C ontents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Leader Biographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Tables National Imagery and Mapping Agency and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 National Imagery and Mapping Agency and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Deputy Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Defense Mapping Agency Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Defense Mapping Agency Deputy Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Defense Mapping Agency Directors, Management and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 National Photographic Interpretation Center Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Central Imagery Office Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Defense Dissemination Program Office Directors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 • ii • I ntroduction Wisdom has it that you cannot tell the players without a program. You now have a program. We designed this Historical Handbook of National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Leaders as a useful reference work for anyone who needs fundamental information on the leaders of the NGA. We have included those colleagues over the years who directed the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) and the component agencies and services that came together to initiate NGA-NIMA history in 1996. The NGA History Program Staff did not celebrate these individuals in this setting, although in reading any of these short biographies you will quickly realize that we have much to celebrate. Rather, this practical book is designed to permit anyone to reach back for leadership information to satisfy any personal or professional requirement from analysis, to heritage, to speechwriting, to retirement ceremonies, to report composition, and on into an endless array of possible tasks that need support in this way. We also intend to use this book to inform the public, especially young people and students, about the nature of the people who brought NGA to its present state of expertise. This will encourage a closer look at our history by students both in grades seven through twelve and in college seeking information for a vast array of courses. We hope it will encourage the study of intelligence history, and NGA history in particular, within the larger context of our rich national heritage. Mark this handbook as a favorite on your browser. If you found it on the SBU History Web Page, you will also find it on the NGANet version of that page, along with the classified Applied History Forum. In addition, the handbook will soon appear on our revised public site. I know it will become a useful friend, regularly consulted. I hope you find it a valuable tool. Dr . Gary E . Weir Chief Historian National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency • iii • Leader Biographies Brig. Gen. Donald O. Aldridge, U.S. Air Force Deputy Director Defense Mapping Agency June 1981–September 1981 Brig . Gen . Donald O . Aldridge earned a BS in history from the University of Nebraska, studied international relations at Creighton University Graduate School in Omaha, and is a distinguished graduate of the Squadron Officer School and Air Command and Staff College, as well as the National War College . Brigadier General Aldridge enlisted in the U .S . Air Force in 1951 . While serving as a Russian linguist, he was appointed to Officer Candidate School and commissioned in March 1958 . After completing training, he served successively with the 44th and 68th Bombardment wings at Chennault Air Force Base (AFB), Louisiana; the 17th Bombardment Wing at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa; and at Castle AFB, California . He was assigned to the 43rd Strategic Wing, Anderson AFB, Guam, and was wing assistant deputy commander for operations . During “Linebacker II” operations, he was airborne commander of a raid against Hanoi . Other service included the 303rd Consolidated Maintenance Wing, Provisional, the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, Offutt AFB, Nebraska; Headquarters, U .S . Air Force in Washington; and posts in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations . After completing his assignment at Defense Mapping Agency in 1981, Brigadier General Aldridge was appointed deputy U .S . representative to the military committee, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Brussels, Belgium . He served as representative of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Strategic Arms Reduction talks and as deputy chief negotiator for strategic systems . In October 1986 he moved to Vandenburg AFB, California, as commander of Strategic Air Command’s 1st Strategic Aerospace Division and subsequently assumed the position of vice commander in chief, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Base . He retired from the U .S . Air Force on June 1, 1991 . Brigadier General Aldridge has more than five thousand hours flying time and thirty-five B-52 combat missions in Southeast Asia . His decorations include the Distinguished Service Medal, Defense Superior Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star Medal, Meritorious Service Medal, Air Medal with oak leaf cluster, Joint Service Commendation Medal, Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster, and Army Commendation Medal . • 1 • Mr. Charles H. Andregg Director of Management and Technology Defense Mapping Agency July 1974–March 1979 Mr . Charles H . Andregg grew up in Kent, Ohio, and graduated from Kent State University in 1939 . He also attended the University of Louisville and The George Washington University and is a 1967 graduate of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces . From 1942 to 1962 he served in supervisory and management positions in the U .S . Army Map Service . For ten years beginning in 1962, he worked in the Mapping and Charting Directorate of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), first as technical director and then as deputy assistant director of Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy (MC&G) at the DIA . From July 1972 to July 1974, Mr . Andregg served as the Defense Mapping Agency’s (DMA’s) deputy director for Programs, Production and Operations . Mr . Andregg was a member of the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, the Society of American Military Engineers, the Association of American Geographers, and the Canadian Institute of Geomatics . He served as director and national president of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping . He participated in the International Society of Photogrammetry, International Cartographic Association, and the International Federation of Surveyors . He contributed to the coordination of cartographic and geodetic activities within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) . He helped foster cooperative MC&G programs between the U .S . Department of Defense and the agencies of other nations throughout the world . He served as deputy U .S . member of the Commission on Cartography of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH) from 1969 to 1973 . At the time of his death, he was on the board of directors for the Accreditation Board for engineering and technology at the University of Florida and on the university’s advisory committee for surveying and mapping . Mr . Andregg retired from the federal government in 1974 . He died July 6, 1994, in Florida . In 1995 he posthumously received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Organization of American States Pan American Institute for Geography and History . He received the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal three times during his tenure as the senior civilian at DMA . • 2 • Col. James B. Armor Jr., U.S. Air Force Director Defense Dissemination Program Office August 1994–July 1996 Col . James B . Armor received a BS in electrical engineering at Lehigh University, completed the U .S . Air Force Reserve Officers Training Corps program, and was commissioned in 1973 . He completed graduate work at the Air Force Institute of Technology in December 1977 and the Program Managers Course at the Defense Systems Management College in 1981 . He was a senior research fellow at the National War College in 1989–90 . Colonel Armor served as a missile launch officer at McConnell Air Force Base (AFB), Kansas, shortly after his commission . He then became a laser signals intelligence analyst with the Foreign Technology Division at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio . After that assignment, he was competitively selected to become a manned space flight engineer for the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) at Los Angeles Air Force Station, California, and he trained as a shuttle payload specialist . He was the first to study information warfare while a National War College fellow at the National Defense University . In 1990–92, Colonel Armor served as deputy chief, Space Communications Division, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force, and later as director, Space and Strategic Defense Initiative programs, Headquarters, U .S . Air Force, Washington, DC . He spent the balance of the decade at the Space and Missile Systems Center, Los Angeles AFB, California, first as Deputy Program Director, Advanced Systems Program Office . He was named director, Defense Dissemination Program Office (DDPO) in August 1994 . His main contribution while at DDPO was development and procurement of the Defense Dissemination System IV . He left DDPO in July 1996 . After leaving DDPO, Colonel Armor’s next assignment was as system program director, Navstar Global Positioning System Joint Program Office . In 1999 he became vice commander, Warner Robins Air Logistics Center, Robins AFB, Georgia . He was promoted to brigadier general in January 2000 and in June 2001 became director, Signals Intelligence Systems Acquisition and Operations Directorate, NRO, Washington, DC . Promoted in August 2004 to major general, Major General Armor served as Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Director at NRO . He was director, National Security Space Office, Office of the Under Secretary of the Air Force, Washington, D .C . He retired from military service on January 1, 2008 . Major General Armor holds the Missileman Badge, the Master Space Badge, and the Senior Acquisition Badge . He has received the Legion of Merit, Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, and the Air Force Organizational Excellence Award with three oak leaf clusters . • 3 • Mr. Lawrence F. Ayers Jr. Director of Management and Technology Defense Mapping Agency August 1982–July 1987 Mr . Lawrence F . Ayers earned a BS in civil engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1954 and received an MPA from the University of Indiana in 1966 . He received a Ford Foundation Career Education Award in 1962 and was named a fellow of the National Institute of Public Affairs in 1966 . Mr . Ayers completed a tour of active duty in the Army in 1957 and entered the field of mapping, charting, and geodesy . After working as a surveyor for the Virginia State Highway Department, he held numerous positions in topographic, geodetic, and research and development (R&D) engineering posts with the U .S . Army Engineer Research Laboratory at Fort Belvoir, Virginia . In 1968–69 he was program manager, Advanced Systems Development Office, Defense Intelligence Agency, and then spent three years as chief, Topographic Sciences Branch, Environmental Sciences Division, Office of the Chief of Staff (R&D), Department of the Army . He joined the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) in 1972 as director of the R&D program; he served as technical director of the DMA Aerospace Center in St . Louis from 1974 to 1979 . Returning to Washington, DC, Mr . Ayers served as deputy director of Production and Operations from until 1982 . Mr . Ayers is the author of a dozen scientific and technical papers published in professional and trade associations’ publications and has appeared before Congress as an expert in the field of geographic information . He is past president of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping and has served as chairman of the Research Committee of the American Society of Photogrammetry . He headed the U .S . delegation to the United Nations Cartography Conference, represented the United States at various North Atlantic Treaty Organization meetings, and was the U .S . delegate responsible for developing cooperative agreements in mapping, charting, and geodesy with a number of foreign nations . He served on the National Academy of Sciences Mapping Sciences Committee; the Board of Advisors to the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA); and the Highway Committee of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) study to address the role of the federal government in the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI); he also served on two NAPA panels, one addressing geographic information for the twenty-first century and the other addressing the legal limits on access to and disclosure of disaster information . He also served on the board of directors of the Open GIS Consortium . He retired from the federal government in July 1987 . Mr . Ayers was awarded the rank of Distinguished Executive in the Senior Executive Service in December 1983; in 1986 he was awarded the rank of Meritorious Executive in the Senior Executive Service . He received an Honorary Doctorate of Science and Engineering from Ferris State University in 1995 and was named a Distinguished Alumnus of Virginia Tech in 1999 . In 2003 he was inducted into the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Hall of Fame . • 4 • Ms. Nancy E. Bone Director National Photographic Interpretation Center October 1993–September 1996 Ms . Nancy E . Bone received her BA in 1966 from St . Louis University, graduating magna cum laude with a concentration in English language and literature . In 1973 she earned a master’s degree in library science . After spending two years as a secondary school teacher, Ms . Bone joined the Central Intelligence Agency in July 1968 as an analyst of information at the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) . In April 1972, she received promotion to intelligence officer . She served as a branch chief for two years and then as deputy branch chief of Administration at NPIC . Between 1976 and 1993 Ms . Bone served successively as branch chief of Image Analysis, as division chief in Graphic Arts, as executive officer, as director of Management and Planning in the Directorate of Science and Technology, as chief of the Priority Exploitation Group, and, between 1991 and 1993, as director of Imagery Analysis . Ms . Bone retired in December 1999 . • 5 • Maj. Gen. James M. Breedlove, U.S. Air Force Deputy Director Defense Mapping Agency August 1973–October 1974 Maj . Gen . James M . Breedlove attended Emory Junior College in Valdosta, Georgia, and the University of Louisville, Kentucky, before entering the U .S . Military Academy . He graduated in June 1947 as a second lieutenant in the U .S . Army Air Corps . He completed the Armed Forces Staff College at Norfolk, Virginia, in 1963 and in January 1966 began attending the Imperial Defense College in London . Major General Breedlove completed pilot training in October 1948 and was assigned successively to the 56th Fighter-Interceptor Group, Selfridge Air Force Base (AFB), Michigan; the 3625th Combat Crew Training Wing, Tyndall AFB, Florida; the 601st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron at Kimpo, Korea; Langley AFB, Virginia; and the 404th Tactical Fighter Group, Langley AFB, Virginia . Between December 1955 and December 1957, Breedlove was assigned to the 50th Fighter-Bomber Wing at Hahn, Germany, and U .S . Air Forces in Europe . Returning to the United States, the major general served as assistant executive to the deputy chief of staff, operations, Headquarters U .S . Air Force, Washington, D .C .; served with the 3510th Flying Training Wing, Randolph AFB, Texas; served as special assistant to the deputy chief of staff, operations, Headquarters 3d Air Force at South Ruislip, England; and served as deputy commander for operations, 81st Tactical Fighter Wing at Bentwaters . In mid-1968 he was assigned as director of readiness inspection, Headquarters U .S . Air Forces in Europe, Lindsey Air Station, Wiesbaden, Germany, followed by a tour as vice commander and then as commander of the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing at Korat Royal Thai Air Force BaseAFB . From August 1970 to April 1971, Major General Breedlove served as vice commander and then commander of the 3500th Pilot Training Wing at Reese AFB, Texas . Subsequently he became deputy chief of staff, operations, Air Training Command, with headquarters at Randolph AFB, Texas . After completing his assignment at the Defense Mapping Agency, Major General Breedlove commanded the U .S . Air Forces Southern Command in the Canal Zone . In January 1976, Breedlove was appointed commander, U .S . Air Force Southern Air Division of the Tactical Air Command and deputy commander in chief, U .S . Southern Command . Major General Breedlove retired on May 1, 1977 . Major General Breedlove flew 162 combat missions during the Vietnam War . His military decorations and awards include the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Distinguished Service Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal with nine oak leaf clusters, Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Unit Citation Emblem, Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Ribbon with oak leaf cluster, Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation Ribbon, the Royal Thai Supreme Command forward Master Badge, Venezuelan Medal of Merit, Peruvian Cross of Aero Merit, and the Colombian Order of Aero Merit . • 6 •