The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, includingAmericanandworld history,art, business,cities,countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports,andtheater.Writtenbyexperts,allcontainhighlyinformativeintroductoryessays of the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periodsbutstillmanagetoheavilyfeaturemorerecentevents. BriefA–Zentriesdescribethemainpeople,events,politics,socialissues,institutions,and policiesthatmakethetopicunique,andentriesarecross-referencedforeaseofbrowsing. Extensivebibliographiesaredividedinto severalgeneralsubjectareas, providingexcel- lentaccesspointsforstudents,researchers,andanyonewantingtoknowmore.Addition- ally,maps,photographs,andappendixesofsupplementalinformationaidhighschooland collegestudentsdoingtermpapersorintroductoryresearchprojects.Inshort,thehistori- caldictionariesaretheperfectstartingpointforanyonelookingtoresearchinthesefields. HISTORICALDICTIONARIESOF WAR,REVOLUTION,ANDCIVILUNREST JonWoronoff,SeriesEditor TheUnitedStates–MexicanWar,byEdwardH.MoseleyandPaulC.ClarkJr.1997. WorldWarI,byIanV.Hogg.1998. TheUnitedStatesMarineCorps,byHarryA.Gailey.1998. TheWarsoftheFrenchRevolution,byStevenT.Ross.1998. TheSpanish–AmericanWar,byBradK.Berner.1998. ThePersianGulfWar,byClaytonR.Newell.1998. TheUnitedStatesAirForceandItsAntecedents,byMichaelRobertTerry.1999. WorldWarII:TheWaragainstJapan,byAnneSharpWells.1999. BritishandIrishCivilWars,byMartynBennett.2000. AncientGreekWarfare,byIainSpence.2002. TheCrimeanWar,byGuyArnold.2002. TheUnitedStatesArmy:AHistoricalDictionary,byClaytonR.Newell.2002. TheChineseCivilWar,byEdwinPak-wahLeung.2002. AncientEgyptianWarfare,byRobertG.Morkot.2003. ArmsControlandDisarmament,byJeffreyA.LarsenandJamesM.Smith.2005. Afghan Wars, Revolutions, and Insurgencies, Second Edition, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2005. TheWarof1812,byRobertMalcomson.2006. CivilWarsinAfrica,SecondEdition,byGuyArnold.2008. TheAnglo–BoerWar,byFransjohanPretorius.2009. TheZuluWars,byJohnLaband.2009. Terrorism,ThirdEdition,bySeanK.AndersonwithStephenSloan.2009. KoreanWar,SecondEdition,byPaulM.Edwards.2010. UnitedStatesNavy,SecondEdition,byJamesM.MorrisandPatriciaM.Kearns.2011. WarinVietnam,byRonaldB.FrankumJr.2011. TheCivilWar,SecondEdition,byTerryL.Jones.2011. SpanishCivilWar,byFranciscoJ.RomeroSalvadó.2013. TheCrusades,SecondEdition,byCorlissK.Slack.2013. The Chinese Civil War, Second Edition, by Christopher R. Lew and Edwin Pak-wah Leung.2013. WorldWarII:TheWaragainstGermanyandItaly,byAnneSharpWells.2014. TheFrenchRevolution,SecondEdition,byPaulR.Hanson.2015. ChechenConflict,byAliAskerov.2015. ChineseCulturalRevolution,SecondEdition,byGuoJian,YongyiSong,andYuanZhou, 2015. RussianCivilWars,1916–1926,byJonathanSmele.2015. TheArab–IsraeliConflict,SecondEdition,byP.R.Kumaraswamy.2015. TheBritishandIrishCivilWars1637–1660,SecondEdition,byMartynBennett.2016. DirtyWars,ThirdEdition,byDavidKohutandOlgaVilella.2017. TheNorthernIrelandConflict,SecondEdition,byGordonGillespie.2017. TheColdWar,SecondEdition,byJosephSmithandSimonDavis.2017. TheRusso–JapaneseWar,SecondEdition,byRotemKowner.2017. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare, Second Edition, by Benjamin C. Garrett. 2017. AmericanRevolution,ThirdEdition,byTerryM.Mays.2019. ArabUprisings,byAomarBoumandMohamedDaadaoui.2020. Holocaust,ThirdEdition,byJackR.Fischel.2020. Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust Third Edition Jack R. Fischel ROWMAN&LITTLEFIELD Lanham•Boulder•NewYork• London PublishedbyRowman&Littlefield AnimprintofTheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc. 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 www.rowman.com 6TinworthStreet,LondonSE115AL Copyright©2020byJackR.Fischel Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Name:Fischel,Jack,author. Title:HistoricaldictionaryoftheHolocaust/JackR.Fischel. Description:Thirdedition.|Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,[2020]|Series:Historical dictionariesofwar,revolution,andcivilunrest|Includesbibliographicalreferences.| Summary:“ThisthirdeditionofHistoricalDictionaryoftheHolocaustcontainsa chronology,anintroduction,andanextensivebibliography.Thedictionarysection hasmorethan600cross-referencedentriesonimportantpersonalities,issues,andthe eventsthatledtothemurderofsixmillionJewsandmillionsofothergroupsbyNazi Germany.”—Providedbypublisher. Identifiers:LCCN2019051040(print)|LCCN2019051041(ebook)|ISBN 9781538130155(cloth)|ISBN9781538130162(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Holocaust,Jewish(1939–1945)—Dictionaries.|Antisemitism—Germa- ny—Dictionaries. Classification:LCCD804.25.F572020(print)|LCCD804.25(ebook)|DDC940.53/ 1803—dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019051040 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019051041 ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. Tomygrandson,ZacharyJamesConway. Thisisthestoryofyourpeople. Rememberwhoyouareandwhathappened. Neverforget. Contents Editor’sForeword ix AcronymsandAbbreviations xi Chronology xiii Introduction 1 THEDICTIONARY 23 Bibliography 363 AbouttheAuthor 415 vii