61963Litho 2/26/05 10:12 AM Page 1 Religion • Christianity • Seventh-day Adventists LAND Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements, No. 56 C overing the Millerite movement of the 1830s and 1840s, sabbatarian Adventism HISTORICAL prior to organization of the denomination, and the Seventh-day Adventist Church since its organization from 1861–1863, Historical Dictionary DICTIONARY OF THE of the Seventh-day Adventists provides a compre- hensive history of the denomination. The first major element of the book is a chronology that begins S with William Miller’s conclusion in 1818 that the Second Advent of Jesus would occur e in 1843 and extends through the Science and Theology Conferences of 2002–2004. v The subsequent interpretive introduction places the emergence of Adventism within H the context of the Second Great Awakening, e I describes the development of sabbatarian Adventism S n from its early opposition to church organization to T its highly institutionalized and bureaucratically O t structured contemporary form, and examines the R Adventists’ geographical expansion from a small h I North American sect to a global church. C A - The dictionary explores organizations, institutions, and doctrines that are important in d L the history of the church, including dissident movements and individuals who have D emerged as critics of the denomination and its beliefs. Also included are entries on the a I development and current situation of Adventism in many countries. Thematic entries C y on such subjects as art, music, literature, health care, and women address other T elements important to understanding church life. I a O A bibliographical essay introduces representative works in both the history of N d Adventism and the expression of Adventist beliefs and practices. This essay is followed A Seventh-day by an extensive bibliography of scholarly and popular works published by the denomina- v R tion, commercial and academic presses, individuals, and organizations. The bibliography Y also includes listings of important Web sites and archives of Adventist primary sources. e O n Gary Landis professor of history and chair of the Department of History and Political F adventists Science at Andrews University in Berrien Springs, Michigan. He is a member of the t T Conference on Faith and History and the Association of Seventh-day Adventist Historians. H He is the author of Teaching History: A Seventh-day Adventist Approach(2000). i E s t (cid:4)(cid:3)(cid:2) For orders and information please contact the publisher s Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. GARY LAND 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 1-800-462-6420 • fax 717-794-3803 www.scarecrowpress.com Front cover: Battle Creek Dime Tabernacle (1878–1922), courtesy Center for Adventist Research, James White Library, Andrews University. Back cover photos by Sarah Spangler, Office of University Relations, Andrews University. HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF RELIGIONS, PHILOSOPHIES, AND MOVEMENTS Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Buddhism, by Charles S. Prebish, 1993 2. Mormonism, by Davis Bitton, 1994. Out ofprint. See No. 32. 3. Ecumenical Christianity, by Ans Joachim van der Bent, 1994 4. Terrorism, by Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, 1995. Out of print. See No. 41. 5. Sikhism, by W. H. McLeod, 1995 6. Feminism, by Janet K. Boles and Diane Long Hoeveler, 1995. Out ofprint. See No. 52. 7. Olympic Movement, by Ian Buchanan and Bill Mallon, 1995. Out ofprint. See No. 39. 8. Methodism, by Charles Yrigoyen Jr. and Susan E. Warrick, 1996. Out of Print. See No. 57. 9. Orthodox Church, by Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, and Michael D. Peterson, 1996 10. Organized Labor, by James C. Docherty, 1996. Out ofprint. See No. 50. 11 . Civil Rights Movement, by Ralph E. Luker, 1997 12. Catholicism, by William J. Collinge, 1997 13. Hinduism, by Bruce M. Sullivan, 1997 14. North American Environmentalism, by Edward R. Wells and Alan M. Schwartz, 1997 15. Welfare State, by Bent Greve, 1998 16. Socialism, by James C. Docherty, 1997 17. Bahd 'i Faith, by Hugh C. Adamson and Philip Hainsworth, 1998 18. Taoism, by Julian F. Pas in cooperation with Man Kam Leung, 1998 19. Judaism, by Norman Solomon, 1998 20. Green Movement, by Elim Papadakis, 1998 2 1. Nietzscheanism, by Carol Diethe, 1999 22. Gay Liberation Movement, by Ronald J. Hunt, 1999 23. Islamic Fundamentalist Movements in the Arab World, Iran, and Turkey, by Ahmad S. Moussalli, 1999 24. Reformed Churches, by Robert Benedetto, Darrell L. Guder, and Donald K. McKim, 1999 25. Baptists, by William H. Brackney, 1999 26. Cooperative Movement, by Jack Shaffer, 1999 27. Reformation and Counter-Reformation, by Hans J. Hillerbrand, 2000 28. Shakers, by Holley Gene Duffield, 2000 29. United States Political Parties, by Harold F. Bass Jr., 2000 30. Heidegger's Philosophy, by Alfred Denker, 2000 3 1. Zionism, by Rafael Medoff and Chaim I. Waxman, 2000 32. Mormonism, 2nd ed., by Davis Bitton, 2000 33. Kierkegaard's Philosophy, by Julia Watkin, 200 1 34. Hegelian Philosophy, by John W. Burbidge, 2001 35. Lutheranism, by Giinther Gassmann in cooperation with Duane H. Larson and Mark W. Oldenburg, 2001 36. Holiness Movement, by William Kostlevy, 2001 37. Islam, by Ludwig W. Adamec, 2001 38. Shinto, by Stuart D. B. Picken, 2002 39. Olympic Movement, 2nd ed., by Ian Buchanan and Bill Mallon, 200 1 40. Slavery and Abolition, by Martin A. Klein, 2002 41. Terrorism, 2nd ed., by Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, 2002 42. New Religious Movements, by George D. Chryssides, 2001 43. Prophets in Islam and Judaism, by Scott B. Noegel and Brannon M. Wheeler, 2002 44. The Friends (Quakers), by Margery Post Abbott, Mary Ellen Chijioke, Pink Dandelion, and John William Oliver, Jr., 2003 45. Lesbian Liberation Movement: Still the Rage, JoAnne Myers, 2003 46. Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy, by Roger Ariew, Dennis Des Chene, Douglas M. Jesseph, Tad M. Schmaltz, and Theo Verbeek, 2003 47. Witchcraft,b y Michael D. Bailey, 2003 48. Unitarian Universalism, by Mark W. Harris, 2004 49. New Age Movements, by Michael York, 2004 50. Organized Labor, 2nd ed., by James C. Docherty, 2004 5 1. Utopianism, by James M. Morris and Andrea L. Kross, 2004 52. Feminism, 2nd ed., by Janet K. Boles and Diane Long Hoeveler, 2004 53. Jainism, by Kristi L. Wiley, 2004 54. Wittgenstein' s Philosophy, by Duncan Richter, 2004 55. Schopenhauer's Philosophy, by David E. Cartwright, 2005 56. Seventh-day Adventists, by Gary Land, 2005 57. Methodism, 2nd ed., by Charles Yrigoyen, Jr. and Susan Warrick, 2005 Historical Dictionary of Seventh-day Adventists Gary Land Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements, No. 56 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland Toronto Oxford 2005 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowrnan & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright O 2005 by Gary Land All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Land, Gary, 1944- Historical dictionary of Seventh-Day Adventists 1 by Gary Land. p. cm. - (Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements ;n o. 56) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8108-5345-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Seventh-Day Adventists-History-Dictionaries. I. Title. 11. Series. BX6153.L36 2005 286.732'03--&22 2004022979 @-The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National standard for Information sciences-permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents Editor's Foreword by Jon Woronoff vii Acknowledgments ix Reader's Note xi ... Acronyms and Abbreviations xlll Chronology xv Introduction 1 THE DICTIONARY 11 Bibliography 339 About the Author 42 1 Editor's Foreword The Seventh-day Adventists form one of the more recent Christian de- nominations, only reaching back less than two centuries to their occa- sionally tumultuous founding. In that relatively brief span they have created one of the most dynamic churches in nearly every respect. Most obvious has been the sheer growth in numbers, expanding at an excep- tional pace and, most unusually, not even predominantly among older Christian groups or in their country of origin but abroad, often enough in what is called the "Third World." This alone has done much to re- shape them in many ways. But they were also reshaped with regards to doctrine and theology as different ideas and theories contended and found greater or lesser acceptance, sometimes also resulting in break- away or splinter groups. They have also periodically reinvented them- selves organizationally, going from an almost total lack of structure to a fairly complex yet comparatively open and democratic one. Alongside the many religious currents, the Adventists have also been pioneers in secular areas such as health care and health reform, education, and use of the media. Still, despite their continuing efforts to be better known, they remain a mystery to sectors of the general public. This Historical Dictionary of the Seventh-day Adventists will hope- fully remove some of the mystery since, although compiled by some- one who knows the denomination extremely well from inside, it is writ- ten in terms that can be readily understood by outsiders as well. This starts with a brief chronology, tracing the SDA's unexpected emer- gence and rapid expansion. It continues with a broad introduction cov- ering most basic aspects of its history and functions. Then there are numerous dictionary entries on specific features of its history and de- velopment, its structure and organization, its theology and practical activities. These include brief biographies of key persons, since they shaped the denomination, and particularly helpful synopses of the situa- tion in each country or region to which it has spread. The bibliography includes books with very different views on occasion and will certainly be useful for anyone who wants to explore further. viii Editor's Foreword This volume was, as indicated, written by a member of the church, and one with particularly useful experience and a broad perspective. Among other things, since 1970 Gary Land has been teaching at An- drews University, a major SDA educational institution, with an empha- sis but hardly exclusive interest in Seventh-day Adventist history. He has written widely on Adventism, including articles and papers, while also acting as editor and/or coauthor of three major works on the de- nomination's history. He has also contributed to several SDA journals and newsletters and has served as coeditor of Adventist Heritage and as a member of the board of Spectrum. Moreover, Dr. Land is a member of the Association of Seventh-day Adventist Historians. With this sort of background it was not surprising that he has done such a thorough job of providing both the big and little pictures which makes this ency- clopedia such a useful tool. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Acknowledgments In addition to the many published and unpublished sources from which I have obtained information, several individuals have given information and/or have read various entries. These include Samuele Bacchiocchi, Greg Constantine, Delmer Davis, James Ford, 0ystein LaBianca, Linda Mack, Scott Moncrieff, Dale Ratzlaff, Ciro Sepulveda, and Dan Shultz. Russell Staples, Floyd Greenleaf, Brian Strayer, and Michael Campbell kindly read the entire original manuscript. Although these individuals have saved me from making several mistakes and have made many helpful suggestions, any errors of fact or interpretation are, of course, my own responsibility. In addition, series editor Jon Woronoff has helpfully guided the development of this project, making many sugges- tions regarding both content and approach. Finallly, I am grateful to Debi Everhart for her help with formatting the book when my computer skills proved inadequate and to Terri Calkins, who entered a large por- tion of the bibliography into the manuscript.