anunprejudicedastronomicaldating shiftsthedatesofthe"ancient"eclipsestotheMiddleAges 96 2.3.Threeeclipsesdescribedbythe"ancient"Thucydides 97 2.4.Theeclipsesdescribedbythe"ancient"TitusLivy 105 3.Transferringthedatesofthe"ancient"eclipsesforwardintimeinto theMiddleAgeseliminatestheenigmaticbehaviouroftheparameterD" 105 4.Astronomymovesthe"ancient"horoscopesintotheMiddleAges 106 4.1.Themediaevalastronomy 106 4.2.Themethodofunprejudicedastronomicaldating 109 4.3.Many"ancientastronomicalobservations"mayhavebeen theoreticallycalculatedbylatemediaevalastronomersandthen includedintothe"ancient"chroniclesas"realobservations" 110 4.4.Whichastronomical"observationsoftheancients"mightbe aresultoflatemediaevaltheoreticalcalculations? LLL 5.AbriefaccountofseveralexamplesofEgyptianZodiacs 112 5.1.Somegeneralobservations 112 5.2.TheDenderaZodiacs 113 5.3.ThehoroscopesofBrugschandFlindersPetrie 124 5.4.FinitedatingsofEgyptianZodiacsbasedontheircomplete decipherment,ascalculatedbyA.T.FomenkoandG.V.Nosovskiyin2001 127 5.5.OntheerrorsofE.S.GoloubtsovaandY.A.Zavenyagin 128 6.AstronomyintheNewTestament 133 Chapter3 ThenewdatingoftheastronomicalhoroscopeasdescribedintheApocalypse ByA.T.FomenkoandG.V.Nosovskiy 1.Theproposedresearchmethod 134 2.GeneralinformationabouttheApocalypseandthetimeofitscreation 135 3.UrsaMajorandthethrone 139 4.TheeventstookplaceontheIsleofPatmos 141 5.TheconstellationsofCassiopeiaandthethroneweredrawn asChristsittingonhisthroneintheMiddleAges 141 6.TheMilkyWay 142 7.Twenty-foursiderealhoursandtheconstellation oftheNorthernCrown 146 8.Leo,Taurus,Sagittarius,Pegasus 146 9.ThedailyrotationoftheNorthernCrown 148 10.Equineplanetaryimagesinmediaevalastronomy 148 11 JupiterisinSagittarius 150 1?..MarsisbeneathPerseusineitherGeminiorTaurus L52 13.MercuryisinLibra 155 14.SaturnisinScorpio 157 15.TheSunisinVirgowiththeMoonunderneaththefeet ofthelatter 157