HISTORICALDICTIONARIES OFU.S. DIPLOMACY Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. U.S. Diplomacy from the Civil War to World War I, by Kenneth J. Blume, 2005. 2. United States–China Relations,by Robert Sutter, 2006. 3. United States–Latin American Relations,by Joseph Smith, 2007. 4. United States–Japan Relations,by John Van Sant, Peter Mauch, and Yoneyuki Sugita, 2007. 5. United States–Middle East Relations, by Peter L. Hahn, 2007. 6. U.S. Diplomacy since the Cold War, by Tom Lansford, 2007. 7. United States–Southeast Asia Relations,by Donald E. Weatherbee, 2008. 8. United States–Russian/Soviet Relations,by Norman E. Saul, 2008. 9. United States–Africa Relations,by Robert Anthony Waters Jr., 2009. Historical Dictionary of United States–Africa Relations Robert Anthony Waters Jr. Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Diplomacy, No. 9 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2009 SCARECROWPRESS,INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. Awholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright ©2009 by Robert Anthony Waters Jr. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Waters, Robert Anthony, 1960– Historical dictionary of United States–Africa relations / Robert Anthony Waters Jr. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of U.S. diplomacy, no. 9) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5063-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5063-X (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6291-3 (ebook) ISBN-10: 0-8108-6291-3 (ebook) 1. Africa—Foreign relations—United States—Encyclopedias. 2. United States—Foreign relations—Africa—Encyclopedias. I. Title. DT38.W385 2009 327.730603—dc22 2008039649 (cid:2)™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. To Sarah—my love, who makes me better. To Donald John—our big boy, tougher than a five-year-old should have to be. To Robby Kenny—our little nut, who can always make us laugh. Contents Editor’s Foreword (Jon Woronoff) ix Acknowledgments xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xv Map of Africa xix Chronology xxi Introduction xlix THE DICTIONARY 1 Bibliography 325 About the Author 369 vii Editor’s Foreword For too long the United States has shown less interest in the African continent than other parts of the world, although there is a recent trend toward more concern and commitment. Given its size and resources there is inducement for trade and investment, and given the number of countries Africa plays a significant role in international organizations. The continent until relatively recently was regarded as part of the Euro- pean zone of influence, but that point of view is now out of favor. Much of the American population has African roots, and more and more Africans are migrating to the United States. But African leaders have at worst been brutal dictators and at best well-meaning reformers whose reforms often did not pan out. Thus Africa continues lurching from one crisis to another. This does encourage bilateral relations, but not of the sort that offers any prospects of constructive cooperation or positive outcomes. All of this increases the importance of the Historical Dictionary of United States–Africa Relations since Africa remains a relatively dark continent in terms of foreign relations. Aside from Egypt and occasion- ally other countries, and most often for the wrong reasons, media cov- erage and even history books have presented patchy and often inaccu- rate information. Moreover, Washington’s track record is not very good, as they have usually backed the wrong leaders. This reference work, however, presents U.S.–Africa relations over the long term, via a dic- tionary section, with numerous entries on significant people, events, legislation, organizations and more importantly countries; an introduc- tion that puts the often confusing picture in better focus; and a chronol- ogy, which follows the twists and turns over the centuries. The bibliog- raphy then directs readers to further sources of information. This volume was written by Robert Anthony Waters Jr., who is presently a visiting professor of history at Ohio Northern University ix