HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE HASMONEANS TO BAR KOKHBA IN LIGHT OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT OF JUDAH EDITED BY F. GARCIA MARTINEZ A. S. VAN DER WOUDE ASSOCIATE EDITOR P.W. FLINT VOLUME XXXVII HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: FROM THE HASMONEANS TO BAR KOKHBA IN LIGHT OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium of the Orion Centerf or the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature, 27-31 January, 1999 EDITED BY DAVID GOODBLATT AVITAL PINNICK & DANIEL R. SCHWARTZ BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KOLN 2001 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Die Deutsche Bibliothek — CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Historical perspectives: from the Hasmoneans to Bar Kokhba in light of the Dead Sea Scrolls : 27 - 31 January, 1999 / ed. by David Goodblatt .... - Leiden ; Boston ; Koln : Brill, 2000 (Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature ; 4) (Studies on the texts of the desert of judah ; Vol. 37) ISBN 90-04-12007-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is also available. ISSN 0169-9962 ISBN 90 04 12007 6 © Copyright 2001 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 DanversMA01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS CONTENTS Preface vi Abreviations ix HISTORY OF THE JEWS AND JUDAISM Judean Nationalism in the Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls . 3 DAVID GOODBLATT The Kitim in the War Scrol and in the Pesharim 29 HANAN ESHEL Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Jerusalem 45 DANIEL R. SCHWARTZ Shelamzion in Qumran: New Insights 57 TAL ILAN Descriptions of the Jerusalem Temple in Josephus and the Temple Scrol 69 LAWRENCE H. SCHIFFMAN COMMUNITY AND COVENANT The Concept of the Covenant in Qumran Literature 85 BlLHAH NlTZAN "[T]he[y] Did Not Read in the Sealed Book": Qumran Halakhic Revolution and the Emergence of Torah Study in Second Temple Judaism 105 ADIEL SCHREMER Communal Fasts in the Judean Desert Scrols 127 NOAH HACHAM V1 CONTENTS The Community of Goods among the First Christians and among the Esenes 147 JUSTIN TAYLOR NATURAL SCIENCES AND THE SCROLLS The Genetic Signature of the Dead Sea Scrols 165 GILA KAHILA BAR-GAL, CHARLES GREENBLATT, SCOTT R. WOODWARD, MAGEN BROSHI, AND PATRICIA SMITH Analysis of Microscopic Material and the Stitching of the Dead Sea Scrols: A Preliminary Study 173 AZRIEL GORSKI How Neutron Activation Analysis Can Assist Research into the Provenance of the Pottery at Qumran 179 JAN GUNNEWEG AND MARTA BALLA Index of Modern Authors 187 Index of Ancient Sources 191 PREFACE After the first three Orion conferences were dedicated to more ethe- real topics of Qumran scholarship (biblical interpretation, the pseude- pigrapha, and the Damascus Document), the topic of the fourth annual symposium, "Jewish History from the Maccabees to Bar Kochba," was meant as a gesture to the real world, an attempt to move to more tangible things. This plan was seconded by the decision to include in the conference, and hence in this volume of proceedings, some studies of the most tangible elements that have come out of Qumran: animal skins, the threads used to sew them into scrolls, and pottery. In practice, however, it turned out that the attempt to distinguish between flesh and spirit was not successful, and that no one was dis- appointed by that failure. Things of the spirit do have their real his- tory, and Qumran texts do not talk history without the spirit. Thus, one way or another, people kept leading us back to texts and ideas, and texts and ideas kept leading us back to people. So, on the one hand, David Goodblatt's study of Qumran evidence for ancient Jewish nationalism turns out to be bound up, part and parcel, with the importance of the Bible at Qumran, no less than Adiel Schremer's contribution, which began with the status of books there. Similarly, Hanan Eshel's study of the Kittim (were they Greeks? Romans?) and Tal Ilan's search for Qumran allusions to Salome Alexandra result in studies of how the Qumran community read the Bible. Even Lawrence Schiffman's paper on the description of the Temple and Daniel Schwartz's on Antiochus Epiphanes move back and forth incessantly between "historical sources" and the Bible via Qumran eyes. On the other hand, Bilhah Nitzan's study of the covenant at Qumran and Noah Hacham's examination of communal fasts are far from studies of timeless doctrines. They are bound up with the fabric and realities of a flesh and blood religious community. The same may be said of Justin Taylor's paper, which, on the face of it, attempts to resolve textual and exegetical inconsistencies in the Book of Acts, but in fact ends up by positing some real differences among various communal groups. The three remaining studies, whose citation style follows the format viii PREFACE customary in the natural sciences, derive from the work of the Jerusalem Task Force for Science and the Scrolls, a group of schol- ars (organized by the Orion Center and the Hebrew University/ Hadassah Medical School's Kuvin Center for Infectious and Tropical Diseases) dedicated to the enrichment of Qumran studies by the application to the Scrolls and related materials of methods of analy- sis from the world of the natural sciences. While carbon 14 dating of the Scrolls is more or less old hat, the studies presented here show that the natural sciences have much more to offer us: such meth- ods as neutron activation analysis of pottery (Jan Gunneweg and Marta Balla), analysis of the DNA of the skins upon which the Scrolls were written (Gila Kahila Bar-Gal et al.), and forensic techniques (Azriel Gorski) can supply hard data concerning some of the para- meters within which our research must focus. The Orion Center is proud to play a role in the fostering of such fruitful cooperation among the disciplines. The Fourth Orion Symposium was made possible by the kind and generous funding of the Orion Foundation and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. We sincerely thank them, as well as all the dedicated collaborators of the Orion Center whose devoted work makes this series a reality. David Goodblatt La folla, California Avital Pinnick Daniel R. Schwartz Jerusalem July 2000 ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt BAR Biblical Archaeology Review BETL Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium BJS Brown Judaic Studies CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series CRINT Compendium Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert DJDJ Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan DSD Dead Sea Discoveries EJ Encyclopaedia Judaica HSS Harvard Semitic Studies HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual ICC International Critical Commentary IEJ Israel Exploration Journal JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism Supplement Series JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series NTS New Testament Studies NTSup Novum Testamentum Supplement Series PAAJR Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly RB Revue Biblique REJ Revue des Etudes Juives